This lecture offers an example of product development. It imparts knowledge about different ways of casting aluminium and criteria for selecting casting methods; the heat treatment of aluminium; corrosion-proofing and surface treatment of cast alloys used in a saline environment and choice of alloy. It provides insight into how to develop a product using the general specificiations and the interaction between form, material and processing chain and ?the importance of being thoroughly familiar with the different design materials, their processing possibilities and properties. The lecture is recommended for those situations, where a brief, general background information about aluminium is needed as an introduction of other subject areas of aluminium application technologies. This lecture is part of the self-contained course "Aluminium in Product Development", which is treated under TALAT lectures 2101 and 2102.
Shanghai Bogvik Wear Material Co., Ltd is one of the most professional crusher parts manufacturer and distributor. We major supply crusher wear parts from 5kgs to 10000kgs in a broad variety of Managnese steel crusher wear parts and alloys steel and chromium iron, Ceramic Insert hammers or blow bars ,Titanium Carbide Insert Liners and crusher spare parts of famous crusher brand .
Wear and spare parts are at the heart of BOGVIK business and we are continually driven to find new and improved ways to optimize component life and equipment performance.
Depending on the application & our clients requirements we offer a range of manganese steel wear parts including Manganese13%, Manganese18% and Manganese22% all with or without chrome & / or molybdenum additions. All manganese liners supplied by BOGVIK are made to our own internal material specifications which are for more stringent than “standard” foundry material specifications.
BOGVIK has in excess of 10000 wear part patterns to fit the world’s most popular crushers. Our patterns cover jaw crushers, cone crushers, gyratory crushers, roll crushers, hammer crushers, horizontal shaft impactors and vertical shaft impactors. No matter what your requirements are, BOGVIK probably already has existing patterns for the wear parts.
We believe in collaboration and work hand-in-hand with our customers to develop solutions that leverages our practical experience, in-house engineering & metallurgical capabilities and manufacturing capacity to provide a complete solution that meets our customer needs.
Contact us today to see how we can help extend service life, improve throughput, optimize supply chain and reduce the total cost of ownership.
sales@bogvik.com
上海勃格维克耐磨材料有限公司是国内最专业的破碎机配件制造商和经销商之一。我们主要供应从 5 公斤到 10000 公斤的各种锰钢破碎机磨损件和合金钢和铬铁、陶瓷插入锤或板锤、碳化钛插入衬板和著名破碎机品牌的破碎机备件。
磨损和备件是勃格维克 业务的核心,我们不断寻求新的和改进的方法来优化部件寿命和设备性能。
根据应用和我们客户的要求,我们提供一系列锰钢耐磨部件,包括锰13%、锰18% 和锰22%,均添加或不添加铬和/或钼。勃格维克 提供的所有锰衬板均按照我们自己的内部材料规格制造,这些规格比“标准”铸造材料规格更严格。
勃格维克 拥有超过 10000 种磨损零件的模具,以适合世界上最受欢迎的破碎机。我们的模具涵盖颚式破碎机、圆锥破碎机、旋回破碎机、辊式破碎机、锤式破碎机、卧式冲击破碎机和立轴式冲击破碎机。无论您需求什么类型的易损件,勃格维克可能已经有此零件的模具。
我们相信与客户携手合作,开发解决方案,利用我们的实践经验、内部工程和冶金能力以及制造能力,提供满足客户需求的完整解决方案。
立即联系我们,了解我们如何帮助延长使用寿命、提高吞吐量、优化供应链并降低总拥有成本。
In this illustrated guide, you’ll get the details to build a 632 Mountain Motor: 1,115 hp on 114-octane race gas on the dyno, fed through a single 1,150-cfm Holley Pro Dominator mounted on a profiler tunnel ram intake. Also included in the guide is a parts list and additional engine building product recommendations.
Founded in 1990 , Pioneer Machinery originally manufactured bearing products including tapered roller bearings, spherical bearings, and needle roller bearings.
https://www.ktorrent.org/
Shanghai Bogvik Wear Material Co., Ltd is one of the most professional crusher parts manufacturer and distributor. We major supply crusher wear parts from 5kgs to 10000kgs in a broad variety of Managnese steel crusher wear parts and alloys steel and chromium iron, Ceramic Insert hammers or blow bars ,Titanium Carbide Insert Liners and crusher spare parts of famous crusher brand .
Wear and spare parts are at the heart of BOGVIK business and we are continually driven to find new and improved ways to optimize component life and equipment performance.
Depending on the application & our clients requirements we offer a range of manganese steel wear parts including Manganese13%, Manganese18% and Manganese22% all with or without chrome & / or molybdenum additions. All manganese liners supplied by BOGVIK are made to our own internal material specifications which are for more stringent than “standard” foundry material specifications.
BOGVIK has in excess of 10000 wear part patterns to fit the world’s most popular crushers. Our patterns cover jaw crushers, cone crushers, gyratory crushers, roll crushers, hammer crushers, horizontal shaft impactors and vertical shaft impactors. No matter what your requirements are, BOGVIK probably already has existing patterns for the wear parts.
We believe in collaboration and work hand-in-hand with our customers to develop solutions that leverages our practical experience, in-house engineering & metallurgical capabilities and manufacturing capacity to provide a complete solution that meets our customer needs.
Contact us today to see how we can help extend service life, improve throughput, optimize supply chain and reduce the total cost of ownership.
sales@bogvik.com
上海勃格维克耐磨材料有限公司是国内最专业的破碎机配件制造商和经销商之一。我们主要供应从 5 公斤到 10000 公斤的各种锰钢破碎机磨损件和合金钢和铬铁、陶瓷插入锤或板锤、碳化钛插入衬板和著名破碎机品牌的破碎机备件。
磨损和备件是勃格维克 业务的核心,我们不断寻求新的和改进的方法来优化部件寿命和设备性能。
根据应用和我们客户的要求,我们提供一系列锰钢耐磨部件,包括锰13%、锰18% 和锰22%,均添加或不添加铬和/或钼。勃格维克 提供的所有锰衬板均按照我们自己的内部材料规格制造,这些规格比“标准”铸造材料规格更严格。
勃格维克 拥有超过 10000 种磨损零件的模具,以适合世界上最受欢迎的破碎机。我们的模具涵盖颚式破碎机、圆锥破碎机、旋回破碎机、辊式破碎机、锤式破碎机、卧式冲击破碎机和立轴式冲击破碎机。无论您需求什么类型的易损件,勃格维克可能已经有此零件的模具。
我们相信与客户携手合作,开发解决方案,利用我们的实践经验、内部工程和冶金能力以及制造能力,提供满足客户需求的完整解决方案。
立即联系我们,了解我们如何帮助延长使用寿命、提高吞吐量、优化供应链并降低总拥有成本。
In this illustrated guide, you’ll get the details to build a 632 Mountain Motor: 1,115 hp on 114-octane race gas on the dyno, fed through a single 1,150-cfm Holley Pro Dominator mounted on a profiler tunnel ram intake. Also included in the guide is a parts list and additional engine building product recommendations.
Founded in 1990 , Pioneer Machinery originally manufactured bearing products including tapered roller bearings, spherical bearings, and needle roller bearings.
https://www.ktorrent.org/
This lecture gives information on the types of aluminium alloys available and the semi-fabrication processes used in their manufacture. The treatment is not detailed and anyone requiring further information will use other TALAT material or the contained references.
TALAT Lecture 2105.01: Case Study on Pressure VesselsCORE-Materials
This lecture helps to create an understanding of how material properties, costs of materials and of their fabrication, required product life, and product liability interact in different ways depending on the product. Some knowledge of fabricating processes and the significance of such factors as fatigue, fracture toughness and environmental performance on material selection is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 1100.01: Introduction: Aluminium, a Light MetalCORE-Materials
This lecture provides basic information about the history of aluminium, the principles behind the production of primary metal, environmental properties, potential applications, areas of application. The lecture is recommended for those situations, where a brief, general background information about aluminium is needed as an introduction of other subject areas of aluminium application technologies. This lecture is part of the self-contained course "Aluminium in Product Development", which is treated under TALAT lectures 2100.
This lecture provides an introduction to solidification theory; it aims at achieving an essential background understanding of solidification and cast structures. Basic knowledge of the solidification of metals is assumed.
This lecture provides an introduction to some of the finer points in the production of high quality castings. The students will be able to understand the various processes for sealing porosity in badly made castings and to appreciate factors influencing the accuracy of castings, including a basic understanding of how to control and measure casting dimensions. Basic understanding of the foundry industry is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3300: Fundamentals of Metal FormingCORE-Materials
This lecture gives a brief review of the fundamental terms and laws governing metal forming at room temperature as well as at high temperatures. This lecture is a necessary prerequisite to understand the more specific treatment of metal forming subjects such as forging, impact extrusion and sheet metal forming in the subsequent TALAT This lectures 3400 to 3800. General background in production engineering, machine tools is assumed.
This lecture helps to understand how the properties of forgings evolve during the manufacturing process. General understanding of metallurgy and deformation processes is assumed.
This lecture describes the function and design of all parts of the running and gating systems used in the production of castings. The students will be able to tackle the design of a simple running system in a systematic manner. Basic knowledge of foundry processes and basic mathematics is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2101.01: Understanding aluminium as a materialCORE-Materials
This lecture is an introduction to aluminium alloys, fabrication methods and properties. It provides information about the classification of aluminium alloys, new alloys and composites; shaping processes, processing chains and component shapes; microstructure and the interaction between microstructure and properties. It promotes understanding of the fact that the correct choice of materials demands knowledge of alloys, shaping processes and microstructure and the interaction among them. The lecture is recommended for those situations, where a brief, general background information about aluminium is needed as an introduction of other subject areas of aluminium application technologies. This lecture is part of the self-contained course "Aluminium in Product Development", which is treated under TALAT lectures 2100.
TALAT Lecture 3205: The Fluidity of Molten MetalsCORE-Materials
This lecture introduces the concept of fluidity of molten metal and its influence on the production of castings. The students will understand the relevance of fluidity, the means by which this is measured and the effect of alloy type. Basic understanding of foundry processes, phase diagrams, basic physics and mathematics background is assumed
This lecture gives an overview about the possibilities to produce aluminium foilstock and wire-bar in a continuous way. Continuous casting is the preferred casting method in modern plants because it offers higher productivity. But there are limitations in the use of this technology because not all alloys can be cast. The product shows properties that can differ from conventional material. This lecture demonstrates the principal of operation; technologies for continuous casting; types of casters; areas of application; properties of the products; behaviour of the products in further processing. General knowledge in materials engineering, some knowledge about aluminium alloy constitution and heat treatment, engineering background in manufacturing processes and basic knowledge of foundry practice is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3701: Formability Characteristics of Aluminium SheetCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the fundamental formability characteristics of automotive aluminium sheet metals. It aims at learning about the various methods to characterize the forming behaviour and the forming limits. General background in production engineering and sheet metal forming is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3201: Introduction to Casting TechnologyCORE-Materials
This lecture provides an introduction to the techniques used to produce castings and to the range of castings produced; it aims at gaining an appreciation of the production and application of castings.
TALAT Lecture 3207: Solidification Defects in CastingsCORE-Materials
This lecture provides an introduction to the causes and remedies of the main solidification defects in castings. The students should be able to diagnose the major defects in castings and propose methods of preventing them. Basic knowledge of physics and foundry practice is assumed.
This lecture helps to understand the basic principles of die forging and the characteristic features of special aluminium die forging processes. It aims at learning about the basic design of dies in order to obtain optimum part qualities and tool life. General understanding of metallurgy and deformation processes is assumed.
This lecture demonstrates how to teach the principles and concepts of fracture mechanics as well as provide recommendations for practical applications; it provides necessary information for fatigue life estimations on the basis of fracture mechanics as a complementary method to the S-N concept. Background in engineering, materials and fatigue is required.
This lecture gives background to calculation methods for aluminium members in order to understand the specific behavior of statically loaded aluminium alloy structures. Basic structural mechanic, design philosophy and structural aluminium alloys and product forms is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5103: Corrosion Control of Aluminium - Forms of Corrosion and P...CORE-Materials
This lecture helps to understand the corrosion principles and to select protection methods; it explains how to use aluminium optimally even in aggressive environments. Some knowledge in aluminium metallurgy and general electrochemistry is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2102.02: An Upper Casing for an Automobile Steering Column, Spe...CORE-Materials
This lecture offers an example of product development. It imparts knowledge about cold forging of aluminium and choice of alloy. It provides insight into how to develop a product using the general specifications and the interaction between form, material and processing chain and the importance of being thoroughly familiar with the different design materials, their processing possibilities and properties. The lecture is recommended for those situations, where a brief, general background information about aluminium is needed as an introduction of other subject areas of aluminium application technologies. This lecture is part of the self-contained course "Aluminium in Product Development", which is treated under TALAT lectures 2101 and 2102.
TALAT Lecture 2102.04: A Compressed Air Tank for a Lorry, Special Studies: Ro...CORE-Materials
This lecture offers an example of product development. It imparts knowledge about rolling aluminium; deep-drawing aluminium; welding aluminium (MIG and TIG) and choice of alloy - rolling/deep-drawing/welding. It provides insight into how to develop a product using the general specifications and the interaction between form, material and processing chain; the importance of being thoroughly familiar with the different design materials, their processing possibilities and properties. The lecture is recommended for those situations, where a brief, general background information about aluminium is needed as an introduction of other subject areas of aluminium application technologies. This lecture is part of the self-contained course "Aluminium in Product Development", which is treated under TALAT lectures 2101 and 2102.
This lecture gives information on the types of aluminium alloys available and the semi-fabrication processes used in their manufacture. The treatment is not detailed and anyone requiring further information will use other TALAT material or the contained references.
TALAT Lecture 2105.01: Case Study on Pressure VesselsCORE-Materials
This lecture helps to create an understanding of how material properties, costs of materials and of their fabrication, required product life, and product liability interact in different ways depending on the product. Some knowledge of fabricating processes and the significance of such factors as fatigue, fracture toughness and environmental performance on material selection is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 1100.01: Introduction: Aluminium, a Light MetalCORE-Materials
This lecture provides basic information about the history of aluminium, the principles behind the production of primary metal, environmental properties, potential applications, areas of application. The lecture is recommended for those situations, where a brief, general background information about aluminium is needed as an introduction of other subject areas of aluminium application technologies. This lecture is part of the self-contained course "Aluminium in Product Development", which is treated under TALAT lectures 2100.
This lecture provides an introduction to solidification theory; it aims at achieving an essential background understanding of solidification and cast structures. Basic knowledge of the solidification of metals is assumed.
This lecture provides an introduction to some of the finer points in the production of high quality castings. The students will be able to understand the various processes for sealing porosity in badly made castings and to appreciate factors influencing the accuracy of castings, including a basic understanding of how to control and measure casting dimensions. Basic understanding of the foundry industry is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3300: Fundamentals of Metal FormingCORE-Materials
This lecture gives a brief review of the fundamental terms and laws governing metal forming at room temperature as well as at high temperatures. This lecture is a necessary prerequisite to understand the more specific treatment of metal forming subjects such as forging, impact extrusion and sheet metal forming in the subsequent TALAT This lectures 3400 to 3800. General background in production engineering, machine tools is assumed.
This lecture helps to understand how the properties of forgings evolve during the manufacturing process. General understanding of metallurgy and deformation processes is assumed.
This lecture describes the function and design of all parts of the running and gating systems used in the production of castings. The students will be able to tackle the design of a simple running system in a systematic manner. Basic knowledge of foundry processes and basic mathematics is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2101.01: Understanding aluminium as a materialCORE-Materials
This lecture is an introduction to aluminium alloys, fabrication methods and properties. It provides information about the classification of aluminium alloys, new alloys and composites; shaping processes, processing chains and component shapes; microstructure and the interaction between microstructure and properties. It promotes understanding of the fact that the correct choice of materials demands knowledge of alloys, shaping processes and microstructure and the interaction among them. The lecture is recommended for those situations, where a brief, general background information about aluminium is needed as an introduction of other subject areas of aluminium application technologies. This lecture is part of the self-contained course "Aluminium in Product Development", which is treated under TALAT lectures 2100.
TALAT Lecture 3205: The Fluidity of Molten MetalsCORE-Materials
This lecture introduces the concept of fluidity of molten metal and its influence on the production of castings. The students will understand the relevance of fluidity, the means by which this is measured and the effect of alloy type. Basic understanding of foundry processes, phase diagrams, basic physics and mathematics background is assumed
This lecture gives an overview about the possibilities to produce aluminium foilstock and wire-bar in a continuous way. Continuous casting is the preferred casting method in modern plants because it offers higher productivity. But there are limitations in the use of this technology because not all alloys can be cast. The product shows properties that can differ from conventional material. This lecture demonstrates the principal of operation; technologies for continuous casting; types of casters; areas of application; properties of the products; behaviour of the products in further processing. General knowledge in materials engineering, some knowledge about aluminium alloy constitution and heat treatment, engineering background in manufacturing processes and basic knowledge of foundry practice is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3701: Formability Characteristics of Aluminium SheetCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the fundamental formability characteristics of automotive aluminium sheet metals. It aims at learning about the various methods to characterize the forming behaviour and the forming limits. General background in production engineering and sheet metal forming is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3201: Introduction to Casting TechnologyCORE-Materials
This lecture provides an introduction to the techniques used to produce castings and to the range of castings produced; it aims at gaining an appreciation of the production and application of castings.
TALAT Lecture 3207: Solidification Defects in CastingsCORE-Materials
This lecture provides an introduction to the causes and remedies of the main solidification defects in castings. The students should be able to diagnose the major defects in castings and propose methods of preventing them. Basic knowledge of physics and foundry practice is assumed.
This lecture helps to understand the basic principles of die forging and the characteristic features of special aluminium die forging processes. It aims at learning about the basic design of dies in order to obtain optimum part qualities and tool life. General understanding of metallurgy and deformation processes is assumed.
This lecture demonstrates how to teach the principles and concepts of fracture mechanics as well as provide recommendations for practical applications; it provides necessary information for fatigue life estimations on the basis of fracture mechanics as a complementary method to the S-N concept. Background in engineering, materials and fatigue is required.
This lecture gives background to calculation methods for aluminium members in order to understand the specific behavior of statically loaded aluminium alloy structures. Basic structural mechanic, design philosophy and structural aluminium alloys and product forms is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5103: Corrosion Control of Aluminium - Forms of Corrosion and P...CORE-Materials
This lecture helps to understand the corrosion principles and to select protection methods; it explains how to use aluminium optimally even in aggressive environments. Some knowledge in aluminium metallurgy and general electrochemistry is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2102.02: An Upper Casing for an Automobile Steering Column, Spe...CORE-Materials
This lecture offers an example of product development. It imparts knowledge about cold forging of aluminium and choice of alloy. It provides insight into how to develop a product using the general specifications and the interaction between form, material and processing chain and the importance of being thoroughly familiar with the different design materials, their processing possibilities and properties. The lecture is recommended for those situations, where a brief, general background information about aluminium is needed as an introduction of other subject areas of aluminium application technologies. This lecture is part of the self-contained course "Aluminium in Product Development", which is treated under TALAT lectures 2101 and 2102.
TALAT Lecture 2102.04: A Compressed Air Tank for a Lorry, Special Studies: Ro...CORE-Materials
This lecture offers an example of product development. It imparts knowledge about rolling aluminium; deep-drawing aluminium; welding aluminium (MIG and TIG) and choice of alloy - rolling/deep-drawing/welding. It provides insight into how to develop a product using the general specifications and the interaction between form, material and processing chain; the importance of being thoroughly familiar with the different design materials, their processing possibilities and properties. The lecture is recommended for those situations, where a brief, general background information about aluminium is needed as an introduction of other subject areas of aluminium application technologies. This lecture is part of the self-contained course "Aluminium in Product Development", which is treated under TALAT lectures 2101 and 2102.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IC Engine Basics Theory by Prof. Sagar DhotareSagar Dhotare
It contains the following points:-
Classification of Engine
Comparison Between Internal Engine and External Engine
Comparison Four-stroke Engine and Two-stroke Engine
Comparison S.I. Engine and C.I. Engine
Components of an I.C. Engine
1. Cylinder, Cylinder Liner and Cylinder Head
2. Piston
3. Connecting Rod
2004 Arctic Cat Pantera 550 SNOWMOBILE Service Repair Manualpokiol
This is the Highly Detailed factory service repair manual for the2004 ARCTIC CAT PANTERA 550 SNOWMOBILE, this Service Manual has detailed illustrations as well as step by step instructions,It is 100 percents complete and intact. they are specifically written for the do-it-yourself-er as well as the experienced mechanic.2004 ARCTIC CAT PANTERA 550 SNOWMOBILE Service Repair Workshop Manual provides step-by-step instructions based on the complete dis-assembly of the machine. It is this level of detail, along with hundreds of photos and illustrations, that guide the reader through each service and repair procedure. Complete download comes in pdf format which can work under all PC based windows operating system and Mac also, All pages are printable. Using this repair manual is an inexpensive way to keep your vehicle working properly.
Service Repair Manual Covers:
General Information
Engine
Engine-Related Items
Fuel Systems
Engine Electrical Systems
Chassis Electrical Systems
Steering and Body
Drive Train and Brake Systems
Track / Rear Suspension
Wiring Diagrams
File Format: PDF
Compatible: All Versions of Windows & Mac
Language: English
Requirements: Adobe PDF Reader
NO waiting, Buy from responsible seller and get INSTANT DOWNLOAD, Without wasting your hard-owned money on uncertainty or surprise! All pages are is great to have2004 ARCTIC CAT PANTERA 550 SNOWMOBILE Service Repair Workshop Manual.
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Series of powerpoint slides showing three different drawing processes used in the manufacture of wires, rod, tubes and drinks cans. The slides are adapted from the University of Liverpool "Materials Processing" lectures [MATS214] by Dr J. Wilcox.
Series of powerpoint slides showing several commonly used testing techniques for the characterisation of composite materials. The slides are adapted from the University of Liverpool "Advanced Composite Materials" lectures [MATS411] by Prof. W. Cantwell.
Series of powerpoint slides showing 6 different composite forming techniques: Hand lay-up, vacuum bagging, compression moulding, filament winding, pultrusion and resin transfer moulding. The slides are adapted from the University of Liverpool "Composite Materials" lectures [MATS311] by Prof. W. Cantwell.
The role of technology in sporting performanceCORE-Materials
The lecture answers the questions of how much effect does engineering technology have on sport, is technology only used to increase performance and what are the "new technologies" being introduced. Courtesy of Prof Claire Davies, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham.
The chapter describes principles of the chemical analysis in the SEM and TEM. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives insight into the scanning electron microscope technique. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives insight into the transmission electron microscope technique. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter explains the diffraction of electrons and demonstrates what it can reveal. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
Electrons and their interaction with the specimenCORE-Materials
The chapter explains the behaviour of electrons within a specimen and shows how they interact with the atoms of the sample. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives the comparison of electron microscopy with other imaging and analysis techniques. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives the basic principles of microscopy. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
TALAT Lecture 5301: The Surface Treatment and Coil Coating of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the continuous coil coating processes for aluminium in sufficient detail in order to understand the industrial coating technology and its application potential. General background in materials engineering and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5100 and 5200 is assumed.
This lecture describes the processes of electroless, electrolytic, as well as physical and chemical vapour deposition of metals on the aluminium surface in order to achieve variations in its surface properties for functional and decorative purposes. Some knowledge of the surface properties of metals, metallurgy and electrochemistry of aluminium and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101, 5102, 5105 is assumed.
This lecture describes the process of anodic oxidation of aluminium, which is one of the most unique and commonly used surface treatment techniques for aluminium; it illustrates the weathering behaviour of anodized surfaces. Some familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101- 5104 is assumed.
This lecture describes the key factors associated with conversion coatings on aluminium can be appreciated, such as general and local behaviour of the aluminium surface, range of conversion coatings and interrelationships, requirements of conversion coating, tailor-making of coatings, current and future issues. Some familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101, 5102, 5201 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5105: Surface Treatment of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture helps to understand the general principles, methods, properties and applications of plating on aluminium. Some knowledge in general electrochemistry is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5104: Basic Approaches to Prevent Corrosion of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture describes important measures for the prevention of corrosion of unprotected, bare
aluminium. Basic knowledge of corrosion behaviour of aluminium and some knowledge of the electrochemical nature of corrosion is assumed
TALAT Lecture 5102: Reactivity of the Aluminium Surface in Aqueous SolutionsCORE-Materials
This lecture provides better understanding of the electrochemistry of aluminium; it gives an introduction to the other lectures. Some knowledge in aluminium metallurgy, simple chemistry (thermodynamics and kinetics), electricity and general electrochemistry is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5101: Surface Characteristics of Aluminium and Aluminium AlloysCORE-Materials
This lecture provides a realistic view of the aluminium surface in order to understand the need for "effective" surface treatment. Some knowledge in aluminium metallurgy is assumed.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
TALAT Lecture 2102.03: The Transmission Housing of an Inboard-Outboard Engine, Special Study: Casting
1. TALAT Lecture 2102.03
The Transmission Housing of an Inboard-Outboard
Engine
25 pages, 26 figures
Basic Level
prepared by Anders Wickberg, Hydro Magnesium, Charlottenburg
and by Skanaluminium, Oslo
Objectives:
This chapter is an example of product development. The goals are:
To impart knowledge about:
− different ways of casting aluminium and criteria for selecting casting methods
− the heat treatment of aluminium
− corrosion-proofing and surface treatment of cast alloys used in a saline
environment
− choice of alloy
To provide insight into:
− how to develop a product using the general specificiations and the interaction
between form, material and processing chain
− the importance of being thoroughly familiar with the different design materials,
their processing possibilities and properties.
Prerequisites:
The lecture is recommended for those situations, where a brief, general background
information about aluminium is needed as an introduction of other subject areas of
aluminium application technologies.
This lecture is part of the self-contained course „Aluminium in Product Development“ which is treated under TALAT lectures 2101
and 2102. It was originally developed by Skanaluminium, Oslo, and is reproduced for TALAT with kind permission of
Skanaluminium. The translation from Norwegian into English was funded within the TALAT project.
Date of Issue: 1994
EAA - European Aluminium Association
2. 2102.03 The Transmission Housing of an Inboard-
Outboard Engine
Table of contents
2102.03 The Transmission Housing of an Inboard-Outboard Engine .....................2
Introduction..................................................................................................................2
Basic Specifications .....................................................................................................3
Requirements ...............................................................................................................4
Properties .....................................................................................................................5
Possible Solution Concepts..........................................................................................6
Materials, Process and Form........................................................................................7
Choice of Materials......................................................................................................7
Stainless steel .......................................................................................................... 8
Aluminium............................................................................................................... 8
Magnesium.............................................................................................................. 8
Plastic ..................................................................................................................... 9
Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 9
SPECIAL STUDY: Casting Aluminium ...................................................................10
Pressure Die-Casting (Figure 2102.03.09) .......................................................... 10
Gravity Die-Casting.............................................................................................. 11
Sand-Casting......................................................................................................... 12
Casting Method and the Properties of the Materials ........................................... 13
Choice of Casting Method .........................................................................................16
Choice of Alloy..........................................................................................................17
Form and Design........................................................................................................18
Heat Treatment...........................................................................................................20
Surface Treatment and Corrosion-Proofing...............................................................21
Cathodic Protection....................................................................................................22
Final Evaluation .........................................................................................................23
Literature....................................................................................................................24
List of Figures ............................................................................................................25
Introduction
Inboard-outboard engines (Figure 2102.03.01) are designed to incorporate the
advantages of outboard and inboard marine engines and to eliminate the disadvantages
of both. This variety of engine is mainly used in fairly large, high-speed pleasure craft.
The vessels are typically 5 to 10 m long and have a maximum speed of 30 to 40 knots.
TALAT 2102.03 2
3. The Transmission Housing of an
Inboard-Outboard Engine
The Transmission Housing of an
alu
2102.03.01
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies Inboard-Outboard Engine
About 150,000 units are sold on the world market each year. Most of the production
output is exported to the USA.
This example illustrates the development of the transmission housing that forms the
lower section of the engine. Our plan is to produce approx. 30,000 units a year.
Basic Specifications
Let us first take a closer look at the functions the product is expected to perform. It is
important to formulate the functions quite separately from any solutions we may already
have in mind.
The main functional requirement for the inboard-outboard engine is "to provide
propulsion". The following functions apply to the transmission (see Figure 2102.03.02):
FUNCTIONS
! Transmit Power
! Withstand Stress
! Protect the Gears
! Circulate Oil
! Handle Cooling Water and Exhaust
! Protect the Propeller
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Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Functions 2102.03.02
TALAT 2102.03 3
4. Transmit power. The primary function is that the transmission be able to transmit
power from the propeller to the vessel.
Withstand stress. An inboard-outboard unit must be capable of withstanding the
dynamic stress and strain caused by the sea and engine vibrations. It must also be
designed to withstand as much extraordinary stress as possible, including shocks
resulting from grounding, hitting rocks, etc.
Protect the gears. The transmission housing is also a gearbox. It keeps components in
place and protects the shafts, gears and bearings needed to transmit power from the
engine to the propeller.
Circulate oil. Gears and bearings have to be correctly lubricated. The gears must run
through the crankcase sump, and oil has to circulate throughout the transmission. The
transmission must therefore include built-in channels to ensure the flow of oil.
Handle cooling water and exhaust. Boat-builders balk at making more than one hole
in a vessel's hull when they mount an engine. This means the intake of cooling water
and the discharge of engine exhaust both have to be handled through the transmission
housing. The transmission housing must therefore have built-in channels for the intake
of cooling water and the discharge of exhaust.
Protect the propeller. The transmission housing must be designed to protect the
propeller when the vessel is in motion.
Requirements
Certain requirements apply to the construction of this product because it is part of a
larger structure (see Figure 2102.03.03):
REQUIREMENTS
! Ample space must be provided for
shafts, gears, bearing etc.
! Congruity with the rest of the inboard-
outboard engine
! Power minimum 10 kN
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Requirements 2102.03.03
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 2102.03 4
5. Ample space must be provided for shafts, gears, bearings, etc. The product has to be
adapted to the dimensions and tolerances that apply.
Congruity with the rest of the inboard-outboard engine. We must be sure to satisfy
the demands placed on us as a supplier of component parts.
Transmit enough power from the propeller for the vessel to reach at least 10 knots.
The product must be scaled on the basis of the largest engines and must therefore be
able to withstand corresponding levels of stress.
Properties
When we are ready to choose a solution, there will be a number of conditions,
sometimes even conflicting conditions, that must be taken into consideration. We've set
up some criteria for this particular example (Figure 2102.03.04). The product should:
PROPERTIES
! Be Corrosion-Resistant in a Saline Environment
! Offer Little Flow Resistance
! Minimum Cavitation
! Be Light-Weight
! Be as Shock-Resistant as Possible
! Cost as Little as Possible to Produce
! Have an Attractive Appearance
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Properties 2102.03.04
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
⇒ be corrosion-resistant in a saline environment. This factor is essential. It will
weigh heavily when we make our decision because it affects upkeep, safety and
aesthetics.
⇒ offer little flow resistance. The size and shape of the product are highly significant
for its flow resistance. This means we must try to find a design that ensures very little
cavitation in the flow.
⇒ reduce cavitation. It is important that the product be designed to minimise cavitation
and loss of efficiency.
TALAT 2102.03 5
6. ⇒ be lightweight. This results is less energy consumption and better fuel economy.
Moreover, a vessel's stability can be adversely affected by a heavy stern.
⇒ be as shock-resistant as possible. The transmission housing is extremely exposed to
in the event of grounding, hitting rocks, etc. The housing is also intended to protect
the vital parts of the engine. Safety demands that the motor and engine be as reliable
as possible.
⇒ cost as little as possible to manufacture. Although low production costs do have an
impact on the competitive situation, in this case production costs are secondary to
requirements such as high reliability and low maintenance costs.
⇒ have an attractive appearance. The transmission housing must have a design and
finish which make the product attractive to even the most discerning customers.
Possible Solution Concepts
The specifications mainly involve the product's design. It is therefore logical to begin by
making a rough sketch of the product.
As Figure 2102.03.05 shows, we have incorporated a streamlined surface, and space has
been made for the components to be placed in and protected by the transmission
housing. We've tried to accommodate the boat-builder's request that there be just one
hole in the hull by installing a system for the intake of cooling water and the discharge
of exhaust through the transmission housing. We've also incorporated channels to
circulate a flow of oil to the bearings and gears. We've attempted to minimise cavitation
by placing a cavitation plate over the propeller so it doesn't suck air. Finally, we've
protected the propeller so it won't be damaged by running in shallow water.
Discharge Circulate oil
exhaust
Take in
Prevent air from entering cooling water
the propeller
Oil pan
Protect the propeller Provide space for shaft, gear, etc.
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Possible Solution Concept 2102.03.05
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 2102.03 6
7. Materials, Process and Form
Still other requirements and desirable features remain to be taken into account.
Nevertheless, it is already obvious that the product will have a highly complex
geometry. This is significant for our choice of production process and materials.
Casting is our only option if we opt for a design such as the one illustrated in the figure.
Even at this early stage, it is clear that the solution has to be a cast product (Figure
2102.03.06).
Function
Material Process
? Casting
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Material, Process and Form 2102.03.06
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Now we must determine which material is best suited for the product before we can
move on to the next step in the development process.
Choice of Materials
The following materials lend themselves well to casting:
Stainless steel
Aluminium
Magnesium
Plastic
Choosing materials is a complex task because we have to examine so many factors that
pull in different directions. The table below (cf. Figure 2102.03.07) lists the different
requirements and attempts to evaluate the various materials options against them.
TALAT 2102.03 7
8. Corrosive Attractive Financially
Complex Geometry Weight Mechanical Stress
Element Surface Acceptable
Stainless Steel - ++ ++ - -
Aluminium + + + + +
Magnesium ++ -- - + -
Plastic ++ ++ - - -
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Choice of Material 2102.03.07
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Stainless steel
Requires sand-casting, which leads to high casting and machining costs.
Relatively heavy.
Excellent corrosion resistance.
High strength.
Sand-casting requires a great deal of finishing work to achieve a satisfactory
surface.
Expensive material.
Aluminium
Gravity die-casting and pressure die-casting are possible; either option would be
preferable to sand-casting.
Light weight.
Good corrosion resistance (provided the alloy and sacrificial anode are appropriate
Reasonably high strength.
Pressure die-casting or gravity die-casting both result in an acceptable finish.
Average production costs.
Magnesium
Especially appropriate for pressure die-casting.
Very light weight.
Extremely poor corrosion resistance in saltwater.
Low moduli of elasticity
Nice finish.
Relatively high production costs
TALAT 2102.03 8
9. Plastic
Well-suited for injection moulding.
Light weight.
Excellent corrosion resistance.
High strength if the plastic is reinforced, but little rigidity, i.e. a low modulus of
elasticity.
Requires no surface treatment.
High production costs.
As you can see, none of the above options stands out as an obvious favorite. Magnesium
doesn't score well because it corrodes in saltwater and is expensive to manufacture.
Stainless steel loses points for its heavy weight and high production costs. Plastic is
disqualified mainly due to its lack of rigidity. But aluminium has no distinct weaknesses
or disadvantages as regards the requirements we've listed. It is well-suited for gravity
die-casting or pressure die-casting, has good corrosion resistance, a high strength-to-
weight ratio and a favorable production price.
Conclusion
Aluminium looks like a good choice in this case (Figure 2102.03.08).
Aluminium
! Gravity and Pressure Die-Casting are Possible
! Good Corrosion Resistance
! High Strength / Weigth Factor
! Favourable Production Costs
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Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Aluminium 2102.03.08
At this point of the case study it is worthwile to consider some characteristics of casting
aluminium in more detail.
TALAT 2102.03 9
10. SPECIAL STUDY: Casting Aluminium
It is a good idea to call in expert advice as early as possible in the design phase in order
to exploit the possibilities inherent in the casting process and take its limitations into
account. Foundries can usually help you select a casting method and offer advice on
casting technology as it affects specific designs.
Three main casting methods are commonly used for aluminium: Pressure die-casting,
gravity die-casting and sand-casting.
Pressure Die-Casting (Figure 2102.03.09)
This is the most efficient method for producing large quantity runs. Rapid cooling
translates into large production capacity. The method is also well-suited to automation.
However, the expense of making the tooling means the method is most economical for
long production runs.
Pressure die-casting provides a smooth surface and excellent dimensional accuracy.
Deviations are usually within 0.3 per cent of the nominal dimensions. The strength and
ductility are not as good as with gravity die-casting due to the high velocity of the flow
when the mould is filled with metal. As a result gas can be trapped resulting in pores in
the metal (see section Casting method and the properties of the materials)
These trapped gases preclude heat treatment, and thereby rule out that means of
altering the metallurgical qualities of the product (see TALAT lecture 2101.01).
Pressure die-cast aluminium has a slightly lower resistance to corrosion than gravity
die-cast metal, mainly because of the higher content of iron in pressure die-casting
alloys.
Sand cores cannot be used under high pressures (40 - 100 MPa), so metal cores must be
used, but they don't offer the same range of possibilities as regards geometric design.
TALAT 2102.03 10
11. Pressure Die-Casting
! Rational Method for Producing Large
Quantity Runs
! Excellent Dimensional Accuracy
(Approx. 0.3 %)
! Less Strength and Ductility than
Gravity Die-Casting
! Somewhat Poorer Corrosion Resistance
than Gravity Die-Casting
! Sand Cores Cannot Be Used
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Pressure Die-Casting 2102.03.09
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Gravity Die-Casting
This method (see Figure 2102.03.10) offers the best combination of strength and
ductility. It is more economical than sand-casting for large quantity runs, though not as
rational as pressure die-casting. Gravity die-casting provides a smoother finish and
better dimensional accuracy than sand-casting, though it doesn't quite measure up to
pressure die-casting (approx. 0.5 per cent of the nominal dimensions).
Sand cores can be used, which opens up a wide range of possibilities for products with
complex designs.
Gravity Die-Casting
! Best Combination of Strength
and Ductility
! More Rational than Sand-Casting
for Large Quantity Runs
! Provides a Smoother Finish and
Better Dimensional Accuracy
(Approx. 0.5%) than Sand-
Casting
! Sand Cores Can Be Used
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Gravity Die-Casting 2102.03.10
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 2102.03 11
12. Sand-Casting
(Figure 2102.03.11)
This method lends itself well to the production of prototypes and small quantity runs.
Sand-casting offers extreme freedom of product design. The finish is relatively coarse
and dimensional accuracy is to within plus/minus roughly 1 per cent of the nominal
dimensions. The slow cooling rate means that the mechanical properties of the products
are not as good as those of products produced by gravity die-casting (see below). The
weight of the object to be cast will also play a part in the choice of casting method.
Sand - Casting
! Lends Itself to the Production
of Prototypes and Small
Quantity
! Offers Extreme Freedom
of Design
! Dimensional Accuracy of
Roughly 1 %
(of the Nominal Values)
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Sand - Casting 2102.03.11
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Figure 2102.03.12 shows the relationship between the production run quantity (units
per year), the weight of the object to be cast and the casting method. In actual practice,
there will be substantial deviations from this table. For example, there are times when a
sand core is preferable for geometric reasons. Such a decision precludes pressure die-
casting even for a long production run. In other situations that call for strength and
toughness, e.g. for the manufacture of wheels, gravity die-casting would be chosen, even
for large quantity runs.
TALAT 2102.03 12
13. Connection between run size
component weight and casting method
300,000 NOTE!
Values may deviate from
100,000 the table significantly
Run size [number/ year]
PRESSURE DIE-CASTING
60.000
50.000
20.000 GRAVITY DIE-CASTING
10.000
4.000
2.000 SAND-CASTING
1.000
200
0 Component
0.1 0.5 1.0 10 20 50 100 500 weight kg
alu Connection between Run Size 2102.03.12
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies Component Weight and Casting Method
Casting Method and the Properties of the Materials
We have already pointed out that various casting methods result in different
metallurgical properties. To understand this, it is necessary to examine what actually
happens to the material at the micro-level (see Figure 2102.03.13).
Aluminium consists of grains varying in diameter from 10 to 100 µm, and each
individual grain exhibits a different crystallization pattern. The smaller the grains, the
stronger the metal (see TALAT lecture 2101.01). Very large grains (0.5 - 5 mm) are
formed in cast products that cool fairly slowly.
TALAT 2102.03 13
14. Particle Size Upon Casting
1m
1 mm
1 µm
1 nm
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Particle Size Upon Casting 2102.03.13
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
By examining the grains more closely, we can see that they are composed of crystals
with leaf-like branched patterns called dendrites. The dendrite arm spacing, DAS, (cf.
Figure 2102.03.14) varies from 10 - 100 µm. The greater the distance, the greater the
chance of porosity and intergranular spaces in the structure. This reduces yield strength
and tensile strength, while ductility drops dramatically, as indicated in the figure.
Dendrites and DAS
1m
DAS
1 mm
1 µm
1 nm
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Dendrites and DAS 2102.03.14
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 2102.03 14
15. It is therefore essential to perform the casting operation in such a way as to minimise
the distance between the dendrites. The speed of cooling (quenching) after casting is the
primary factor affecting the dendrite arm spacing. Rapid quenching results in small
distances, a fact which favours thin sections and the use of metal moulds. It would
therefore appear that pressure die-casting would have a positive effect on the
mechanical properties of a cast product (Figure 2102.03.15).
Qualitative connection between DAS and
mechanical properties
Defects
(Porosity,
intermetallic
phases)
Rm
Rp0,2
HB
A5
10 mm 100 mm DAS
Qualitative connection between DAS and
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mechanical properties
2102.03.15
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
However, the mechanical properties still don't turn out as well as expected. During
pressure die-casting, the mould is filled at such high velocity that the turbulent flow
causes the metal to trap gas. With gravity die-casting, on the other hand, the mould is
filled with a laminar flow, preventing that particular problem. In other words, gravity
die-casting actually results in the best mechanical properties.
The gas trapped during the pressure die-casting process means the pressure die-cast
products cannot be heat treated. Heating would cause the trapped gases near the
surface to explode, destroying the finish of the product.
If your goal is to improve the strength of a cast product, it is important to choose an
alloy that can be heat treated (see TALAT lecture 2101.01).
We now return to the case study considering the choice of casting method for the engine
transmission housing
TALAT 2102.03 15
16. Choice of Casting Method
Based on what we know about casting aluminium, it should now be possible to select
the best casting method for producing the transmission housing (cf. Figure 2102.03.16).
Based on a production run of about 30,000 units a year, sand-casting can be ruled out.
Our requirements for finish and strength also preclude sand-casting.
Casting Methods
Relative Properties
Rational
Method Production Strength Corrosion Surface
Sand-Casting Not Suited Poor Poor Poor
Gravity Die-Cast. Suited Good Good Good
Pressure Die-Cast. Very Well Not Good Not Good Very Good
Suited Enough Enough
Conclusion: Gravity Die-Casting
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Casting Methods 2102.03.16
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Mechanical Properties of Alloys for Gravity Die-Casting
Temper Rp0,2 Rm A5
Alloy (AA) MPa MPa % HB
AlSi12 F 90 180 5 55 - 75
AlSi10Mg T6 220 260 1 80 -110
AlSi7Mg* T6 200 250 4 80 -110
AlSi9Cu3 F 110 180 1 65 - 90
AlMg3 F 100 170 2 50 - 60
AlCu4Ti T6 250 330 9 90 -105
* Primary alloy (0.2% Fe) Important Characteristics: ! Good Machinability
! Good Casting Properties
! High Strength
! High Corrosion Resistance
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Mechanical Properties of Alloys for Gravity Die-Casting 2102.03.17
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Our requirements for strength and corrosion-resistance favour gravity die-casting over
pressure die-casting. With a production run of 30,000 units a year, however, pressure
die-casting might be advantageous. Some manufacturers of inboard-outboard engines
TALAT 2102.03 16
17. use pressure die-cast transmission housings. This means they have compromised their
strength and corrosion-resistance requirements to achieve more economical production.
Based on the properties we listed at the outset, it would appear that gravity die-casting
would be our best choice as it would guarantee the best strength and corrosion-
resistance properties.
Conclusion: We choose gravity die-casting.
Choice of Alloy
The table lists the alloys most commonly used for gravity die-casting. The strength
values listed here are typical values, and must be viewed merely as suggested values.
The exact value will to some extent depend on the shape of the product. Foundries can
usually provide guaranteed minimum values that can be used for dimensioning. We will
attach importance to the following properties when selecting an alloy (Figure
2102.03.18):
⇒ Good machinability.
⇒ Good casting properties.
⇒ High strength.
⇒ High corrosion resistance in seawater.
Choice of Alloy
Alloy Strength Castability Machinability Corrosion- Conclusion
Resistance
AlSi12 Not Good Enough Eliminated
(Non-Heat Treatable)
AlSi9Cu3 Not Good Enough Not Good Enough Eliminated
(Non-Heat Treatable) (High Cu-Content)
AlCu4Ti Not Good Enough Eliminated
(High Cu-Content)
AlMg3 Not Good Enough Eliminated
(Non-Heat Treatable)
AlSi7Mg Good Good Good Good Best, but
Most Expensive
AlSi10Mg Good, a Little Good Good Good Selected Due to
Better than AlSi7Mg Properties and Price
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Choice of Alloy 2102.03.18
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 2102.03 17
18. The requirements related to strength and good machinability preclude non-heat-treatable
AlSi alloys.
The requirement related to corrosion resistance precludes the use of alloys with a high
content of Cu.
The requirement related to good castability calls for an alloy with a high Si content (7-
12 per cent).
Of all the alloys in the table, we are thus left with AlSi7Mg and AlSi10Mg.
AlSi7Mg is based on primary metal (not re-melted, recycled metal). It contains little
iron, which gives the alloy greater ductility than AlSi10Mg. The other mechanical
properties are very similar.
AlSi10Mg is a standard alloy, which makes it considerably less expensive than
AlSi7Mg. It also satisfies our requirement for good machinability and has adequate
ductility.
Conclusion: We choose to use the AlSi10Mg alloy.
Form and Design
When casting, it is best to operate with even section thicknesses. The metal will shrink
about 6 per cent by volume during solidification. If section thicknesses vary, the thinnest
sections will solidify first, causing the formation of small vacuums which can lead to
cavities within the material (shrinkage).
Sharp corners, especially sharp inside corners, cause internal stress in the material. In
addition to adversely affecting the strength of the component, this can result in the
formation of cracks as the metal shrinks during solidification. Sharp corners should
therefore be avoided (Figure 2102.03.19).
TALAT 2102.03 18
19. Component Design
Avoid material
concentrations
Avoid sharp inside corners
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Component Design 2102.03.19
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Feeders (see Figure 2102.03.20) are used to avoid shrinkage cavities. The feeders are a
sort of auxiliary casting mould with high heat retention capacity. Thus the metal in the
component being cast solidifies before the metal in the feeders. If they are to have any
effect, the feeders must be correctly placed in relation to the component. The component
must also be designed correctly to ensure a good result. hroughout the entire
solidification process, there must be a consecutive area of molten metal between the
parts of the component that have already solidified and a feeder. Shrinkage is thereby
compensated by refills of molten metal from the feeders. This is what the experts mean
when they say: "Be sure the solidification is directed towards any feeders you might be
using!"
Ensure that Solidification is Directed towards Feeders, if Any
Feeder
Time
Liquid metal Solidified metal Cavity
Ensure that Solidification is Directed
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2102.03.20
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies towards Feeders, if Any
TALAT 2102.03 19
20. Figure 2102.03.21 shows the design of the transmission housing.
Design of the Transmission Housing
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Design of the Transmission Housing 2102.03.21
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Heat Treatment
Our strength requirement means we want to heat treat the transmission housing. We've
chosen the heat-treatable alloy AlSi10Mg (see Figure 2102.03.22), which becomes
considerably stronger when heat treated due to the precipitation of a semicoherent phase
of Mg2Si. The precipitation results in large distortions in the aluminium lattice,
effectively preventing any dislocation movements (see TALAT Lecture 2101.01).
Heat Treatment and Mechanical Properties
AlSi10Mg
AlSi10Mg Untreated (F) Solution Heat-Treated
and Aged (T6)
Rp0.2 90 MPa 220 MPa
Rm 180 MPa 260 MPa
HB 60 100
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Heat Treatment and Mechanical Properties 2102.03.22
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 2102.03 20
21. The illustration lists some figures concerning the effect of the aging process. As we can
see, it is considerable. It is important to note that the strength characteristics of
aluminium are heavily dependent on the thermal treatment applied to the material.
Surface Treatment and Corrosion-Proofing
One important criterion is the material's corrosion resistance in saltwater. In order to
fulfil the requirements for an inboard-outboard engine, we must finish the surface and
apply cathodic protection (Figure 2102.03.23).
Since the product must also be attractive, it is necessary to use a three-coat finish:
chromate treatment, a primer and finally a coat of paint (Figure 2102.03.24).
Chromate treatment involves a chemical oxidation process which forms a thin protective
layer made of a chromium-aluminium compound. The purpose of this treatment is to
provide better adhesion for the next coat. Special "conversion" treatments are necessary
for almost all aluminium finishing treatments. Chromate treatment also enhances
corrosion resistance. The chromate treatment is followed by a zinc chromate primer
intended to enhance corrosion resistance. The last step is spraying on a top coat of paint
to provide an attractive appearance and protect the primer.
Requirements
Corrosion-Resistance in Sea-Water
Appearance
Surface Treatment
and Cathode Protection
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Requirements 2102.03.23
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
TALAT 2102.03 21
22. Surface Treatment
Method Goal
Chromate Provide Adhesion and Improve
Treatment Corrosion-Resistance
Primer Improve Corrosion-Resistance
(Zinc Chromate)
Top Coat Attractive Appearance and
(Spray Painting) Protect Primer
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Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Surface Treatment 2102.03.24
Cathodic Protection
The corrosion potential can be reduced with the aid of a sacrificial anode of pure zinc.
The mechanism is shown in Figure 2102.03.25.
Zinc reduces the corrosion potential down into the passive zone for aluminium. The zinc
then dissolves and provides electrons for any cathode reactions on the surface of the
aluminium. It is important that the corrosion potential not be reduced too far. That
would accelerate the cathode reaction and cause the pH value in the conversion layer on
the aluminium to increase. The reaction formula shows that OH ions are formed on the
cathode. Once the pH value exceeds a certain limit, the passive zone for aluminium will
also be exceeded and the metal will once again corrode.
With normal use, the sacrificial anode should be replaced once a year. However, good
surface treatment will cause the cathode reaction to proceed slowly and extend the life
of the sacrificial anode.
TALAT 2102.03 22
23. Cathode Protection
Sacrificial anode
(zinc)
2 Zn 2 Zn++ + 4e-
Zn
2e-
Zn++ 2e- O2 + 2 H2O + 4e- 4OH-
Zn++
Sea water
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Cathode Protection 2102.03.25
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Final Evaluation
We have now arrived at the final solution for our product. In the process, we have made
a number of choices and assigned different priorities that resulted in this solution.
Before we begin to manufacture the product, we must double check to be sure that the
solution really is the one that best satisfies all our original requirements (Figure
2102.03.26).
All in all, we have arrived at a concept that makes the product commercially acceptable
as far as price is concerned as well, even though we have not opted for the most
economical production method. In fact, the product has been manufactured as described
above for roughly 30 years and it is still competitive. It offers a prime example of
successful product development where functional adaptation and market adaptation go
hand in hand.
TALAT 2102.03 23
24. ! Corrosion-resistant in a saline
environment
! Power > 10 kN
! Light weight
! Little flow resistance
! Shock resistant
! Attractive appearance
! Somewhat high production costs
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Photo of the Transmission Housing 2102.03.26
Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
Literature
Metals Handbook, 9th ed.,vol. 15, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073.
Arthur C. Street, "The Diecasting Book", 2.ed, Portcullis Press Ltd, 1986, ISBN 0-86108-235-4.
"Aluminium-Taschenbuch", Aluminium-Verlag, Düsseldorf, 1983. ISBN 3-87017-169-3.
Aluminium Gusslegierungen, 5. Auflage, Bundesverband Deutcher Aluminium-Schmeltzhütten,
Düsseldorf, 1988, ISBN 3-87260-093-3.
P. Johne, "Handbuch der Aluminiumzerspanung", Aluminium-Verlag, Düsseldorf, 1984,
ISBN 3-87017-172-3.
"Håndbok for støpte materialer, del 3 Aluminiumlegeringer", Verkstedsindustriens
Teknologiråd, Postboks 7072 Homansbyen, N-0306 OSLO 3
Svensson, Ingemar, "Gjuteriteknik", Karlebo-serien 10, 3. utg., Karlebo Förlag 1990,
ISBN 91-85026-35-2.
TALAT 2102.03 24
25. List of Figures
Figure No. Figure Title (Overhead)
2102.03.01 The Transmission Housing of an Inboard-Outboard Engine
2102.03.02 Functions
2102.03.03 Requirements
2102.03.04 Properties
2102.03.05 Possible Solution Concept
2102.03.06 Material, Process and Form
2102.03.07 Choice of Material
2102.03.08 Aluminium: Properties
2102.03.09 Pressure Die-Casting
2102.03.10 Gravity Die-Casting
2102.03.11 Sand-Casting
2102.03.12 Connection Between Run Size Component Weight and Casting Method
2102.03.13 Particle Size Upon Casting
2102.03.14 Dendrites and DAS
2102.03.15 Qualitative Connection Between DAS and Mechanical Properties
2102.03.16 Casting Methods
2102.03.17 Mechanical Properties of Alloys For Gravity Die-Casting
2102.03.18 Choice of Alloy
2102.03.19 Component Design
2102.03.20 Ensure that Solidification is Directed towards Feeders, if any
2102.03.21 Design of the Transmission Housing
2102.03.22 Heat Treatment and Mechanical Properties
2102.03.23 Requirements
2102.03.24 Surface Treatment
2102.03.25 Cathode Protection
2102.03.26 Photo of the Transmission Housing
TALAT 2102.03 25