This document provides an overview of syntax and grammatical analysis techniques. It defines syntax as the set of rules that generates sentences in a language. There are various techniques for analyzing syntax grammatically, including sequential breaking up of sentences, hierarchical phrase structure trees, and labeling of constituents categorically and functionally. Phrase structure grammar is introduced as a model consisting of a vocabulary, terminal symbols, a start symbol, and phrase structure rules. Examples of noun phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases, and adjective phrases are given and analyzed using phrase structure trees.

1. Karakoram international university Gilgi
t Baltistan
Presentation Given By Ma'am Shameem
Presentation prepared By Muhammad Sulaiman Muhammadi
Student Registration Number is 2020-KIU-BS 1284
Book subject title Syntax BS 5th semester
Department of English literature and linguistics Karakorum inter
national university Gilgit Baltistan

2. Introduction to Syntax P
hrase Structure

3. Does syntax help?
“opens the key easily door the”
Vs
“flying planes can be dangerous”
“flying planes are dangerous”
“flying planes is dangerous”
Syntax General Difinition:

4. Grammer and Criteria of a “good” gramma
r
 Grammer is actually a finite set of rules;
 that generates only and all sentences of a
language.
 that assigns an appropriate structural desc
ription to each one.
Criteria for Good Gramm
er  Observational Adequacy
 Descriptive Adequacy
 Explanatory Adequacy

5.  Grammatical Analysis Techniq
ues
 Two main devices
 Morphological
 Categorial
 Functional
 Sequential
 Hierarchical
 Transformational
Breaking up a String Labeling the Constituents

6.  Breaking up and Label
ing
 Sequential Breaking up
 Sequential Breaking up and Morphological Labelin
g
 Sequential Breaking up and Categorial Labeling
 Sequential Breaking up and Functional Labeling
 Hierarchical Breaking up
 Hierarchical Breaking up and Categorial Labeling
 Hierarchical Breaking up and Functional Labeling

7.  Sequential Breaking up
that student solve ed the problem s
+ + + + + +
 That student solved the problems.

8.  Sequential Breaking up and Morph
ological Labeling
 That student solved the problems.
that student solve ed the problem s
word word stem affix word stem affix

9.  Sequential Breaking up and
Categorial Labeling
 This boy can solve the problem.
 They called her a taxi.
this boy can solve the problem
Det N Aux V Det N
They call ed taxi
Pron V Affix N
her
Pron
a
Det

10. They called taxi
Subject Verbal Indirect
Object
her
Direct Obj
ect
a
They called
Subject Verbal
taxi
Direct
Object
her
Indirect O
bject
a

11.  Hierarchical Breaking up
Old
men and women
Old men and women
Old men and women Old men and women
women
and
men
men
Old

12.  Hierarchical Breaking up and C
ategorial Labeling
S
VP
V Adv
ran away
NP
A N
Poor John
 Poor John ran away.

13.  Hierarchical Breaking up and
Functional Labeling
 Immediate Constituent (IC) Analysis
 Construction types in terms of the function
of the constituents:
 Predication (subject + predicate)
 Modification (modifier + head)
 Complementation (verbal + complement)
 Subordination (subordinator + dependent unit
)
 Coordination (independent unit + coordinator)

14.  Predication
 [Birds]subject [fly]predicate
S
Predicate
Subject
Birds fly

15.  Modification
 [A]modifier [flower]head
 John [slept]head [in the room]modifier
S
Predicate
Subject
John Head Modifier
slept In the room

16.  Complementation
 He [saw]verbal [a lake]complement
S
Predicate
Subject
He Verbal Complement
saw a lake

17.  Subordination
 John slept [in]subordinator [the room]dependent unit
S
Predicate
Subject
John Head Modifier
slept
the room
Subordinator Dependent Unit
in

18.  Coordination
 [John came in time] independent unit [but]coordinator [Mary was not r
eady] independent unit
S
Coordinator
Independent Unit
John came in time but Mary was not ready
Independent Unit

19. S
Head
Modifier
In the morning, the sky looked much brighter
Subordinator DU Predicate
Subject
Head
Head
Head Verbal Complement
Modifier
Modifier
Modifier
 In the morning, the sky looked much brighter.
An Example

20.  Hierarchical Breaking up and
Categorial / Functional Labeling
 Hierarchical Breaking up coupled with Categorial /Fun
ctional Labeling is a very powerful device.
 But there are ambiguities which demand something
more powerful.
 E.g., Love of God
 Someone loves God
 God loves someone

21.  Hierarchical Breaking up
Love of God Love of God
Noun
Phrase
Prepositional
Phrase
Head
DU
Modifier
God
of
love
Sub
love of God
Categorial Labeling Functional Labeling

22.  Types of Generative Gram
mar
 Finite State Model
(sequential)
 Phrase Structure Model
(sequential + hierarchical) + (categorial)
 Transformational Model
(sequential + hierarchical + transformational) +
(categorial + functional)

23.  Phrase Structure Grammar (P
SG)
A phrase-structure grammar G consists of a four tuple
(V, T, S, P), where
 V is a finite set of alphabets (or vocabulary)
 E.g., N, V, A, Adv, P, NP, VP, AP, AdvP, PP, stude
nt, sing, etc.
 T is a finite set of terminal symbols: T  V
 E.g., student, sing, etc.
 S is a distinguished non-terminal symbol, also called
start symbol: S  V
 P is a set of productions.

24.  Noun Phrases
John
NP
N
student
NP
N
the
Det
student
NP
N
the
Det
intelligent
AdjP
 John  the student  the intelligent stud
ent

25.  Noun Phrase
five
NP
Quant
his
Det
first
Ord
students
N
PhD
N
 his first five PhD students

26.  Noun Phrase
five
NP
Quant
the
Det
students
N
best
AP
of my class
PP
 The five best students of my class

27.  Verb Phrases
sing
VP
V
can
Aux
the ball
VP
NP
can
Aux
hit
V
 can sing  can hit the ball

28.  Verb Phrase
a flower
VP
NP
can
Aux
give
V
to Mary
PP
 Can give a flower to Mary

29.  Verb Phrase
John
VP
NP
may
Aux
make
V
the chairman
NP
 may make John the chairman

30.  Verb Phrase
the book
VP
NP
may
Aux
find
V
very interesting
AP
 may find the book very interesting

31.  Prepositional Phrases
 in the classroom
the river
PP
NP
near
P
the classroom
PP
NP
in
P
 near the rive
r

32.  Adjective Phrases
intelligent
AP
A
honest
AP
A
very
Degree
of sweets
AP
PP
fond
A
 intelligent  very hones
t
 fond of sweet
s

33.  Adjective Phrase
• very worried that she might have done badly in the a
ssignment
that she might have done badly in the as
signment
AP
S’
very
Degree
worried
A

34.  Phrase Structure Rules
 Rewrite Rules:
(i) S  NP VP
(ii) NP  Det N
(iii) VP  V NP
(iv) Det  the
(v) N  man, ball
(v) V  hit
 We interpret each rule X  Y as the instruction
rewrite X as Y.
 The boy hit the ball.

35.  Derivation
 Sentence
NP + VP (i)
Det + N + VP (ii)
Det + N + V + NP (iii)
The + N + V + NP (iv)
The + boy + V + NP (v)
The + boy + hit + NP (vi)
The + boy + hit + Det + N (ii)
The + boy + hit + the + N (iv)
The + boy + hit + the + ball (v)
 The boy hit the ball.