1. Quaglierini 1
Dimitri Quaglierini
Honors Contract #2
Spring Semester 2016
Professor Gabriel Pihas
The Beauty of Sports over Decades of Time
Over the course of time, sports have significantly changed when comparing
ancient sports to modern day sports. Although both modern and ancient day sports
share many similarities, they also have significant differences between them. In
terms of gladiatorial fights, athletes were focused and intent on injuring the
opponent. Comparing that to modern day sports of baseball, basketball, football, etc
that is not the case by any means. Sports over the span of decades have changed
immensely. Despite there being some similarities between modern day and ancient
athletes, the atmosphere and the world surrounding them has altered.
Injuries have been on the rise in sports such as hockey and football, but they
are not done with malicious intent. According to a National Football League survey
conducted from the years 2000-2014 (a 15 year span), “30,186 injury reports have
been filed, leading to 51,596 regular-season weeks missed, an average of 1.71 weeks
missed per injury” (Binney). According to these statistics, the most common injury
was knee (either ACL or MCL) injuries, which are never on purpose. On the other
hand, the purpose of gladiatorial combat was to fight until either opponent dies. The
competition factors between modern and ancient sports were that of two different
worlds, yet they still share many similarities. The sporting world has drastically

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changed over the course of thousands of years, but the iconic persona of athletes
always remained.
The beauty of sports has remained prevalent for thousands of decades and
“Many athletes have characterized their sporting activity as an art form, and a
number of philosophers of sport have supported that conviction in writing” (Hyland
103). Although times have drastically changed between the Imperial era and
modern day, athletes have always been portrayed as being bigger than just sports.
Gladiators or roman warriors were seen as more than just fighters, they symbolized
authority and Rome as a whole. They are iconic to their respective cities and have a
lasting impact on the world. When one thinks of Derek Jeter in MLB or Kobe Bryant
in the NBA, they have made contributions to the world of sports. When comparing
modern day athletes to ancient athletes, “More than this, the heroes of sports field
and battlefield have much in common. They are both viewed as symbols of national
prowess, quality, and virtue. The warrior and the athlete are crucial to the perceived
success of the state” (Mangan). In today’s generation, sports teams and players
represent a city. Fans rally around their team in the regular season and postseason
of sporting events to create an atmosphere that is like no other. Sports do not just
represent a team playing for the love of the game; it symbolizes the name that is
across the front of the jersey. According to a recent poll of major league baseball
players who have made a tremendous impact in their career both on and off the
field, “Derek Jeter means more than just baseball to me. He represents an era. An era
in baseball yes; but more so an era in [my] life. As a kid who grew up dreaming
about playing for the New York Yankees and worshipping baseball and its star

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players; Jeter represents the dreams of millions of kids and one of the main people I
associate with the second half of my life-to this point” (Abbamonte). When an
individual grows up rooting for a team, that bond and connectedness lasts forever.
The passion for a team or player lasts for generations. Although players must retire,
their legacies will last forever.
Similar to a sporting event, fighting in gladiatorial combat serves as building
one’s identity. Being a gladiator and fighting for one’s own country shows heroism
and bravery. Although the idea of playing in a baseball game and fighting in the
Coliseum are completely different, they represent more than a game or fight.
Player’s fight or play for their country or team. It more than just about themselves,
but rather a team or nation as a whole. In addition, player’s merchandise has been
on the rise in the world today. According to a recent poll, “Today’s sporting heroes
have lots of merchandise with their names and faces celebrated on everything from
t-shirts to cereal boxes. Gladiators also had items that commemorated them and
their valiant battles. Two examples are the Colchester Vase and the Gladiator mosaic
at the Galleria Borghese” (Fleming). These items are symbolic of the impact that
player or warrior has had on one’s country or team. When an individual sees a
merchandise of their favorite sports player, our first initial reaction is to feel a
connection with it. For example, when a young child sees a Kobe Bryant figurine
they are excited to see it. That young child idealizes with Kobe because he grew up
watching him play basketball. He represented an era in basketball that was arguably
unlike any before his time, apart from Michael Jordan’s. As young children, we are
looking to connect with an object that we can relate to. A Kobe Bryant figurine not

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only epitomizes what it means to be a basketball player, he is a role model for young
children across the world. Another iconic emblem of a sports player is their attire or
jerseys. A similarity between football players and gladiators is that,
While the armour of the gladiator was meant to stop sword and spear
thrusts, the armour of the American footballer is there to lessen the impact of
the opposition’s tackle. Unfortunately, armour and padding is not enough to
prevent many injuries, and like today’s players, gladiators were a significant
investment and were cared for especially well” (Fleming).
A team’s attire creates a sense of belonging for sports fans across the world. It
creates a type of camaraderie that allows fans to bond with each other. The attire of
a sports franchise wears is deeply rooted into the fan base. Whether it is wearing
pinstripes for the Yankees, purple and gold for the Lakers, or black and white for the
Oakland Raiders, it allows fan bases to share in the experience as if they were a
community. A jersey represents one of the most potent symbols when referring to
sports. It creates a bond between player and fan base, which is something beautiful.
When looking at a fan base, “Jerseys are a tangible way for fans to connect their
identities of their team and favorite players” (Loverro). This bond shared by player
and fan is so strong, yet so breakable. For example, fans in Cleveland were so
amazed by LeBron James in the beginning of his career. He was a young man from
Akron, Ohio and drafted by his hometown team in Cleveland. Fast-forward to seven
years later in his career, he spurned the city of Cleveland, the state of Ohio for that
matter, to join the Miami Heat to win an NBA Championship. After this move via free
agency, many of his fans in the world were so quick to turn on him. There were
videos of his number twenty-three Cavalier jersey being burned by his once most
beloved supporters. Jerseys in a sense can often times signify the end of a

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relationship between fan and player. Some of the time, those relationships end
where a player has spent his entire career with one organization and his jersey is
retired, but that is not the case with most athletes. Nowadays it has become a trend
for professional athletes to join together to create “super teams” in order to win a
championship, excluding Derek Jeter and Kobe Bryant from those scenarios. To
further that point, “When the athlete does something to let them down, they can’t
take them to court, so symbolically they burn a jersey. It’s like someone throwing a
ring back in the face, as publicly as they could possibly cut off the ties to the athlete”
(Loverro).
Unlike modern day athletes in professional sports, gladiators did not have
jersey numbers. Crowds did not share that unique relationship with a gladiator, but
instead supported classes of gladiators. For example,
They supported certain classes of gladiators and each group had its own
name: the Romans that supported the secutor class of gladiator were called
secutarii, while the thraex and murmillo classes’ supporters were called parmularii
because those gladiators were equipped with small shields (Fleming).
Much of the hype and competition of modern day sports was still prevalent with
ancient sports. Rivalries, culture, and competition were still very much in existence
during the Imperial era. Fan bases for these gladiatorial classes are comparable to
modern day sports fanatics. Similar to fans getting into an argument after a game,
One such occasion occurred at Pompeii during the reign of Nero in 59 AD; insults
that were traded by Pompeian and Nucerian fans sparked a riot during a set of
gladiatorial games, which caused Nero to ban games in Pompeii for ten years. This
incident is depicted on a fresco in the National Museum of Archaeology in Naples,
taken from a domus in Pompeii (Fleming).
Idealizing with certain individuals on a “team” or “class” were different when
comparing modern day and ancient sports. Regardless of that discrepancy, many of

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the same morals remained the same over the course of time. Fans were still
passionate about who they rooted for and sports was always a part of the culture in
the Imperial era.
Although there are many similarities between ancient sports and modern
day sports, one of the focal differences is that women were not able to participate in
the Olympic games. During this era, women were treated very poorly and thought of
as being second class to men. Controversy struck as, “One view argues that however
equal women might be to men intellectually, women are simply and clearly weaker
and smaller than men physically, and therefore naturally inferior as athletes”
(Hyland, 17). Racism in sports was at an all time high during this era, which was
made for women to feel inferior. This lack of equality often angered women and
rightly so. In addition to being claimed as weaker than me, women were also not
allowed to participate because of the demands in regards to physical and mental
activity. This is explained more as, “Women, thanks to childbirth, their supposedly
more emotional natures, and even their menstrual cycle, are so naturally in touch
with their bodies that they do not experience a diremption between mind and body
and so does not need sport to overcome it” (Hyland, 18). This separation of genders
remained prevalent for nearly many centuries. Due to the physical and emotional
traits possessed by both men and women, a separation was put into place. This
separation was so extreme that, “If a female participant was caught in the Olympic
stadium, the city of Ellis stated that they were to be thrown into the river from
Mount Typaion” (Scanlon). Feelings of rejection and racism began to overtake the
minds of women and there was no one to turn to in hopes to put an end to this

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discrimination. Women appeared to be labeled under general assumptions in
regards to their athletic abilities. It was extremely stereotypical for women to be
portrayed as weaker or possessing more of mental/emotional nature because this
was not the case for each individual woman. Some women did not have children and
were even more physically inclined than men, but no one was willing to see past
that idea.
If women were given the opportunity to compete in the same sports as men,
they would have been equally as committed to men. For example, “The tennis
courts, the softball diamonds, road races, and fitness centers are increasingly full of
women just as committed as the men to the sport of their choice. Once given the
opportunity, it is clear that the significance, satisfaction, and depth of involvement of
women in sport can equal that of men” (18, Hyland). Men were fearful of women
surpassing them in sports. By not allowing them to participate, it eliminated all
possibilities of that happening.
Even in today’s society, women sports do not get the same type of
advertisement or publicity that men’s sports do. The WNBA (Women’s National
Basketball Association) playoffs is set during the same time as when Spring Training
for Major League Baseball. Spring Training in baseball is irrelevant for the regular
season and only offers an opportunity for players on the verge of making the roster
a chance to prove themselves. Other than that, there is no notable reason as to why
Spring Training garners any attention. In addition, there are not nearly as many
women’s sports team or sports compared to men’s sports. There is no Women’s
Major League Baseball or Softball, as that ends after college. There are also only 10

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Women’s Major League Soccer 10 teams compared to a vast 20 teams in Men’s
Major League Soccer. There always appears to be twice s many men’s sports team,
than there are women’s. According to a journalist for the Atlantic, “Men’s sports are
going to seem more exciting. They have higher production values, higher-quality
coverage, and higher-quality commentary. When you watch women’s sports, and
there are fewer camera angles, fewer cuts to shot, fewer instant replays, yeah, it’s
going to seem to be a slower game, [and] it’s going to seem to be less exciting”
(Bodenner). There is no beauty in the idea that men’s sports are more elite than
women’s sports. It is possible to argue that the competition is more fierce in men’s
sports, but that should not undermine a female athlete or their choice of sport in any
way whatsoever.
In addition, much of women’s sports is not broadcasted nationally unless it is
a major sport and tournament. Even then, it is still not always likely. “800 million
dollars comes from television and marketing rights, and much of it with Turner
Sports” (Brown). The University of Minnesota Golden Gophers women’s hockey
team recently won the National Championship and their 49th consecutive team. This
was a historic mark to reach as no other women’s collegiate hockey has ever
reached such a milestone in history. Unfortunately, the national championship game
against the University of Wisconsin Badgers was not televised nationally. This was a
result of, “Turner Sports and the Big Ten Network could not reach an agreement to
televise the Frozen Four. Turner Sports holds the rights to televise the women’s
championship game” (Brown). Many have speculated that the reason for not
televising the game was due to money or lack of interest, but if a game is not

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televised, then how are people supposed to gain interest? It does not seem to add
up. The NCAA and Big Ten Network did a poor job of handling this, especially with
such a historic record of 49 straight victories being recorded. Perhaps a reason for
this for all of this is the fact that “98 percent of network sports coverage is about
men. When [you] constantly see or read about men’s sports, that’s what people will
think is interesting and valuable and exciting” (Brown). Although men’s sports may
garner more attention from media outlets due to its supposed prowess, the
competition of women’s sports should not be undermined. College sports, as a
whole is a thing of beauty. For example, the University of Connecticut women’s
basketball team recently one 2016 National Championship for the fourth time in the
past four years. That means that the 2013 freshman recruits to the University of
Connecticut won a National Championship in each of their four years on campus.
This is something that no other program or group of players in the history of college
basketball can attest to. UCONN, under still head coach Geno Auriemma, also
produced a record of 90 straight victories from November 2008 to December 2010
(Martinez). In the recent WNBA draft in 2016, three University of Connecticut
women’s basketball players were drafted numbers one through three. This is the
first in the history of the WNBA that three players from the same program were
drafted with the one, two, and three picks in that order. Throughout these past and
present records from the University of Connecticut, the media and people continue
to demoralize women’s sports. Regardless of all the records held from this historic
college basketball program, men’s sports continue and will continue to receive more
attention and something must be done about this. Women during the Imperial era,

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when the Ancient games were being held, were similarly viewed as being lesser to
men. This is an issue that has been dating back to centuries. Although there has been
significant progress, there is much left to be desired.
Throughout centuries, sports are talked about in relation to art. Many claim
that sport and art are opposites, as sports are not paintings or drawings in the sense
that art is. On the other hand, “It is clear, in fact, that our discourse on sport is shot
through with the vocabulary of the arts. And not just the vocabulary; in some sports,
such as gymnastics, diving, figure skating, and synchronized swimming, explicitly
aesthetic criteria are employed to determine the winner” (Hyland, 102). When one
is watching a sporting event (baseball, basketball, soccer, etc), we are engaged in the
activity, similar to art. We perceive, imagine, and create images in our head when
watching a sporting event. The same type of notion is used when we are examining
art forms. In terms of aesthetic, “An athlete is in good form when he carries no
superfluous flesh; when his muscles are strong, his carriage good, his movements
economical” (Wertz). When imagining or looking at a piece of art, as human beings
we make a connection. When we are moved by art based upon a past experience, we
tend to view it as aesthetically appealing. Similar to how Picasso transformed
modern art by instilling the subjective form into his artwork, sports do something
similar. Although it is done in a unique manner, “There is a certain flow or organic
movement to a player’s actions, which we as spectators many times label as natural
in appreciating a stroke, swing, pitch, or kick” (Wertz). There is always a form of
perfection and completeness when it comes to sports. Both art and sport aim at this
idea of perfection, ultimately leading to a unity between art and sport. Many

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questions still remain as to which sports are considered art, but the case for all of
them can be made.
Sports are separated into two categories, which include aesthetic and
purposive.
Aesthetic sports are judged by the manner they are performed and generally
involve an athlete’s execution of a creative routine. Activities such as figure skating,
gymnastics, diving, and certain forms of dance are considered aesthetic sports.
These sports should be considered art because they are very similar to plays or any
kind of acting in the sense that they involve performing a planned out routine that
generally conveys some kind of message or feeling in front of a live audience
(Hyland, 104-105).
It has been argued for centuries that purposive sports do not aim at aesthetically
pleasing an individual. Purposive sports are viewed as “ones in which the aesthetic
is relatively unimportant and where the means to the end are many and varied”
(Rachel). Although some may argue that purposive sports offers no aesthetic beauty,
the case for an opposing viewpoint can be made. Art is not just limited to drawing,
painting, sculpture, or visual imagery. Art relays emotion and expression, which is
something, is something that sports does as well. Human emotion is a type of art and
competition exists in each. Despite some of the differences between sport and art,
each category shares significant similarities. Emotions are expressed through art
and in sports, “sports were created to convey emotion! If we truly think about how
deeply the emotions of some die-hard fans are affected by every snap of the football,
we realize that this game developed the way it did to elicit a wide array of human
emotion” (Rupp). Art also uses emotion, whether that be present or past. Our
experiences shape how each individual interprets the world. Sport should be

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categorized into a type of art because it appeals emotionally, physically, and appeals
to our senses.
Despite the many similarities between ancient day sports and modern day
sports, there also lies quite a few differences. Ancient sports revolutionized modern
day sports and in fact, many of the sports played nowadays began during he
Imperial era with gladiators and chariot racing. A notable change between an
ancient day athletes in comparison to modern day athletes is the amount of training
required for one’s sport. In today’s society, a season for each sport lasts for many
months throughout the year. Baseball begins in April and last until October (pending
postseason play), basketball extends from October until June, football lasts from
September until February, and Hockey begins in October and concludes in June. The
schedule for each of these sports is relatively the same, except in football a regular
season consists of 16 games which also includes one bye week for each team. A
baseball, hockey, and basketball schedule are all extremely demanding on the
mental and physical aspect of an athlete. A basketball season is a total of 82 games,
hockey is 82, and baseball is a vast 162 games. Baseball (MLB) is a unique sport
because organizations are allowed to carry 40 players on their roster in the regular
season. This is barring any setbacks or injuries for a starter on the team, thus
allowing teams to have replacements. Once an MLB team clinches a berth to the
postseason, those roster must be cut down to 25 come October. Within each of these
four major sports, time and dedication is of the essence. There is so much
preparation, studying of hitters and pitchers in baseball, offenses in basketball, and
defenses in football that it becomes extremely overwhelming to consistently

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produce at such a high level. Although the style of training and dedication put into
the sport remained relatively the same, the demands of 6-8 month schedule took a
much more deliberate toll on modern day athletes versus ancient athletes.
In both ancient and modern day sports, competition was and still is at an all
time high. For competitors in Ancient Greece, “Training for the Ancient Greek
Olympics involved a complex routine of exercises, including cardio-vascular,
stamina, strength, and endurance routines. In order to qualify for the great sport,
competitors had to undergo a minimum of ten months in an intensive physical
training program” (Sapere). Although training for the Olympic games required an
extensive amount of work, it is not comparable to an 82 game NBA schedule or a
162 game MLB schedule. In today’s society, the top athletes in their respective
sports are invited to try out for their national teams. In basketball for example, this
invite comes after a grueling 82 game NBA season and for most of the athletes
invited, their respective team qualified for postseason play. This adds an average of
5-15 games to their schedule. Ancient athletes, who were involved with chariot
racing or gladiator fights did not have to endure a long season, like many of the
modern day athletes. The training was also very different for modern athletes, as
they had to prepare more mentally and physically. Ancient athletes never had to
endure a long season, but instead only had to prepare for fights or races once in a
while. They primarily trained for the Olympic games. Training included,
The training expectations for Olympians have remained consistent over the
ages. Ancient Olympians began their quests at an early age, and preparation
involved a comprehensive approach to mental and physical readiness. They had
personal coaches and underwent stringent activities that were rooted in tough
treatment. Similarly, modern Olympians show their commitment to training, often
by leaving home to train with a coach at a special facility. Training centers and

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training tools may have progressed, but the level of focus and attention to discipline
remains consistent. For example, Kathryn Bertine writing for ESPN about her brush
with Olympic training mentions wearing a 30-pound weight belt while swimming
500 meters during training at the Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs
(Meier).
While training for the Olympic games remained similar over the course of time for
athletes, there still remained an abundance of differences. Training for the regular
season is unlike any other experience, which is one that gladiators or ancient
Olympic athletes never underwent. For baseball, basketball, and players; each of
their training routines were different. Gladiators focused primarily “different
fighting styles and weapons used by specific types of gladiators” (Alchin). Quickness,
agility, and upper body strength were all key in fighting techniques for gladiators.
Modern day athletes such as baseball players, train in a variety of ways. They must
have a high endurance, practice running, catching, as well as lifting weights. For a
pitcher, upper body and leg strength are the keys to a dominant delivery. Unlike
gladiators and chariot racers, training for baseball is unlike any other sport because
of the preciseness in training that is required. In the Roman Empire, neither baseball
nor basketball existed as “Ball games tend to get a relatively low profile in [our]
accounts of ancient sport. The reasons for that are pretty clear: they were not part of
the standard athletic festival programmes, at Olympia or anywhere else” (Konig).
Regardless or ball sports not being the primary sport played in ancient Rome during
the Imperial era, ancient Olympians trained in different ways in comparison to
modern day athletes.
A similarity that remains prevalent over the course of millions of year in the
industry of sports is having a referee during matches. Referees are individuals who

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step in when the game gets out of hand or deals with players when tempers start to
flare. They are there to manage the time of game and fluidity of their respective
sports of expertise. In Gladiatorial games, the referees were commonly referred to
as “summa rudis” which stands for senior referee. Although having a referee to
situate and manage the game or fight was crucial, there were still concrete
differences between a referee during Gladiator ages and a referee in the modern
sense. According to a recent study done by archaeologists,
One rule was that if a man pleaded for mercy, it was up to the sponsor of the
fight to decide if the defeated gladiator should live or die. Another rule was
that if a gladiator fell without being pushed down by his opponent, he was
allowed to get up and retrieve his weapons before the match continued
(McLachlan).
In today’s society, exhibition/regular season games are managed with the utmost
care. Referees go through rigorous training routines. Experience and excellence is
the prime motivator for referees hoping to make it to the collegiate and pro level in
their respective fields. Unlike gladiator referees, pro referees (NBA, NFL, NHL) or
umpires (MLB) must have successfully achieved getting a high school diploma.
Nowadays, it is urged that individuals training to become referees have completed a
sport-specific training referee program in addition to a state certification. As for
gladiator fights, it was typically wealthy individuals who would referee during
fights. Furthering that idea, gladiators were often slaves of the referees (their
masters) and would fight until death. Refereeing rules varied for each arena that
was being fought in, which is not the case for modern day sports. In the NBA,
whether a game is being held at Staples Center, the Boston TD Bank North Garden,
or Madison Square Garden, the rules and regulations are the same across the

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country. In addition to that, even professional teams in Europe possess the same
rules and regulations. The style of play when looking at European basketball is
different than how we know it in the United States. Europeans are more focused on
team basketball, whereas players in the United States tend to be more focused on
individual stardom. Although referees were prevalent throughout the history of
sports, times have significantly changed and for the better. In today’s society, the
NBA has recently hired the third woman referee. In the gladiator times, a woman
was not even allowed to fight; let alone manage a game or a fight. This significant
transformation undergone in the world of sports has influenced society in a positive
manner.
Despite modern day athletes and gladiators sharing a common interest in the
field of sports, there have been many changes undergone in that immense timespan.
Whether it be the training routine for athletes, the media-hype, the amount of
injuries, or even allowing for women to play; all those examples have played into
how sports has evolved since the Imperial era. This positive change has allowed for
more individuals to participate (men and women of all ages), whereas this was not
the case previously. The evolution of sports in the modern world continues to grow
and evolve, with many new strategies and methods being thought of each new day.
With each new method or technique being implemented, it creates a sense of beauty
for both the athlete and the spectators who are watching.

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