This document discusses the history and production of the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel. It originally was derived from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, but harvesting the bark kills the tree. Alternative production methods were explored, including cell cultures of taxus plants and other plant species. Paclitaxel has a unique mechanism of action and showed promising results in cancer screening. It is now commonly produced through semi-synthesis from 10-deacetylbaccatin III which is extracted from the needles of various taxus species or produced by cell cultures.

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Ali Hosseini
Department of Pharmacognosy
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Ali_Hosseini@sums.ac.ir

3. Paclitaxel;
Land to Hospital
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Papaver somniferum (papaveracea)
Opium poppy

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11. Taxus
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22. Uses and Traditions
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24. ‫سنتی‬ ‫طب‬ ‫در‬ ‫سرخدار‬ ‫کاربرد‬:
‫دانه‬ ‫از‬ ‫عاری‬ ‫میوه‬:‫س‬ ‫رفع‬ ‫برای‬ ‫و‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫ملین‬ ‫و‬ ‫سرفه‬ ‫رفع‬ ،‫کننده‬ ‫نرم‬ ‫اثر‬‫رفه‬
‫میشود‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫کلیه‬ ‫سنگ‬ ‫دفع‬ ،‫سرفه‬ ‫سیاه‬ ،‫مزمن‬ ‫های‬.
‫قاعدگ‬ ‫بازشدن‬ ،‫زردی‬ ،‫رماتیسم‬ ‫رفع‬ ‫جهت‬ ‫گیاه‬ ‫این‬ ‫های‬ ‫فرآورده‬ ‫مصرف‬،‫ی‬
‫است‬ ‫شده‬ ‫توصیه‬ ‫دیفتری‬ ‫و‬ ‫صرع‬ ،‫اسکوربوت‬ ،‫استخوان‬ ‫نرمی‬.
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36. From 1967 to 1993,
almost all paclitaxel
produced was derived
from bark from the Pacific
yew, the harvesting of
which kills the tree in the
process.
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Jonathan L. Hartwell 1906-1991

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In fact, only in 1979 Susan Horwitz discovered that paclitaxel has
a unique mechanism of action and interest which was additionally
stimulated when impressive activity was demonstrated in NCI
tumor screening

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46. cancer patients, the NCI would have
had to produce 240 pounds of the
drug. That would mean killing
360,000 trees. It did not take a
mathematical prodigy to understand
that this was
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47. Identifition New Sources for taxol production
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48. 2. Other Plants
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58. Elicitor
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62. processing of Taxol cell culture
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64. The formulation of paclitaxel most widely used
in the clinical setting is the solubilized form of
the drug (brand and generic), which is diluted
before intravenous administration. The
formulation contains polyoxyethylated castor
oil (Cremophor EL) in a 1 : 1 v/v mixture with
dehydrated ethanol, a powerful solubilizer
combo. It remains stable in unopened vials for
5 years at 4°C
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Each 50 mL vial contains 100 mg of paclitaxel and 900 mg
of human albumin as a sterile lyophilized powder.

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72. Trade Brand
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84. The commercially available paclitaxel solution formulation is diluted
5–20 fold in normal saline or 5% dextrose solution for administration
as an intravenous infusion.
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