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1. Part A:
Answer1.
Specializationhierarchiesenable the datamodel tocapture additional semanticcontent(meaning)
intothe ERD. Specializationisatop-downapproachinwhicha higher-level entityisdividedinto
multiple specializedlower-level entities. A specializationhierarchyprovidesthe meansto:
 Supportattribute inheritance.
 Define aspecial supertypeattribute knownasthe subtype discriminator.
 Define disjoint/overlappingconstraintsandcomplete/partial constraints.
Answer2.
Specializationandgeneralizationare fundamental conceptsindatabase modelingthatare useful for
establishingsuperclass-subclassrelationships.
Specializationisa top-downapproachinwhicha higher-level entityisdividedinto
multiple specialized lower-levelentities.Inadditiontosharingthe attributesof the higher-level
entity,these lower-level entitieshave specificattributesof theirown.Specializationisusuallyused
to findsubsetsof anentitythathas a few differentoradditionalattributes.
The followingenhancedentityrelationshipdiagramexpressesthe entitiesinahierarchical database
to demonstrate specialization:
Generalizationisabottom-upapproachinwhichmultiple lower-level entitiesare combinedtoform
a single higher-level entity.Generalizationisusuallyusedtofindcommonattributesamongentities
to forma generalizedentity.Itcanalsobe thoughtof as the opposite of specialization.
The followingenhancedentityrelationshipdiagramexpressesentitiesinahierarchical database to
demonstrate generalization:
Answer3.
Two criteriahelpthe designerdeterminewhentouse subtypesandsupertypes:
 There mustbe different,identifiable kindsortypesof the entityinthe user’senvironment.
 The differentkindsortypesof instancesshouldeachhave one ormore attributesthatare
unique tothat kind or type of instance.
Answer4.
No change overtime:If an attribute hassemanticmeaning,itmightbe subjecttoupdates.Thisis
whynamesdo notmake good primarykeys.If youhave Vickie Smithasthe primarykey,what
happensif she changeshername whenshe getsmarried?If a primarykeyissubjectto change,the
foreignkeyvaluesmustbe updated,thusaddingtothe database workload.Furthermore,changing
a primarykeyvalue meansthatyou are basicallychangingthe identityof anentity.Inshort,the PK
shouldbe permanentandunchangeable.

2. Answer5.
Composite primarykeysare particularlyusefulintwocases:
 As identifiersof composite entities,whereeachprimarykey combinationisallowedonly
once in the M:N relationship.
 As identifiersof weakentities,wherethe weakentityhasastrongidentifyingrelationship
withthe parententity.
Part B:
Answer1.
TinyCollege.accdb
Part C:
No. Criteria Activity
1 Attendance at weekly
meetings
Information exchanged through telephone and social
media, for example, WhatsApp group used to exchange
any type of notes, working notes from tutorial classes,
other type of documents, and pictures for the assigned
tasks and arranged Zoom meetings for discussions.
2 Weekly activity log
Workload divided by the leader after discussing with
other group members and started planning to complete
the tasks effectively on time. Discussion made to
organise the activities in an appropriate manner to
complete the tasks within specified deadlines.
3 Time management We did 40 minutes discussion on Zoom for the division
of work among all the group members and also decided
to arrange daily meetings for 15 minutes after the tutorial
class through WhatsApp Group or Zoom to keep the
things on track.

3. 4 Tasks  To fulfil the requirements of User View 4
 To Develop the structure of database by drawing
an entity-relationship (E-R) diagram and EERD
for the enterprise.
 To Create Forms in Microsoft Access to populate
data in the tables as per the requirement.
 Report Writing
5 Actual contribution to
group project
I have been assigned 4 tasks and started working on them
to meet the requirements and deadlines as well.