This is a presentation on the relationship between Major League Baseball and American Civil Religion. Originally presented at the Conference on Sport and Spirituality in York, England and updated at a 2008 conference in Washington, DC.
This document discusses the evolution of sports from ancient times to the modern era. While ancient sports like gladiatorial fights focused on injuring opponents, modern sports do not condone intentional injuries. Both eras featured dedicated athletes who were icons for their cities and nations. However, ancient sports discriminated against women by excluding them entirely and viewing them as physically and mentally inferior. This discrimination continued for many centuries and women still face inequities in sports media coverage and opportunities today. Overall, the document examines both the similarities and differences between sports in ancient and modern times.
Making Baseball Truly “America’s Pastime”Jacob Garcia
This document discusses how various groups have made baseball "their own" pastime and challenged the notion that it belongs exclusively to white American culture. It notes that Latin American players now make up a large portion of Major League Baseball. Groups like African Americans and Japanese Canadians developed unique styles of play and cultural traditions surrounding the game. However, they felt compelled to do so because they faced discrimination and hostility in American society and baseball. While baseball has become more diverse on the field, discriminatory attitudes still exist today in commentary and some organizational practices. By shaping the game to fit their own cultures and using it as a platform to protest racism, these groups have asserted that baseball will never truly belong to white America alone.
Communication and Sports Research PaperZachary Todd
1) Viewing athletes as heroes has negative effects on society as many labeled heroes, such as Lance Armstrong and Mark McGwire, were later found to be liars and cheaters through illegal actions.
2) The definition of "hero" has changed over time from its original Greek meaning of a divine or mythological figure to now often referring to successful athletes in modern culture.
3) While some athletes like Jackie Robinson and Joe DiMaggio deserve the title of hero for their courageous acts, many viewed athletes are really just "pseudo-heroes" created by mass media attention rather than truly heroic characteristics.
This document discusses baseball as a symbol of American exceptionalism and unity. It summarizes how baseball creates a sense of "we" versus "them" that brings people together around their commitment to a team. However, it also notes that for much of its history, baseball promoted racial exceptionalism by excluding African Americans and defining itself as a white sport. While baseball has become more inclusive, it still struggles with diversity and inclusion issues. Therefore, in order to truly function as a symbol of shared national identity, baseball must continue pursuing a more inclusive vision of American exceptionalism that overcomes its legacy of exclusion.
Why this is the year baseball should correct its mistake and put Curt Flood i...John Eilermann St Louis
We write as baseball fans with a fondness for the game during the 1960s, when it provided a great escape in that turbulent time. In particular, we share an admiration for former St. Louis Cardinals center fielder Curt Flood. He won seven consecutive Gold Glove awards, was a three-time all-star and played an instrumental role in the Cardinals’ winning three National League pennants and two World Series titles.
The document discusses the history and growth of popularity of the NBA over time. It describes how the merger with the ABA in 1976 increased salaries and improved play styles. However, the NBA lost popularity in the late 1970s due to various factors like declining TV contracts and racism. The rivalry between Larry Bird and Magic Johnson in the 1980s helped renew interest in the NBA and catapult it back to popularity, paving the way for Michael Jordan to make the NBA a global powerhouse.
The NBA All-Star Game is an annual exhibition basketball game hosted by the NBA. It matches star players from the Eastern Conference against the Western Conference. Fans vote for the starting players, while coaches select reserves. The head coaches are chosen based on their team's record, with the best record in each conference coaching their respective team. The game features flashy dunks and alley-oops in a more relaxed atmosphere than typical NBA games.
African Origins of Soccer Research Paper (1)Jamar Harp
This study examines the lack of participation of African Americans in youth soccer in the US. It argues that factors like institutional racism, the post-modern rejection of universal truths, and the concept of Manifest Destiny led to the intentional exclusion of African Americans from soccer. It also discusses how sports like baseball, basketball, and football evolved styles originated by African Americans and became more popular and lucrative after integrating, leading to soccer being seen as the one sport whites could still dominate in. The study aims to show how a lack of role models, fewer opportunities in cities, and a style of play seen as less artistic have contributed to the disparity in African American youth soccer participation.
This document discusses the evolution of sports from ancient times to the modern era. While ancient sports like gladiatorial fights focused on injuring opponents, modern sports do not condone intentional injuries. Both eras featured dedicated athletes who were icons for their cities and nations. However, ancient sports discriminated against women by excluding them entirely and viewing them as physically and mentally inferior. This discrimination continued for many centuries and women still face inequities in sports media coverage and opportunities today. Overall, the document examines both the similarities and differences between sports in ancient and modern times.
Making Baseball Truly “America’s Pastime”Jacob Garcia
This document discusses how various groups have made baseball "their own" pastime and challenged the notion that it belongs exclusively to white American culture. It notes that Latin American players now make up a large portion of Major League Baseball. Groups like African Americans and Japanese Canadians developed unique styles of play and cultural traditions surrounding the game. However, they felt compelled to do so because they faced discrimination and hostility in American society and baseball. While baseball has become more diverse on the field, discriminatory attitudes still exist today in commentary and some organizational practices. By shaping the game to fit their own cultures and using it as a platform to protest racism, these groups have asserted that baseball will never truly belong to white America alone.
Communication and Sports Research PaperZachary Todd
1) Viewing athletes as heroes has negative effects on society as many labeled heroes, such as Lance Armstrong and Mark McGwire, were later found to be liars and cheaters through illegal actions.
2) The definition of "hero" has changed over time from its original Greek meaning of a divine or mythological figure to now often referring to successful athletes in modern culture.
3) While some athletes like Jackie Robinson and Joe DiMaggio deserve the title of hero for their courageous acts, many viewed athletes are really just "pseudo-heroes" created by mass media attention rather than truly heroic characteristics.
This document discusses baseball as a symbol of American exceptionalism and unity. It summarizes how baseball creates a sense of "we" versus "them" that brings people together around their commitment to a team. However, it also notes that for much of its history, baseball promoted racial exceptionalism by excluding African Americans and defining itself as a white sport. While baseball has become more inclusive, it still struggles with diversity and inclusion issues. Therefore, in order to truly function as a symbol of shared national identity, baseball must continue pursuing a more inclusive vision of American exceptionalism that overcomes its legacy of exclusion.
Why this is the year baseball should correct its mistake and put Curt Flood i...John Eilermann St Louis
We write as baseball fans with a fondness for the game during the 1960s, when it provided a great escape in that turbulent time. In particular, we share an admiration for former St. Louis Cardinals center fielder Curt Flood. He won seven consecutive Gold Glove awards, was a three-time all-star and played an instrumental role in the Cardinals’ winning three National League pennants and two World Series titles.
The document discusses the history and growth of popularity of the NBA over time. It describes how the merger with the ABA in 1976 increased salaries and improved play styles. However, the NBA lost popularity in the late 1970s due to various factors like declining TV contracts and racism. The rivalry between Larry Bird and Magic Johnson in the 1980s helped renew interest in the NBA and catapult it back to popularity, paving the way for Michael Jordan to make the NBA a global powerhouse.
The NBA All-Star Game is an annual exhibition basketball game hosted by the NBA. It matches star players from the Eastern Conference against the Western Conference. Fans vote for the starting players, while coaches select reserves. The head coaches are chosen based on their team's record, with the best record in each conference coaching their respective team. The game features flashy dunks and alley-oops in a more relaxed atmosphere than typical NBA games.
African Origins of Soccer Research Paper (1)Jamar Harp
This study examines the lack of participation of African Americans in youth soccer in the US. It argues that factors like institutional racism, the post-modern rejection of universal truths, and the concept of Manifest Destiny led to the intentional exclusion of African Americans from soccer. It also discusses how sports like baseball, basketball, and football evolved styles originated by African Americans and became more popular and lucrative after integrating, leading to soccer being seen as the one sport whites could still dominate in. The study aims to show how a lack of role models, fewer opportunities in cities, and a style of play seen as less artistic have contributed to the disparity in African American youth soccer participation.
This document discusses the involvement of racial and ethnic groups in sport in the United States. It covers several key topics:
1) It examines the historical experiences of African Americans in sport, from exclusion in the early years to breaking barriers in the mid-20th century and challenges that still remain with representation in leadership positions.
2) It explores the concept of race and ethnicity in society, debunking the idea of biological races and discussing how these are social constructs used to justify oppression and stratification.
3) It looks at the large involvement of Latino athletes in baseball and their economic exploitation as a source of cheap labor, as well as the growing role of Latinos in soccer in the U.S.
This document discusses various sociological issues related to race and sport, including: oppression of minority groups in sports; participation and employment trends by race; stacking of minority athletes into certain positions; erasure of struggles with segregation from accounts of sporting history; different treatment and assumptions about Black vs. white athletes who turn pro early; lack of research on and support for Black female athletes; and barriers to entry for minorities in some sports. While sports have been problematic, they also offer opportunities to challenge racial inequalities.
The 1991 Chicago Bulls were the greatest NBA team ever. They began a dynasty, winning their first of two "three-peats" in eight years. Led by Michael Jordan and coached by Phil Jackson, the 1991 Bulls had incredible team chemistry and focus. They went 61-21 in the regular season, sweeping through the playoffs and defeating the defending champion Detroit Pistons in the Eastern Conference Finals before beating the Los Angeles Lakers for the championship. Michael Jordan dominated offensively while the team played great defense and shared the ball effectively under Phil Jackson's leadership.
African American athletes have had a profound impact on professional sports. They have changed the racial makeup of sports and influenced public perception. Many pioneering black athletes broke barriers and records in sports like basketball, baseball, football, and more. Today, African Americans dominate in the NBA, NFL, college basketball, and college football. Their successes have inspired many black youth to pursue their dreams in sports.
The document discusses the dichotomy of sports in America, and how they can both preserve and challenge social hierarchies. Sports have historically been used to promote ideals of masculinity and racial superiority. However, successful performances by minority athletes also encouraged advances in equality. While sports often reflected social inequities, they also provided an escape and confidence for the oppressed. Overall, the author argues that sports both preserve and influence desires for social change, and finding a balance is important.
No amount of training can compensate for bad nutrition. Proper food and nutrition play a huge role in sports performance. Eating the right foods gives an athlete enough energy to train and play while ensuring they receive proper nutrition to aid in recovery. John Eilermann.
Koos- When sports stars speak up, people listenTorin Koos
This document discusses how athletes are increasingly speaking out on social and political issues. It provides several recent examples of athletes making statements about racial issues in the US through gestures or clothing during games. LeBron James and others wore "I Can't Breathe" shirts to honor Eric Garner. The document contrasts this to Michael Jordan's approach of avoiding endorsements or statements that could upset customers. It argues that athletes exercising free speech makes the country stronger, and compares current athletes to past protesters like Tommie Smith and John Carlos at the 1968 Olympics who were punished for their demonstration supporting human rights.
1) The document discusses sports in America and provides 12 true/false questions about interesting facts and figures related to the most popular sports. The five most popular sports are listed as football, baseball, basketball, ice hockey, and soccer.
2) It notes that the Super Bowl is the championship for American football, with the first being in 1967 and the most recent drawing over 111 million viewers.
3) Additional facts provided include that there are 162 regular season games for baseball, the highest paid athlete earns $27.5 million per year, and the largest stadium seats over 109,000 at the University of Michigan.
The document summarizes an organization called the November Project that provides free fitness classes in downtown Indianapolis. It meets every Wednesday morning for an hour-long workout that includes a warm-up, upbeat music, and challenging routines designed by the leaders. Pictures from the workouts are later posted online. The project is open to all ages and fitness levels. It aims to help people stay in shape during the fall and winter months through fun group workouts.
Sport Drama Genre
History
Since the beginnings of the motion picture industry, sports films have frequently depicted real athletic contests and athletes. These films often claim historical status because they draw from true events. Additionally, sports films commonly represent history in an exaggerated melodramatic style to address disturbing social issues in an indirect way. Specifically regarding boxing films, Hollywood has long focused on boxing more than other popular sports like basketball or football. Early boxing films from the 1930s and 1950s proved very popular. More recently, several new boxing movies are in production, likely due to the current popularity of boxers like Floyd Mayweather which has renewed Hollywood's interest in the genre. Boxing movies often appeal to audiences through their stories of underdogs
This document summarizes a research paper about the experiences of African American baseball players and how their experiences compare to white players. It discusses how baseball was historically an important part of the African American community but participation has declined. The document outlines the methods used in the research paper, which included interviewing 10 current and former college baseball players about their experiences and motivations. It provides background on theories for the decline in African American baseball participation and discusses challenges African American players may face.
This document discusses the history of segregation in college football from the late 19th century through the mid 20th century. It describes how black colleges started their own football programs and conferences separately from white colleges due to segregation. Though a few black players attended some northern colleges, southern colleges enforced strict segregation policies and refused to play teams with black players on their rosters. College football became a way for the white South to promote regional pride and masculine ideals of whiteness following events like Alabama's Rose Bowl victory in 1926. Segregation hardened as southern schools used football success to justify racial apartheid. The document outlines several examples of the discriminatory treatment and barriers faced by early black football pioneers.
Shane Mosley trains for boxing by bowling to strengthen his shoulders and reflexes. Other athletes like Chris Paul and Lil Wayne also enjoy bowling for training. A new app was created for bowlers to upload their scores and accomplishments to a website. One of the most anticipated bowling events of 2011 is the U.S. Women's Open in Dallas. The book "Klattitude" uses examples from bowling to teach lessons about maintaining a positive attitude.
This document discusses the golden age of American football in the 1920s. It describes how the NFL was formed in 1920 by merging two smaller pro football leagues. Jim Thorpe was named the league's first president to give it credibility. The NFL started with teams clustered around the Midwest and expanded in later years. George Halas played a key role as owner of the Decatur Staleys/Chicago Bears franchise and helped professionalize the league. By the mid-1920s the NFL had added teams in major Eastern cities like New York and Philadelphia, starting its growth outside the Midwest. However the league remained unstable with many team folding through the 1930s.
This document summarizes the history and development of American football from its origins in the late 19th century to the present. It discusses how the sport grew enormously in popularity in the early 20th century but also faced criticism due to its violence and injuries. It then outlines the current concerns about long-term health issues in former players like chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and painkiller abuse, which some argue could threaten the future of the sport. The document concludes by noting the NFL's acknowledgement of head injuries and its settlement of a related lawsuit.
This article discusses the high television ratings for NFL playoff games and the Super Bowl in 2010. It notes that the AFC and NFC Championship games had the highest viewership since 1982. Experts attribute the high ratings to the NFL's efforts to improve the game through new rules and eradicating less popular aspects. Additionally, high definition TVs, interesting storylines, and more families staying home due to the recession have contributed to more people watching NFL games on TV.
Convergence of the Food & Sports industriesLonny Sweet
The food & sports industries are converging like never before, with more and more integrating marketing programs by teams, leagues, properties and events featuring celebrity chefs and an elevated food experience. This presentations shines a light on how these two are coming together and a few examples from leagues and brands.
Abraham Lincoln & The American Civil Religionkarencampbell46
The document provides historical context about Abraham Lincoln and the development of American civil religion. It discusses how Lincoln came to see the United States as an instrument of God's will to spread democracy and end slavery. Lincoln believed events were controlled by God and he was an instrument to follow God's will. The document also covers the two Great Awakenings that framed the American Revolution and established principles of freedom and equality.
This document discusses the concept of ritual and provides definitions. It then instructs students to research the function of music in different scenarios like restaurants, supermarkets, weddings, and advertisements. It also provides definitions of politics and questions whether any music lacks a political function. Students are asked to sketch out ideas for an essay describing two examples of music's function within society and provides additional quotes about the relationship between music and culture/society.
Rituals are stylized and repetitive acts that are an integral part of religions. They usually take place at set times and locations using symbolic objects and actions. Religious rituals are often emotionally charged and reinforce core religious beliefs. Non-religious rituals also exist but do not usually involve supernatural beliefs. Rituals fulfill important psychological and social functions by providing structure, rules for behavior, and a sense of community.
This document discusses the involvement of racial and ethnic groups in sport in the United States. It covers several key topics:
1) It examines the historical experiences of African Americans in sport, from exclusion in the early years to breaking barriers in the mid-20th century and challenges that still remain with representation in leadership positions.
2) It explores the concept of race and ethnicity in society, debunking the idea of biological races and discussing how these are social constructs used to justify oppression and stratification.
3) It looks at the large involvement of Latino athletes in baseball and their economic exploitation as a source of cheap labor, as well as the growing role of Latinos in soccer in the U.S.
This document discusses various sociological issues related to race and sport, including: oppression of minority groups in sports; participation and employment trends by race; stacking of minority athletes into certain positions; erasure of struggles with segregation from accounts of sporting history; different treatment and assumptions about Black vs. white athletes who turn pro early; lack of research on and support for Black female athletes; and barriers to entry for minorities in some sports. While sports have been problematic, they also offer opportunities to challenge racial inequalities.
The 1991 Chicago Bulls were the greatest NBA team ever. They began a dynasty, winning their first of two "three-peats" in eight years. Led by Michael Jordan and coached by Phil Jackson, the 1991 Bulls had incredible team chemistry and focus. They went 61-21 in the regular season, sweeping through the playoffs and defeating the defending champion Detroit Pistons in the Eastern Conference Finals before beating the Los Angeles Lakers for the championship. Michael Jordan dominated offensively while the team played great defense and shared the ball effectively under Phil Jackson's leadership.
African American athletes have had a profound impact on professional sports. They have changed the racial makeup of sports and influenced public perception. Many pioneering black athletes broke barriers and records in sports like basketball, baseball, football, and more. Today, African Americans dominate in the NBA, NFL, college basketball, and college football. Their successes have inspired many black youth to pursue their dreams in sports.
The document discusses the dichotomy of sports in America, and how they can both preserve and challenge social hierarchies. Sports have historically been used to promote ideals of masculinity and racial superiority. However, successful performances by minority athletes also encouraged advances in equality. While sports often reflected social inequities, they also provided an escape and confidence for the oppressed. Overall, the author argues that sports both preserve and influence desires for social change, and finding a balance is important.
No amount of training can compensate for bad nutrition. Proper food and nutrition play a huge role in sports performance. Eating the right foods gives an athlete enough energy to train and play while ensuring they receive proper nutrition to aid in recovery. John Eilermann.
Koos- When sports stars speak up, people listenTorin Koos
This document discusses how athletes are increasingly speaking out on social and political issues. It provides several recent examples of athletes making statements about racial issues in the US through gestures or clothing during games. LeBron James and others wore "I Can't Breathe" shirts to honor Eric Garner. The document contrasts this to Michael Jordan's approach of avoiding endorsements or statements that could upset customers. It argues that athletes exercising free speech makes the country stronger, and compares current athletes to past protesters like Tommie Smith and John Carlos at the 1968 Olympics who were punished for their demonstration supporting human rights.
1) The document discusses sports in America and provides 12 true/false questions about interesting facts and figures related to the most popular sports. The five most popular sports are listed as football, baseball, basketball, ice hockey, and soccer.
2) It notes that the Super Bowl is the championship for American football, with the first being in 1967 and the most recent drawing over 111 million viewers.
3) Additional facts provided include that there are 162 regular season games for baseball, the highest paid athlete earns $27.5 million per year, and the largest stadium seats over 109,000 at the University of Michigan.
The document summarizes an organization called the November Project that provides free fitness classes in downtown Indianapolis. It meets every Wednesday morning for an hour-long workout that includes a warm-up, upbeat music, and challenging routines designed by the leaders. Pictures from the workouts are later posted online. The project is open to all ages and fitness levels. It aims to help people stay in shape during the fall and winter months through fun group workouts.
Sport Drama Genre
History
Since the beginnings of the motion picture industry, sports films have frequently depicted real athletic contests and athletes. These films often claim historical status because they draw from true events. Additionally, sports films commonly represent history in an exaggerated melodramatic style to address disturbing social issues in an indirect way. Specifically regarding boxing films, Hollywood has long focused on boxing more than other popular sports like basketball or football. Early boxing films from the 1930s and 1950s proved very popular. More recently, several new boxing movies are in production, likely due to the current popularity of boxers like Floyd Mayweather which has renewed Hollywood's interest in the genre. Boxing movies often appeal to audiences through their stories of underdogs
This document summarizes a research paper about the experiences of African American baseball players and how their experiences compare to white players. It discusses how baseball was historically an important part of the African American community but participation has declined. The document outlines the methods used in the research paper, which included interviewing 10 current and former college baseball players about their experiences and motivations. It provides background on theories for the decline in African American baseball participation and discusses challenges African American players may face.
This document discusses the history of segregation in college football from the late 19th century through the mid 20th century. It describes how black colleges started their own football programs and conferences separately from white colleges due to segregation. Though a few black players attended some northern colleges, southern colleges enforced strict segregation policies and refused to play teams with black players on their rosters. College football became a way for the white South to promote regional pride and masculine ideals of whiteness following events like Alabama's Rose Bowl victory in 1926. Segregation hardened as southern schools used football success to justify racial apartheid. The document outlines several examples of the discriminatory treatment and barriers faced by early black football pioneers.
Shane Mosley trains for boxing by bowling to strengthen his shoulders and reflexes. Other athletes like Chris Paul and Lil Wayne also enjoy bowling for training. A new app was created for bowlers to upload their scores and accomplishments to a website. One of the most anticipated bowling events of 2011 is the U.S. Women's Open in Dallas. The book "Klattitude" uses examples from bowling to teach lessons about maintaining a positive attitude.
This document discusses the golden age of American football in the 1920s. It describes how the NFL was formed in 1920 by merging two smaller pro football leagues. Jim Thorpe was named the league's first president to give it credibility. The NFL started with teams clustered around the Midwest and expanded in later years. George Halas played a key role as owner of the Decatur Staleys/Chicago Bears franchise and helped professionalize the league. By the mid-1920s the NFL had added teams in major Eastern cities like New York and Philadelphia, starting its growth outside the Midwest. However the league remained unstable with many team folding through the 1930s.
This document summarizes the history and development of American football from its origins in the late 19th century to the present. It discusses how the sport grew enormously in popularity in the early 20th century but also faced criticism due to its violence and injuries. It then outlines the current concerns about long-term health issues in former players like chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and painkiller abuse, which some argue could threaten the future of the sport. The document concludes by noting the NFL's acknowledgement of head injuries and its settlement of a related lawsuit.
This article discusses the high television ratings for NFL playoff games and the Super Bowl in 2010. It notes that the AFC and NFC Championship games had the highest viewership since 1982. Experts attribute the high ratings to the NFL's efforts to improve the game through new rules and eradicating less popular aspects. Additionally, high definition TVs, interesting storylines, and more families staying home due to the recession have contributed to more people watching NFL games on TV.
Convergence of the Food & Sports industriesLonny Sweet
The food & sports industries are converging like never before, with more and more integrating marketing programs by teams, leagues, properties and events featuring celebrity chefs and an elevated food experience. This presentations shines a light on how these two are coming together and a few examples from leagues and brands.
Abraham Lincoln & The American Civil Religionkarencampbell46
The document provides historical context about Abraham Lincoln and the development of American civil religion. It discusses how Lincoln came to see the United States as an instrument of God's will to spread democracy and end slavery. Lincoln believed events were controlled by God and he was an instrument to follow God's will. The document also covers the two Great Awakenings that framed the American Revolution and established principles of freedom and equality.
This document discusses the concept of ritual and provides definitions. It then instructs students to research the function of music in different scenarios like restaurants, supermarkets, weddings, and advertisements. It also provides definitions of politics and questions whether any music lacks a political function. Students are asked to sketch out ideas for an essay describing two examples of music's function within society and provides additional quotes about the relationship between music and culture/society.
Rituals are stylized and repetitive acts that are an integral part of religions. They usually take place at set times and locations using symbolic objects and actions. Religious rituals are often emotionally charged and reinforce core religious beliefs. Non-religious rituals also exist but do not usually involve supernatural beliefs. Rituals fulfill important psychological and social functions by providing structure, rules for behavior, and a sense of community.
Rituals are symbolic actions prescribed by religion or tradition that are believed to have efficacy. Music is an integral part of many rituals across cultures, serving purposes like worship, purification, education, and rites of passage. Ritual music facilitates social functions like displaying resources, facilitating courtship, providing relief during difficult times, promoting group cooperation, and channeling aggression. While Western music has developed separately, ritual music remains important for transmitting cultural traditions from generation to generation.
The document provides an overview of major religions in Asia, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, Zen Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shinto, Shamanism, and Animism. It discusses the origins, founders, sacred texts, deities, beliefs, and practices of each religion.
Marxist theories view religion as an ideological tool used by the ruling capitalist class to justify the suffering of the working class and prevent class uprising. Religion tells the poor their suffering will be rewarded in the afterlife. Feminist theories also see many religions as patriarchal institutions that reflect and perpetuate the subordination of women through religious beliefs, organizations, texts, and customs. However, some feminists argue religion has not always oppressed women and it does not do so in all forms. The role of women in some religions is changing as certain churches now allow women to hold positions of religious authority.
Religion plays complex and varied roles in society according to different sociological perspectives. Functionalists view religion as primarily serving conservative functions by promoting social solidarity and stability. However, Marxists see religion as an ideological tool used by the ruling class to legitimate inequality. Feminists argue that most religions reflect and reinforce patriarchal values and the subordination of women. Some sociologists such as Weber view religion as capable of driving social change, while others see it more as a conservative force seeking to maintain traditional beliefs and social structures. Debates also exist around secularization and the declining importance of religion in modern societies.
Sanatan Vastu | Experience Great Living | Vastu ExpertSanatan Vastu
Santan Vastu Provides Vedic astrology courses & Vastu remedies, If you are searching Vastu for home, Vastu for kitchen, Vastu for house, Vastu for Office & Factory. Best Vastu in Bahadurgarh. Best Vastu in Delhi NCR
A375 Example Taste the taste of the Lord, the taste of the Lord The taste of...franktsao4
It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
The Hope of Salvation - Jude 1:24-25 - MessageCole Hartman
Jude gives us hope at the end of a dark letter. In a dark world like today, we need the light of Christ to shine brighter and brighter. Jude shows us where to fix our focus so we can be filled with God's goodness and glory. Join us to explore this incredible passage.
The Book of Ruth is included in the third division, or the Writings, of the Hebrew Bible. In most Christian canons it is treated as one of the historical books and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel.
Why is this So? ~ Do Seek to KNOW (English & Chinese).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma teaching of Kamma-Vipaka (Intentional Actions-Ripening Effects).
A Presentation for developing morality, concentration and wisdom and to spur us to practice the Dhamma diligently.
The texts are in English and Chinese.
A Free eBook ~ Valuable LIFE Lessons to Learn ( 5 Sets of Presentations)...OH TEIK BIN
A free eBook comprising 5 sets of PowerPoint presentations of meaningful stories /Inspirational pieces that teach important Dhamma/Life lessons. For reflection and practice to develop the mind to grow in love, compassion and wisdom. The texts are in English and Chinese.
My other free eBooks can be obtained from the following Links:
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/presentations
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/documents
The Enchantment and Shadows_ Unveiling the Mysteries of Magic and Black Magic...Phoenix O
This manual will guide you through basic skills and tasks to help you get started with various aspects of Magic. Each section is designed to be easy to follow, with step-by-step instructions.
The forces involved in this witchcraft spell will re-establish the loving bond between you and help to build a strong, loving relationship from which to start anew. Despite any previous hardships or problems, the spell work will re-establish the strong bonds of friendship and love upon which the marriage and relationship originated. Have faith, these stop divorce and stop separation spells are extremely powerful and will reconnect you and your partner in a strong and harmonious relationship.
My ritual will not only stop separation and divorce, but rebuild a strong bond between you and your partner that is based on truth, honesty, and unconditional love. For an even stronger effect, you may want to consider using the Eternal Love Bond spell to ensure your relationship and love will last through all tests of time. If you have not yet determined if your partner is considering separation or divorce, but are aware of rifts in the relationship, try the Love Spells to remove problems in a relationship or marriage. Keep in mind that all my love spells are 100% customized and that you'll only need 1 spell to address all problems/wishes.
Save your marriage from divorce & make your relationship stronger using anti divorce spells to make him or her fall back in love with you. End your marriage if you are no longer in love with your husband or wife. Permanently end your marriage using divorce spells that work fast. Protect your marriage from divorce using love spells to boost commitment, love & bind your hearts together for a stronger marriage that will last. Get your ex lover who has remarried using divorce spells to break up a couple & make your ex lost lover come back to you permanently.
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Call/WhatsApp +27836633417 for more info.
1. Take Me Out to Church The National Pastime and the Transmission of American Civil Religion (An Update) Christopher Born The Catholic University of America Washington, DC