sustainable Construction material management using GIS

1. Sustainable Construction
Materials Management using
GIS
EZHIL THALAPATHI R T
ezhilthalapathi@gmail.com

2. What is Material Management ?
• Materials management is a process for planning, executing
and controlling field and office activities in construction.
• The goal of materials management is to insure that
construction materials are available at their point of use
when needed.
• The materials management system attempts to insure that
the right quality and quantity of materials are appropriately
selected, purchased, delivered and handled on site in a
timely manner and at a reasonable cost.

3. What is Material Management ?
(Contd…,)
• Materials management is the system for
planning and controlling all of the efforts
necessary to ensure that the correct quality
and quantity of materials are properly
specified in a timely manner, are obtained at a
reasonable cost and most importantly are
available at the point of use when required.

4. Why it is important ?
• Materials represent a major expense in
construction, so minimizing procurement
costs improves opportunities for reducing the
overall project costs.
• Poor materials management can result in
increased costs during construction.
• Efficient management of materials can result
in substantial savings in project costs

5. WHY IT IS IMPORTANT ? (CONTD…,)
• Building materials account for 60 to 70
percent of direct cost of a project or a facility,
the remaining 30 to 40 percent being the
labour cost.

6. Components of material
management
• Material estimation, budgeting, planning
and programming.
• Scheduling , purchasing and procurement
• Receiving and inspection.
• Inventory control, storage and
warehousing
• Material handling and transport
• Waste management

7. Critical success factors for supplier
selection
• Quality of materials
• Quantity of materials
• Price of materials
• Availability of materials
• Delivery service
• Technical capability
• Financial strength
• Geographical Location
• Reputation
• Management and Organisation

8. Critical success factors for supplier
selection
• Quality of materials
• Quantity of materials
• Price of materials
• Availability of materials
• Delivery service
• Technical capability
• Financial strength
• Geographical Location
• Reputation
• Management and Organisation

9. WHAT IS GIS?
• A Geographic information system is a
computer based system capable of
capturing, storing, analysing and displaying
geographically referenced information.
• A geographic information system (GIS) is a
system that creates, manages, analyzes,
and maps all types of data.
• GIS connects data to a map, integrating
location data (where things are) with all
types of descriptive information (what things
are like there).
• This provides a foundation for mapping and
analysis that is used in science and almost
every industry.

11. HOW GIS HELPS?
• GIS helps users understand patterns,
relationships, and geographic context. The
benefits include improved communication
and efficiency as well as better
management and decision making.
• For the construction and real estate
industries, integrating management of
big data with GIS will help us make
more informed decisions.

12. Working of GIS
• GIS stores information about the world as a
collection of thematic layers that can be linked
together by geography.
• This simple but extremely powerful and
versatile concept has proven invaluable for
solving many real world problems from
modelling global atmospheric circulation, to
predicting rural land use, and monitoring
changes in rainforest ecosystems.

14. Why GIS Matters in Construction
• Having long been focused on the creation of buildings and
other structures in certain locations, and on the development
of infrastructure to connect those locations, the world’s
construction industries have both created GIS-captured data
and, increasingly, become heavy users of that data.
• Accurately setting out a new project traditionally involved
identification of a fixed point of reference (a temporary
benchmark), a baseline, and then a network of horizontal and
vertical control points, accomplished by using measuring
chains, theodolites and other surveying equipment.
• However, theodolites have increasingly been replaced by total
stations. They combine theodolite functions with electronic
distance meters, meaning they can accurately capture and
process data for further use by computer-aided design (CAD),
building information modeling (BIM), or GIS software.

15. Why GIS Matters in Construction
• Technological advances, however, may see the
total station supplemented or even replaced by
laser survey or Lidar (Light Detection and
Ranging) methods.
• A tripod-mounted laser scanner can capture the
precise distance of thousands of densely-
scanned points rapidly, creating a ‘point cloud’
that can be used to generate 3D imagery for use
in CAD and BIM.
• Such instruments can measure around a million
points per second with great accuracy – for
normal terrestrial survey work + or – 2mm per
100m.
• They are becoming invaluable for surveying
existing facilities for retrofitting or refurbishment.
• Vehicle-mounted Lidar scanners are also used in
conjunction with GPS to rapidly and accurately
survey linear infrastructure, such as rail tracks
and highways.

16. BIM AND GIS
• As BIM use widens, construction people will increasingly be
exchanging digital information between their BIM tools and
GIS – and vice versa.
• For example, a BIM may reuse GIS data captured from initial
site surveys for design and construction purposes.
• Once a built asset is completed, an as-built laser survey will
accurately geo locate that asset, providing information such
as geometrical dimensions, materials, project phasing, costs,
energy consumption, number of occupants, etc.
• All these may produce useful GIS data.
• Fundamentally, both systems store spatial information and,
with proper integration, can avoid duplication.

17. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS MANAGEMENT
ADOPTING GIS TECHNOLOGY
• With the advancement in
construction techniques, lot of
materials has to be transferred
from the retailers to the consumers
(Construction sites).
• As GIS is a readily available
spatial analysis tool, which gives
unique and unparalleled insights
into the natural and man made
environments due to its strength to
link the generic information with its
location.

18. Sustainability- Goals

19. Sustainable Construction Materials
and Techniques
Sustainable
Materials
and
Techniques
Renewable
Source
Biodegardable
Reuse/Recycle
Aids Energy
Efficucy in
Buidlings
Durability & Life
Span
Reduction in Air
land and Water
Pollution
Local Availability
Reuse of Wate
Product

20. Material Selection Criteria

21. Sustainable Materials
• Materials which provide Environmental, Social
and Economic Benefits while protecting Public
health and Environment over their whole life
cycle, from the extraction of Raw Materials
until the final Disposal.

22. Environmental Concerns Through
Regulations
• Rivers, Water Bodies and Sea Water
• Ground Surface- Earth
• Air
• Inter Relation
• Eco- System

23. Environmental Concerns in
Construction
• Construction Activities-Building and
other Engineering Structures
• Natural Resources and Materials
• Water Pollution
• Air Pollution (Dust)
• Noise Pollution
• Effect on Eco-system

24. Sustainable Development
• Sustainable Building/Construction
Materials are Part of Sustainable
Development

25. Life Cycle of Building Products

26. Case studies

27. Case study 1
Objectives
• To understand the concept of Sustainability in
Construction Materials
• To Assess the Demand and Supply of
Construction Materials in Cauvery River Basin.
• To analyze the mining activities of River sand in
Cauvery Basin.
• Compare the Engineering Properties and strength
parameters of alternate building Materials.
• To develop GIS map for potential suppliers and
consumers for Effective Material Management.

28. Study Area : Cauvery River Basin of
Trichy District
• Procedure of Sand Mining
• Traditional Vs Sustainable Materials
• River Sand Vs M Sand
• Clay Bricks Vs Fly Ash Bricks

29. Problem Statement
• Government Approved for extract of river
sand from river bed is around 8000 loads
per day for eight months.
• On the basis of sale on cement it comes
around 10,000 to 12,000 per day.
• Based on the prediction of builders it is
35,000 to 40,000 loads per day.
• Illegal Sand Mining in River bed

30. Problem Statement
• Forest Cover
• As per Environment law, Forest cover should
be 1/3 rd of the Land area but as per record it
is about 16% only mainly due to construction
activity.
• Result in Deforestation, Land slide and
Environmental issues.
• On the other hand unutilized industrial
waste, Domestic waste and Municipal waste
results in Environmental Pollution.

32. 167.23 -Corporation
Four
65
9,16,857 (2011)
29,015
1,16,358
Tiruchirappalli – Facts

33. Tiruchirappalli – Base map

34. Impacts of Sand Mining
• Channel Geometry
• Bed Elevation
• Sub Strata Composition and stability
• Instream Roughness Elements
• Depth
• Velocity
• Turbidity
• Sediment Transport
• Stream Discharge
• Temperature

35. Environmental Concern on Stone Quarry

36. Sustainable Materials

37. STUDY AREA

40. Soil Profile of Cauvery Basin

41. Soil Series of Cauvery River
Basin

43. SUSTAINABLE SAND AND GRAVEL MINING
GUIDELINES
(a) Identification of areas of aggradations / deposition where mining can be allowed; and
identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and installations
where mining should be prohibited. Use of satellite imagery for identifying areas of sand
deposit and quantity to be done.
(b) Calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after
mining in area.
(c) Identifying ways of scientific and systematic mining.
(d) Identifying measures for protection of environment and ecology.
(e) Determining measures for protection of bank erosion.
(f) A bench mark (BM) with respect to mean sea level (MSL) should be made essential to in
mining channel reaches (MCR). Below which no mining shall be allowed.
(g) Identifying steps for conservation of mineral.
(h) Permanent gauging facilities (for discharge and sediment both) should be made
compulsory for the sites having excessive mining in consultation with Central Water
Commission or any competent State Agency.
(i) Implementing safeguards for checking illegal and indiscrete mining.

44. Sand Mining Survey
A survey should be carried out by the District
Environment Impact Assessment Authority
(DEIAA) with the assistance of
Geology Department
Irrigation Department
Forest Department
Public Works Department
Ground Water Boards
Remote Sensing Department and
Mining Department etc.
in the district at regular intervals.

45. The survey shall contain:
1. District wise detail of river or stream and other sand source.
2. District wise availability of sand or gravel or aggregate resources.
3. District wise detail of existing mining leases of sand and aggregates.
Based on this survey document, the action plan shall divide the river/ stream/
other sources of the District into the following categories:
1. River / Stream beds sections / other sources suitable for extraction of sand
and aggregates.
2. River / Stream beds sections / other sources prohibited for extraction of
sand and aggregates.

46. Sand Mining Parameters
The river/ streams/ other sources of sand and
aggregate are studied on following parameters:
a) Geomorphologic studies
i) Place of origin
ii) Catchment area.
iii) General profile of river stream.
iv) Annual deposition factor.
v) Replenishment.
vi) Total potential of minor mineral in the river bed.

47. Continue…
b) GEOLOGICAL STUDIES
i) Lithology of catchment area.
ii) Tectonics and structural behaviour of rocks.
c) CLIMATIC FACTORS
i) Intensity of rainfall.
ii) Climate Zone.
iii) Temperature variation

48. Structure of Sand Mining Report
1. Introduction
2. Overview of Mining Activity in the District
3 The List of Mining Leases in the District with location, area and period of
validity
4. Details of Royalty or Revenue received in last three years
5. Detail of Production of Sand or Bajari or minor mineral in last three
years
6. Process of Deposition of Sediments in the rivers of the District
7. General Profile of the District
8. Land Utilization Pattern in the district:
Forest, Agriculture Horticulture, Mining etc.
9. Physiographic of the District
10. Rainfall: month-wise
11. Geology and Mineral Wealth

49. MINING PLAN FOR
KEELAMULLAKUDI SAND QUARRY
• Location of The Quarry Lease Applied Area
• Extent : 11.80.0 Ha
• S.F.No : 149/1 (P)
• Village : Keelamullakudi
• Taluk : Thiruverumbur
• District : Trichy

50. The Proposed total Minable reserves : 130175 m3 of Sand Sholas and
118100 m3 of sand.
Period : 2 Years
Proposed Depth of mining : 1.0 m below the theoretical River Bed Level
Height of Sand Shoals : 1.102 m (Avg) above the theoretical river bed level.
Method of Mining : Open cast semi mechanical method.
Type of Machinery Used : Excavators of 0.9 m3 Bucket Capacity .
No trees are uprooted due to mining operation.
MINING PLAN FOR
KEELAMULLAKUDI SAND QUARRY

51. Topo sheet No : 58-1/09
Boundaries Latitude Longitude D/s Between
Boundaries
1 10"50'14.55'N 78.44',79.72'E 1-2 = 150.0m
2 10'50'19.39',N 78.44',18.84"8 2-3 = 675.0m
3 10'50'19.66',N 78"44',47.06"E 3-4 = 200.0m
4 10"50'13.16"N 7B'44',+0.54"E 4-7 = 675.0m

52. Approved Sand Quarry Location of
Cauvery Basin

53. Tributaries and Drainages of
Cauvery Basin

55. M-Sand means Manufactured Sand. M-
Sand is manufactured from a cubical
shaped granite stone with grounded edges,
washed and graded with consistency to be
used as a substitute of river sand.
Various factors that show the need for
manufacturing sand:
The demand for alternative materials of river sand for making
concrete is increasing day by day as river sand cannot meet the rising
demand of construction sector.
It is fact that the river sand takes millions of years to form. Because of
limited source of natural sand, the cost of River sand has skyrocketed
and its consistent supply cannot be guaranteed.
Under this condition the use of manufactured sand becomes
inevitable.
M.SAND

56. 1) Global scarcity for natural sand:
Excessive sand exploration and out of limit consumption of natural
aggregate sources have led to the implementation of new
environmental/land use legislation. This law makes the supply of natural
sand difficult and expensive. Nowadays sand mining is heavily taxed/
banned in many parts of the world.
2) Growing demand for fine-aggregates in construction:
it is nearly 30 – 35% volume of concrete is made up of fine aggregate.
The UK construction industry demands an approximate 200 Million
Tonnes of aggregates every year for various construction purposes.
3) The remote location of sandpits:
Due to legislative restriction on sand mining, the source of sand supply
are now limited. Also there are available in remote location away from
area of consumption Leeds to high cost of transportation.

57. 4) Presence of silt and clay in natural sand:
Natural sand contains a high amount of impurities like silt and clay
which can damage screed and concrete if the sand is not given proper
treatment to bring down clay and other impurity content to acceptable
levels.
Some of the Alternatives to River Sand:
Manufactured Sand
Fly Ash/ Bottom Ash/Pond Ash
Copper Slag – Filtered Sand
Sea Sand, Slag Sand
Crushed Waste Glass
Recycled Aggregate/C&D Waste Aggregate etc.
The demand for alternative materials of river sand for making concrete
is increasing day by day as river sand cannot meet the rising demand of
construction sector. It is fact that the river sand takes millions of years to
form. Because of limited source of natural sand, the cost of River sand
has skyrocketed and its consistent supply cannot be guaranteed. Under
this condition the use of manufactured sand becomes inevitable.

58. Issues and General Requirements of Manufactured Sand:
The Civil engineers, Architects, Builders, and Contractors agree that the river sand,
which is available today, is deficient in many respects. It does content very high silt fine
particles (as in case of Filter sand). Sometimes the presence of other impurities like
coal, bones, shells, mica and silt, etc makes m – sand unfit for the use in cement
concrete and due to weathering effect, this material decay which results in shortens
the life of the concrete. Nowadays, the government has implemented restriction on
river sand exploration and uses. Sand Mining from river bed has deep impact on the
environment, as water table goes deeper & ultimately dry.
General Requirements:
1. M – Sand particles should have a higher crushing value.
2. The surface texture of M – Sand particles should be smooth and even.
3. The Particles should have a rounded shape.
4. The Percentage of fines below 600 microns in the sand should not be less than 3.
5. M – sand should not contain any organic impurities.
6. Silt contain in M – Sand should not be more than 2%, for crushed sand.
7. The number of fines below 75 microns shall not exceed 15% in M – Sand.

59. Sieve Analysis – River Sand Vs M-Sand
IS Sieve River sand (Percentage
Passing)
M-sand (Percentage
Passing)
Percentage Passing
for single – sized
Aggregates of
Normal Sand (IS
383-1970) – Zone II
4.75mm 99.25 99.75 90-100
2.36 mm 93.50 78.25 75-100
1.18mm 48.00 52.00 55-90
600 microns 21.00 38.00 35-59
300 microns 04.00 21.00 08-30
150 microns 0.05 5.00 0-10

60. Properties of M-sand and River Sand
Properties Type of Sand
M-sand River Sand
1. Textural Composition (Percentage by
Weight)
Coarse Sand (4.75-2.00mm) 28.1 6.6
Medium sand (2.00-0.425mm) 44.8 73.6
Fine sand (0.425-0.075mm) 27.1 19.8
2. Specific Gravity 2.63 2.67
3. Bulk Density(kN/m3 ) 15.1 14.5
4.pH 10.11 8.66
5. Chemical Composition of M-Sand
M-Sand Contains elements like Si,Al,Ca,Mg,Na,K,Fe.etc..

62. Concrete Characteristics using M-Sand and
River Sand
• Consistency of Concrete – IS 456 code specifies a minimum
slump of 50 mm for medium workability, M20 grade
Concrete Mix meet this requirement when M-Sand is used as
fine aggregate.
• Bond Strength – 13.9 MPa for River Sand 14.1 Mpa for
M-Sand.
• Stress Strain Characteristics of Concrete – The Strain
corresponding to Peak Stress is 0.0017 and 0.0021 for the
concrete using River Sand and M-Sand respectively

63. Table 1: Physical and chemical properties of 53 Grade of
Ordinary Portland Cement

64. Table 2: Properties of M-Sand

65. Table 3:Test on Coarse Aggregate

66. Mix Design of M 25 Concrete
(Partial Replacement of M-Sand)
With the objective of producing the a concrete
of the required, strength, durability, and
workability as economically as possible, a
volumetric batching is done for the material
mix to analyse the amount of quantity
required for casting each cube specimen
considering the design mix as M25 grade with
the proportion of 1: 1: 2 as per IS 383-1970 &
IS 456-2000 specifications.

67. Continue….
The percentage of M-sand is varied from 0 ,
5,10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 % is added to
the concrete mix and is tested for its
compressive strength for varying 7, 14 & 28
days strength. The obtained results are
tabulated as a comparison of characteristic
strength between plain concrete mix and M
sand as an admixture for the concrete mix of
M25 grade for an average of 5 specimens.

68. Table 4: Test on Concrete and Partial
Replacement of M-Sand

69. Table 5: Comparison of Compressive Strength in
Concrete Specimens for
7, 14 days & 28 days in N/mm2

70. Comparison between Compressive Strength of Plain
Cement Concrete with M-Sand as admixture for 7 days

71. Conclusion
The concrete test results by varying the composition the following conclusions are drawn:
• M – Sand can be used as a replacement material for river sand and up to 40% replacement
will give an appreciable performance in strength and quality aspects.
• Also with increase in percentage of M sand up to 40% will lead to the improvement in
properties related to durability & workability of concrete
• From the study it was found that concrete produced by using manufactured sand obtained
6-9 percent higher compressive strength and 12-15 percent higher flexural strength
compared to river sand of same grade.
• Literature survey says that nearly 30% increase in masonry strength is obtained with the use
of manufactured sand.
• It requires lower water-cement ratio if mortar is mixed with manufactured sand, which also
results in better characteristics in the hardened state. Manufacturing sand also eliminates
environmental impact occurred due to lifting of natural sand from river bed.
• Improper crushing of manufacturing sand may lead to angular and flaky particles which are
not suitable for concrete production both technically and economically. Also, adequate set
up of crusher may not be available in some parts of the county, as it costs higher than river
sand.
• The cost of manufactured sand totally depends on the location and availability. For high
grade pump able concrete in high-rise buildings, requirement of cement is higher than river
sand, which may not be cost effective.

72. Continue….

73. CASE STUDY 2
• Study Region – Thane City
• The city of Thane is one of Maharashtra’s major
industrial town and the district headquarters.
• The National Decennial Census 2011 pegged the
population of the city at 1,818,872. The
geographical jurisdiction of the Thane city
spreads over an area of 128.23 sq. km.
• The city falls on latitude 72050'12'' North with
longitude 19010'15'' East.

74. CASE STUDY 2
• Data Acquisition
• Total 130 major construction materials suppliers are
available in Thane city region. The scope of materials was
restricted to only sand and cement, owing to its importance
and availability
• Collection of data included personal information of
suppliers like name and address, details of materials like
cost, brand, quarry source, available stock, lead time,
discount, transportation, guarantee for safety, replacement,
test certificates, etc
• The Thane city map was obtained from Thane Municipal
Corporation (TMC) office, Pachpakhadi, Thane. GRAM++
software was used.

75. CASE STUDY 2
• APPLICATION OF GIS MODEL:
1. Geo-registering of Thane city map
Step 1: Create Thane city map file
Step 2: Open image file of Thane city map
Step 3: Add the tic marks to registered the map
Step 4: Calculate error
2. Create different Layers in Thane city map
a. External boundary layer of Thane city – Polygon Layer
b. Roads network and Railway line Layers of Thane city – Segment Layer
c. Supplier’s location Layer in Thane city – Point Layer
3. Digitization of all layers
4. Editing map
5. Polygon formation
6. Adding labels
7. Table creation of supplier’s location layer
8. Preparation of Data base of supplier’s data

76. Thane city opened in GRAM++ software and
Geo-registered of Thane city map

77. Digitized map shows all layers and table creation
of supplier location layer of supplier’s data.

78. CASE STUDY 2
• Generation of Queries
• The database file of Thane city map is used in vector GIS.
The vector GIS contain vector query module, tin
module,network module.
• Vector query module basically used for running query and
find out best solution. Vector query is very important to
Thane city map vector file.
• By run query find the more solution and that will more
helpful for supplier selection process. By this query find out
minimum cost of materials, available stock, lead time etc.
in very few time.
• Also it is used to compare more suppliers and evaluate
each suppliers.

79. CASE STUDY 2
• Query No. 1:
• Find out lead time of cement is 15 hrs and
Condition for this query is “Lead_Time_Cement =
15” and result of this query is 11 out of 129
suppliers having lead time 15 hrs.
• This query is very important because information
of lead time play an important role in delivery of
materials and supplier selection process.
• It is very important when emergency
requirement of material And this query and data
gives solution in very less time.

80. Detail of Query no. 1

81. CASE STUDY 2
• Query no.2
• Find out multiple characters of suppliers in one
click, use of multiple condition i.e. “Cost of sand <
7300 and lead time <= 24 and query source =
Gaymukh and discount = Yes” and result of this
query is 6 out of 129 suppliers coming under this
condition.
• This query is important to finding out multiple
characters of suppliers in one click. This query
gives better idea for ideal supplier as per
requirement.

82. Detail of Query no. 2

83. CASE STUDY 2
• Query no 3
• Find out detail information of any one supplier
in one click, for this condition of query is
“Name of shop = Daksha
• Traders” and result of this query shows exactly
that supplier with location and all detail
information.

84. Detail of Query no. 3

85. CASE STUDY 2
• GRAM Network
• GRAM Network is used for to find out shortest
route between construction site and suppliers
location and to find out nearest and best
suppliers among more suppliers.

86. Image shows finding best of three suppliers
by using best supply node operation in
GRAM Net.

87. Combine layers of roads layer and supplier’s
location layer and find out shortest route between
source and destination using shortest route
operation

88. Conclusion of the case study 2
• Excellent performance of material suppliers is most
essential for the smooth obtaining of materials.
• Supplier evaluationand selection is a usual main issue.
The multi-criteria signify both qualitative and
quantitative characteristics.
• Construction company would be able to make the
appropriate decision using a tool which is interactive,
reliable and affordable.
• GIS tool is very effective to avoid those problems in
very short time to create for supplier selection.
• And which is very helpful to integrate and categorised
supplier’s data.

89. REFERENCES
• Prashant V Thakare, Dr Sumedh Y
Mhaske,2014, GIS based material management
and supplier selection inThane city – A case
study
• E Arunbabu,P
Thirumalini,P,Partheeban,Construction Materials
Management Adopting Gis Technology.
• Kush M.Patel, Tirth D.Patel, Piyush J.Patel,
2017,Application of GIS in Construction
Management

90. THANK YOU