About sunsports ans mekaing

1. SUNSPOTS
Presented By- Shweta Tiwari
M.Sc. 4th Semester
A Dissertation on

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The magnetic Sun
Structure of Sun
Sunspots
Facts about Sunspots
Why we count sunspots
Statistical Analysis
Observation of Sunspots
Conclusion

3. The sun is the small yellow G type star constitutes
98.8% of the mass of our solar system.
Most of the gas in sun (91 percent) is hydrogen.
Sun's magnetic field is generated by electrical currents generated by the flow of hot,
ionized gases in the Sun's convection zone.
Sunspots and Active Regions are manifestation of the magnetic field.
Like Earth and other planets sun also rotates in its axis but its rotation is unique .
It is the closest astrophysical laboratory that one can use to study plasma and different
models of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and MHD turbulence.

4.  The different layers of the Sun are
determined by the physical function they
perform.
 Currently, astrophysics has a model of the
solar structure made up of six layers
divided into two groups: the inner
and outer layers of the Sun.
Inner layer
1.Solar core 2. The radiative zone 3. The
convective zone
Outer layer
1.Photosphere 2. Chromosphere 3.Corona

5. Sunspots are phenomena on the Sun’s Photosphere
appear as temporary spots that are darker than the
surrounding areas.
They are relatively cooler (2000K lesser) region of
the sun’s atmosphere.
A sunspot consists of two parts, a dark part (umbra) and a brighter part (penumbra),
which surrounds the umbra.
Due to their correlation with other kinds of solar activity, sunspots can be used to help
predict space weather, the state of the ionosphere, and conditions relevant to short-
wave radio propagation or satellite communications.

6. The number of sunspots on the face of the Sun varies with an 11 year period called
the sunspot cycle.
Solar Maximum- The period in the sunspot cycle when solar activity is highest and
sunspots are most abundant
Solar Minimum- Solar minimum is the regular period of least solar activity in the
Sun's 11-year solar cycle.
Sunspots are actually fairly bright,
but they appear dark because the
rest of the Sun is so much brighter.
Sunspots don’t stay in one place, the
can travel across the face of the sun.

7.  Sunspots number is counted to determine
the magnitude and duration of a solar
cycle.
 Sunspots are counted to determine the
activity of Sun.
 By predicting sunspot activity, we can
know what Sun would do ahead of time
 We might also gain a better understanding
of how the Sun works.

8. Objective – To analyse and predict the activity the sun by counting sunspot
number.
Sunspots prediction for 24th solar cycle
It was considered as a weak cycle by panel of
experts.
• The panel declared that the cycle 24th would
be rather weak similar to solar cycle 16th.
• Solar Cycle 24 would peak in May 2013.
Observation- Here data is taken from
NASA’s data collection website named
Omniweb.
Graph source- NOAA

9. Year Total Sunspots
2010 9077
2011 29485
2012 30936
2013 34224
2014 41326
2015 25392
2016 15873
2017 7887
2018 2590
 The adjoining table shows the total number
of sunspots observed each year from 2010
to 2018
 Period of observation- Year 2010 to 2018
 Start Date- 1 January 2010
 End Date- 31 December 2018
 Solar cycle – 24th
 Maximum count – Year 2014
 Minimum count – Year 2018

10. Sunspots Year
41326 2014
34224 2013
30936 2012
29485 2011
25392 2015
15873 2016
9077 2010
7887 2017
2590 2018
Number of sunspots Observed
in Descending order
Maximum number of sunspots were observed in the
year 2014 in this year solar activity was in peak.
Minimum number of sunspots were observed in the
year 2018 in this year very low solar activity was
detected.
Solar activity first increase from 2010 to 2013 . In
2014 the highest number of sunspots were observed
it is the solar maximum period.
From 2011 to 2018 number of sunspots continuously
decreased causing solar minimum in the year 2018

11. 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Number
of
sunspots
year
2010 to 2018

12. • The sun is a G type star.
• The Sun also rotates in its axis its rotation is called differential rotation.
• The Sun consists of total 2 layers inner and outer layer.
• Inner layer consists of three parts – the core , Radiative zone and convective zone.
• Outer atmosphere of sun consists of three parts – the photosphere, chromosphere and
corona.
• Sunspots are relatively darker region in sun’s photosphere having temperature less than other
parts of sun.
• Sunspots are often followed by solar flares which cause radio and magnetic disturbance in
geomagnetic field.
• Statistical discussion of sunspot number as the main topic of dissertation and draw
conclusions.