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![Tuberculosis
Dr. Mahnoor | Department of Community Medicine
Date: [Insert Date]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/tblecturewithnotes-250806193529-41ee802d/75/TB_Prevention-of-Tuberculosis-and-BCG-vaccine-2-2048.jpg)
TB_Prevention of Tuberculosis and BCG vaccine
- 2. Tuberculosis Dr. Mahnoor |Department of Community Medicine Date: [Insert Date]
- 3. Learning Objectives 1.Define tuberculosis and describe its causative agent and transmission. 2. Describe the global and national epidemiology of TB. 3. Identify key risk factors and vulnerable populations. 4. Explain methods of diagnosis, including the Mantoux test. 5. Discuss TB control strategies: DOTS, BCG, chemoprophylaxis. 6. Describe WHO treatment categories and the National TB Control Program (NTP).
- 4. Introduction to Tuberculosis • Chronicinfectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Primarily affects lungs but may involve other organs • Pulmonary TB is the most common and infectious form
- 5. Causative Agent •Mycobacterium tuberculosis (human variety) • Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) • Rare infections: M. bovis, M. avium, M. africanum
- 6. Modes of Transmission • Droplet infection (coughing, sneezing) • Less common: ingestion, direct inoculation • No casual contact transmission
- 7. Global Epidemiology •WHO: 10.6 million cases annually • 1/3rd of population has latent TB • High burden: South-East Asia, Africa, Western Pacific
- 8. TB in Pakistan • 5th highest TB burden globally • Incidence: 263/100,000 • Most common in 15–45 age group • Contributing factors: poverty, overcrowding
- 9. Risk Factors •Host: young adults, HIV, diabetes • Environment: poor ventilation, overcrowding • Occupations: healthcare workers • Socioeconomic: poverty, malnutrition
- 10. Diagnosis Overview •Symptoms: cough >2 weeks, weight loss, fever • Sputum smear microscopy • GeneXpert, CXR • Mantoux test • Culture (gold standard)
- 11. Tuberculin Skin Test (Mantoux) • PPD 0.1 ml intradermally • Read after 48–72 hrs • Induration >10 mm = positive • Does not differentiate latent from active TB
- 12. TB Case Definitions(WHO) • New case: no or <1 month of treatment • Relapse: previously cured, now positive • Smear-positive: AFB visible • Smear-negative: clinical + radiological signs
- 13. TB Control Strategies • Early detection and treatment • DOTS strategy • BCG at birth • Health education
- 14. DOTS Strategy 1.Political commitment 2. Case detection 3. Supervised treatment 4. Drug supply 5. Monitoring
- 16. National TB ControlProgram (NTP) • Cure rate >85%, detection rate >70% • Activities: policy, training, monitoring • Community-level DOTS • WHO collaboration
- 17. BCG Vaccination •Live attenuated M. bovis • Given at birth (0.05 ml), >4 wks (0.1 ml) • Prevents severe TB in children
- 18. Chemoprophylaxis • INH6–9 months for children <5, HIV+ with latent TB • BCG is preferred for general population
- 19. Summary • TBis a major public health issue • DOTS and BCG are cornerstones • Community awareness is key
- 20. MCQs for Self-Assessment 1. Most common TB transmission mode? 2. Specific test for active TB? 3. DOTS full form? 4. NTP diagnostic approach? 5. BCG efficacy?
- 21. Thank You /Q&A Questions & Discussion
Editor's Notes
- #2 Introduce yourself and the topic. Mention its importance as part of the Infectious Diseases module.
- #3 Briefly go through what students should be able to do by the end of the session.
- #4 Define TB and highlight its primary and extra-pulmonary sites. Stress on its infectious nature.
- #5 Talk about the characteristics of the bacteria and how it stains positive on Ziehl-Neelsen stain.
- #6 Emphasize how TB spreads through air and the importance of infection control measures.
- #7 Give the global picture and mention latent TB as a key public health challenge.
- #8 Highlight Pakistan’s position and the socio-economic challenges involved.
- #9 Discuss how multiple factors interplay in TB vulnerability.
- #10 Discuss each tool briefly and focus on the algorithm used in public sector facilities.
- #11 Mention when this test is useful and its limitations.
- #12 Make sure students understand the categories for treatment planning.
- #13 Introduce the idea of breaking the chain through early diagnosis and treatment.
- #14 Explain how DOTS revolutionized TB treatment and became WHO's recommended approach.
- #16 Summarize the program goals and its coordination mechanisms.
- #17 BCG is not protective against pulmonary TB in adults, but vital for childhood TB prevention.
- #18 Mention when chemoprophylaxis is offered and its importance in high-risk groups.
- #19 Use this slide to wrap up and reinforce the big picture.
- #20 Ask students to attempt answers. Then reveal/discuss answers interactively.
- #21 Open the floor for questions and clarify concepts.