The document provides an overview of the monsoon phenomenon, including its definition, key regions affected, and various theories about the factors that influence monsoons. It discusses how differential heating between land and sea, the shifting of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, heating over the Tibetan Plateau, pressure systems in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and phenomena like the El Niño–Southern Oscillation can all impact monsoon winds and rainfall. The monsoon is a crucial seasonal reversal of wind patterns that strongly influences the climate and economies of many parts of Asia.
The Indian summer monsoon:Past present and future_Julia Slingo_2010India Water Portal
The document discusses the Indian summer monsoon, including its importance for India's population and economy, the basic science behind monsoons, the UK's historical interest in studying the monsoon, and challenges for India from climate change. It summarizes key factors that influence the monsoon like the Himalayas, El Nino, and intra-seasonal variability. It also outlines projections for how climate change may affect the monsoon's mean rainfall and extreme events.
Monsoon is a seasonal change in winds and precipitation associated with differing heating of land and sea. There are three main types of monsoon: summer monsoon brings heavy rain between April and September as warm air blows from the southwest Indian Ocean toward countries like India; winter monsoon has dominant easterly winds and a strong tendency toward drought; and a dry monsoon occurs between October and April in South and Southeast Asia with rain-bearing winds from May to September and dry winds the rest. Monsoons result from differing annual temperature trends over land and water.
The document discusses the monsoon seasons of South and Southeast Asia. It describes how seasonal winds and temperature differences between land and ocean create distinct wet and dry seasons. During the summer, warm, moist winds blow inland from the ocean, bringing heavy rains. In the winter, cool, dry winds blow from the interior out toward the ocean, creating drought-like conditions. The monsoon patterns greatly impact the regions' climates, agriculture, and populations.
This document discusses air masses and their types. It defines an air mass as a large body of air with similar temperature and humidity that forms in stable source regions. There are two main types of air masses - continental and maritime. Continental air masses originate over landmasses and are usually dry, while maritime air masses originate over large bodies of water and are usually moist. Specific continental air masses include tropical (cT), mid-latitude (cM), and polar (cP). Maritime air masses include tropical (mT), mid-latitude (mM), and polar (mP). Each air mass has distinct characteristics depending on its source region and how it interacts with terrain as it moves across regions.
Venus is often referred to as Earth's sister planet due to their similar size and mass, with Venus having a diameter only 638 km smaller than Earth's and 81.5% of Earth's mass. However, Venus has an atmospheric pressure 92 times greater than Earth's due to its dense carbon dioxide atmosphere, which causes a greenhouse effect that makes its average surface temperature a scorching 462 degrees Celsius, with no seasonal variation.
A monsoon is a seasonal change in wind direction that typically brings a marked change in local weather. It refers mainly to the Asian monsoon affecting India and Southeast Asia. The monsoon winds are caused when temperature differences between oceans and continents lead to winds blowing from land to ocean most of the year, but from ocean to land during certain months, bringing moist air and monsoon rains. Many parts of the world experience monsoons, most notably Asia where the monsoons are critical for agriculture and life in regions like India.
This document summarizes the key aspects of monsoons in India. It describes that monsoons are seasonal winds that blow in a particular direction seasonally. The southwest monsoon brings moisture from the sea to land in India from June to September, while the northeast monsoon reverses the pattern from December to February. It then explains several mechanisms that drive the monsoons, including differential heating of land and sea, shifting of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, heating of the Tibetan Plateau, and high pressure systems. The southern oscillation and El Nino patterns can also impact monsoon rains in India.
The document provides an overview of the monsoon phenomenon, including its definition, key regions affected, and various theories about the factors that influence monsoons. It discusses how differential heating between land and sea, the shifting of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, heating over the Tibetan Plateau, pressure systems in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and phenomena like the El Niño–Southern Oscillation can all impact monsoon winds and rainfall. The monsoon is a crucial seasonal reversal of wind patterns that strongly influences the climate and economies of many parts of Asia.
The Indian summer monsoon:Past present and future_Julia Slingo_2010India Water Portal
The document discusses the Indian summer monsoon, including its importance for India's population and economy, the basic science behind monsoons, the UK's historical interest in studying the monsoon, and challenges for India from climate change. It summarizes key factors that influence the monsoon like the Himalayas, El Nino, and intra-seasonal variability. It also outlines projections for how climate change may affect the monsoon's mean rainfall and extreme events.
Monsoon is a seasonal change in winds and precipitation associated with differing heating of land and sea. There are three main types of monsoon: summer monsoon brings heavy rain between April and September as warm air blows from the southwest Indian Ocean toward countries like India; winter monsoon has dominant easterly winds and a strong tendency toward drought; and a dry monsoon occurs between October and April in South and Southeast Asia with rain-bearing winds from May to September and dry winds the rest. Monsoons result from differing annual temperature trends over land and water.
The document discusses the monsoon seasons of South and Southeast Asia. It describes how seasonal winds and temperature differences between land and ocean create distinct wet and dry seasons. During the summer, warm, moist winds blow inland from the ocean, bringing heavy rains. In the winter, cool, dry winds blow from the interior out toward the ocean, creating drought-like conditions. The monsoon patterns greatly impact the regions' climates, agriculture, and populations.
This document discusses air masses and their types. It defines an air mass as a large body of air with similar temperature and humidity that forms in stable source regions. There are two main types of air masses - continental and maritime. Continental air masses originate over landmasses and are usually dry, while maritime air masses originate over large bodies of water and are usually moist. Specific continental air masses include tropical (cT), mid-latitude (cM), and polar (cP). Maritime air masses include tropical (mT), mid-latitude (mM), and polar (mP). Each air mass has distinct characteristics depending on its source region and how it interacts with terrain as it moves across regions.
Venus is often referred to as Earth's sister planet due to their similar size and mass, with Venus having a diameter only 638 km smaller than Earth's and 81.5% of Earth's mass. However, Venus has an atmospheric pressure 92 times greater than Earth's due to its dense carbon dioxide atmosphere, which causes a greenhouse effect that makes its average surface temperature a scorching 462 degrees Celsius, with no seasonal variation.
A monsoon is a seasonal change in wind direction that typically brings a marked change in local weather. It refers mainly to the Asian monsoon affecting India and Southeast Asia. The monsoon winds are caused when temperature differences between oceans and continents lead to winds blowing from land to ocean most of the year, but from ocean to land during certain months, bringing moist air and monsoon rains. Many parts of the world experience monsoons, most notably Asia where the monsoons are critical for agriculture and life in regions like India.
This document summarizes the key aspects of monsoons in India. It describes that monsoons are seasonal winds that blow in a particular direction seasonally. The southwest monsoon brings moisture from the sea to land in India from June to September, while the northeast monsoon reverses the pattern from December to February. It then explains several mechanisms that drive the monsoons, including differential heating of land and sea, shifting of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, heating of the Tibetan Plateau, and high pressure systems. The southern oscillation and El Nino patterns can also impact monsoon rains in India.
The document summarizes global atmospheric circulation patterns. It describes the different scales of wind including macroscale, synoptic, mesoscale, and microscale winds. It discusses land and sea breezes as examples of mesoscale winds. The best simple model of global circulation is a three-celled circulation model in each hemisphere. This model includes the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell, and the polar cell. The document also describes global pressure patterns and features such as the horse latitudes, trade winds, and doldrums.
Cyclones involve a closed circulation around a low pressure center, spinning counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. They bring strong winds inward and cause extensive damage from heavy rain. Cyclones are known by different names depending on location, such as hurricanes in the Atlantic and typhoons in the Western Pacific. Anticyclones circulate clockwise around a high pressure center, pushing winds outward and typically bringing fine weather. Key differences between cyclones and anticyclones are the direction of circulation and associated weather patterns.
This document discusses various types of weather hazards including hurricanes, tornadoes, thunderstorms, hail, winds, winter weather, droughts, floods, frost, and tropical cyclones. It provides details on the causes and impacts of each hazard, particularly how they affect agriculture through damage to crops, livestock, and infrastructure. Specific historic droughts, floods, and cyclones in India are also outlined that have resulted in widespread deaths and destruction.
Climate models are tools used in climate research that range in complexity from simple zero-dimensional energy balance models to complex three-dimensional general circulation models. They work by solving equations that conserve mass, momentum, energy and other quantities in grid boxes. Climate models are evaluated by comparing their results to observations. They are used for applications such as detecting and attributing causes of climate change, making projections of future climate change, and studying past climates.
The document summarizes the mechanism of the Indian monsoon. It describes how seasonal winds blow from the sea to land for months each year in tropical regions. Meteorologists have found a seesaw relationship between pressure changes in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, which causes shifting winds across the equator between seasons. Specifically, lower pressure over the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere summer draws winds from the Pacific toward India, bringing the southwest monsoon. Coriolis forces cause the winds to change direction as they cross the equator.
Insolation, Atmospheric temperature and Heat Budget of the Earth-2-31.pdfmonsterroy098
The document discusses heat and temperature. It defines heat as the kinetic energy generated by molecules colliding with each other, while temperature measures the average kinetic energy of molecules. It describes the three main processes of heat transfer as conduction, convection and radiation. It also discusses concepts like insolation, terrestrial radiation, the sun as the main energy source, and factors that affect the distribution of solar radiation on Earth like latitude, atmosphere and seasons.
This document provides an overview of a village-level crop and weather analysis project conducted by students in an agricultural meteorology program. It introduces the group members and describes the objectives of their Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) program, which aims to give students hands-on experience analyzing rural institutions, farms, and the impacts of traditions on farming communities. The document then provides background on agrometeorology and its relevance to agriculture before describing the study village of Darjeepara and presenting findings on its water resources, hydrological map, cropping patterns, irrigation sources, and monthly farm operations. Water balances and phenological analyses are also given for specific crops grown by two farmers.
Earth's early atmosphere contained hydrogen and helium. After the Moon formed, volcanic activity produced CO, CO2, and water vapor. Once cyanobacteria evolved and performed photosynthesis, they consumed CO2 and produced oxygen. Currently, Earth's atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% trace gases. Burning fossil fuels adds excess CO2 and pollutants, warming the climate. CFCs have also depleted the ozone layer.
This document analyzes the relationship between the Indian summer monsoon and the Northern and Southern Annular Modes. It finds that the Southern Annular Mode in June and the North Atlantic Oscillation in April can influence Indian monsoon rainfall, with a stronger effect when the SAM is positive and NAO is negative. This combination is linked to negative rainfall anomalies in southwest and central India but positive anomalies in northeast India, resembling monsoon break conditions. The study indicates these large-scale atmospheric modes may help predict July-August rainfall patterns over India.
Wind has the ability to shape the surface of the Earth. Wind is one of the greatest agents of land erosion and transportation. The action of wind is very significant in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to profound wetness, wind cannot act in humid regions. Wind is capable of eroding, transporting and depositing the surface materials, in drylands. The landforms created by wind action are called as Aeolian landforms. The word “Aeolian” is derived from the Greek word “Aeolus”, meaning, the god of the winds.
The economy of the world is fast changing during the recent years.
The changes in primary, secondary and tertiary stages are dynamic in nature.
In view of this, the objectives of studying economic geography are to integrate several factors of economic development to acquaint with the dynamic aspects of the Scenario. This module is about basics of economic geography.
This document provides information about types of wind and wind mechanisms. It discusses three types of wind: permanent winds like trade winds and westerlies; seasonal winds that change direction with the seasons, like monsoons; and local winds that influence small areas, such as land and sea breezes. It also describes the mechanisms that drive wind circulation globally in three cells - the Hadley cell near the equator, the Ferrell cell in the mid-latitudes, and the polar cell near the poles. Air flows from high to low pressure in each cell, transporting heat around the world.
Detachment and movement of soil material by the action of wind is known as wind erosion. Wind erosion is a common cause of land degradation in the arid and semi arid
This document discusses global air circulation patterns driven by uneven heating of the atmosphere. It describes three main factors that influence winds: pressure gradient force, Coriolis force, and friction force. Unequal heating creates high and low pressure systems that drive winds according to these forces. The document outlines the major wind systems in different latitudes, including the trade winds near the equator; westerlies in mid-latitudes between subtropical highs and subpolar lows; and polar easterlies near the poles. Diagrams are provided showing typical January and July surface pressure patterns and winds in each region.
The document summarizes key information about currents in the Atlantic Ocean. It discusses 14 major currents, including the Gulf Stream along the eastern US coast and the North Atlantic Current. It also describes currents like the Canary and Benguela that flow along the western coasts of Africa. The Atlantic Ocean is home to complex system of currents that transport heat and influence climate patterns around the globe.
This document discusses the tropical monsoon climate, including high annual precipitation totals with over 3,000mm annually and the majority occurring in summer months. Temperatures are warm with an average annual temperature of 27.05°C and small annual temperature range of 3.6°C. The forests have a canopy layer, understory layer, and ground layer and include trees like teak and rosewoods that are mostly deciduous. This climate is classified as tropical moist under the Koppen climate classification system.
This presentation discusses geostrophic wind and related concepts. It defines the Coriolis force, pressure gradient force, centrifugal force, centripetal force, and geostrophic wind. The Coriolis force causes deflections in winds blowing across the Earth's surface. Pressure gradient force drives wind from high to low pressure. Geostrophic wind blows parallel to isobars in balance with the Coriolis force. Gradient wind occurs aloft where winds flow through curved height contours, remaining parallel to them. Examples are given to illustrate gradient wind. Balanced flow speeds are shown for geostrophic, gradient, cyclostrophic, and inertial winds under different conditions.
the presentation is about, what is soil and what it the components of soil? And major types of soil in south Asia is found. specially in Bangladesh with necessary figure. _Parves Khan
Drought and drought management strategiesO.P PARIHAR
This document discusses drought and drought management strategies. It defines drought as a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that results in severe water shortage. It classifies drought based on duration, users affected, time of occurrence, and descriptive terms. Agricultural drought is caused by inadequate rainfall, erratic distribution, long dry spells, and lack of soil and crop management. The effects of drought on crops include reduced water status, photosynthesis, respiration, growth, and development. Strategies to manage drought include adjusting plant populations, mid-season corrections like thinning and spraying, mulching, weed control, and water harvesting for life-saving irrigation during dry spells.
The document summarizes global atmospheric circulation patterns. It describes the different scales of wind including macroscale, synoptic, mesoscale, and microscale winds. It discusses land and sea breezes as examples of mesoscale winds. The best simple model of global circulation is a three-celled circulation model in each hemisphere. This model includes the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell, and the polar cell. The document also describes global pressure patterns and features such as the horse latitudes, trade winds, and doldrums.
Cyclones involve a closed circulation around a low pressure center, spinning counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. They bring strong winds inward and cause extensive damage from heavy rain. Cyclones are known by different names depending on location, such as hurricanes in the Atlantic and typhoons in the Western Pacific. Anticyclones circulate clockwise around a high pressure center, pushing winds outward and typically bringing fine weather. Key differences between cyclones and anticyclones are the direction of circulation and associated weather patterns.
This document discusses various types of weather hazards including hurricanes, tornadoes, thunderstorms, hail, winds, winter weather, droughts, floods, frost, and tropical cyclones. It provides details on the causes and impacts of each hazard, particularly how they affect agriculture through damage to crops, livestock, and infrastructure. Specific historic droughts, floods, and cyclones in India are also outlined that have resulted in widespread deaths and destruction.
Climate models are tools used in climate research that range in complexity from simple zero-dimensional energy balance models to complex three-dimensional general circulation models. They work by solving equations that conserve mass, momentum, energy and other quantities in grid boxes. Climate models are evaluated by comparing their results to observations. They are used for applications such as detecting and attributing causes of climate change, making projections of future climate change, and studying past climates.
The document summarizes the mechanism of the Indian monsoon. It describes how seasonal winds blow from the sea to land for months each year in tropical regions. Meteorologists have found a seesaw relationship between pressure changes in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, which causes shifting winds across the equator between seasons. Specifically, lower pressure over the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere summer draws winds from the Pacific toward India, bringing the southwest monsoon. Coriolis forces cause the winds to change direction as they cross the equator.
Insolation, Atmospheric temperature and Heat Budget of the Earth-2-31.pdfmonsterroy098
The document discusses heat and temperature. It defines heat as the kinetic energy generated by molecules colliding with each other, while temperature measures the average kinetic energy of molecules. It describes the three main processes of heat transfer as conduction, convection and radiation. It also discusses concepts like insolation, terrestrial radiation, the sun as the main energy source, and factors that affect the distribution of solar radiation on Earth like latitude, atmosphere and seasons.
This document provides an overview of a village-level crop and weather analysis project conducted by students in an agricultural meteorology program. It introduces the group members and describes the objectives of their Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) program, which aims to give students hands-on experience analyzing rural institutions, farms, and the impacts of traditions on farming communities. The document then provides background on agrometeorology and its relevance to agriculture before describing the study village of Darjeepara and presenting findings on its water resources, hydrological map, cropping patterns, irrigation sources, and monthly farm operations. Water balances and phenological analyses are also given for specific crops grown by two farmers.
Earth's early atmosphere contained hydrogen and helium. After the Moon formed, volcanic activity produced CO, CO2, and water vapor. Once cyanobacteria evolved and performed photosynthesis, they consumed CO2 and produced oxygen. Currently, Earth's atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% trace gases. Burning fossil fuels adds excess CO2 and pollutants, warming the climate. CFCs have also depleted the ozone layer.
This document analyzes the relationship between the Indian summer monsoon and the Northern and Southern Annular Modes. It finds that the Southern Annular Mode in June and the North Atlantic Oscillation in April can influence Indian monsoon rainfall, with a stronger effect when the SAM is positive and NAO is negative. This combination is linked to negative rainfall anomalies in southwest and central India but positive anomalies in northeast India, resembling monsoon break conditions. The study indicates these large-scale atmospheric modes may help predict July-August rainfall patterns over India.
Wind has the ability to shape the surface of the Earth. Wind is one of the greatest agents of land erosion and transportation. The action of wind is very significant in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to profound wetness, wind cannot act in humid regions. Wind is capable of eroding, transporting and depositing the surface materials, in drylands. The landforms created by wind action are called as Aeolian landforms. The word “Aeolian” is derived from the Greek word “Aeolus”, meaning, the god of the winds.
The economy of the world is fast changing during the recent years.
The changes in primary, secondary and tertiary stages are dynamic in nature.
In view of this, the objectives of studying economic geography are to integrate several factors of economic development to acquaint with the dynamic aspects of the Scenario. This module is about basics of economic geography.
This document provides information about types of wind and wind mechanisms. It discusses three types of wind: permanent winds like trade winds and westerlies; seasonal winds that change direction with the seasons, like monsoons; and local winds that influence small areas, such as land and sea breezes. It also describes the mechanisms that drive wind circulation globally in three cells - the Hadley cell near the equator, the Ferrell cell in the mid-latitudes, and the polar cell near the poles. Air flows from high to low pressure in each cell, transporting heat around the world.
Detachment and movement of soil material by the action of wind is known as wind erosion. Wind erosion is a common cause of land degradation in the arid and semi arid
This document discusses global air circulation patterns driven by uneven heating of the atmosphere. It describes three main factors that influence winds: pressure gradient force, Coriolis force, and friction force. Unequal heating creates high and low pressure systems that drive winds according to these forces. The document outlines the major wind systems in different latitudes, including the trade winds near the equator; westerlies in mid-latitudes between subtropical highs and subpolar lows; and polar easterlies near the poles. Diagrams are provided showing typical January and July surface pressure patterns and winds in each region.
The document summarizes key information about currents in the Atlantic Ocean. It discusses 14 major currents, including the Gulf Stream along the eastern US coast and the North Atlantic Current. It also describes currents like the Canary and Benguela that flow along the western coasts of Africa. The Atlantic Ocean is home to complex system of currents that transport heat and influence climate patterns around the globe.
This document discusses the tropical monsoon climate, including high annual precipitation totals with over 3,000mm annually and the majority occurring in summer months. Temperatures are warm with an average annual temperature of 27.05°C and small annual temperature range of 3.6°C. The forests have a canopy layer, understory layer, and ground layer and include trees like teak and rosewoods that are mostly deciduous. This climate is classified as tropical moist under the Koppen climate classification system.
This presentation discusses geostrophic wind and related concepts. It defines the Coriolis force, pressure gradient force, centrifugal force, centripetal force, and geostrophic wind. The Coriolis force causes deflections in winds blowing across the Earth's surface. Pressure gradient force drives wind from high to low pressure. Geostrophic wind blows parallel to isobars in balance with the Coriolis force. Gradient wind occurs aloft where winds flow through curved height contours, remaining parallel to them. Examples are given to illustrate gradient wind. Balanced flow speeds are shown for geostrophic, gradient, cyclostrophic, and inertial winds under different conditions.
the presentation is about, what is soil and what it the components of soil? And major types of soil in south Asia is found. specially in Bangladesh with necessary figure. _Parves Khan
Drought and drought management strategiesO.P PARIHAR
This document discusses drought and drought management strategies. It defines drought as a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that results in severe water shortage. It classifies drought based on duration, users affected, time of occurrence, and descriptive terms. Agricultural drought is caused by inadequate rainfall, erratic distribution, long dry spells, and lack of soil and crop management. The effects of drought on crops include reduced water status, photosynthesis, respiration, growth, and development. Strategies to manage drought include adjusting plant populations, mid-season corrections like thinning and spraying, mulching, weed control, and water harvesting for life-saving irrigation during dry spells.
2. H2O Formülü ile ifade ettiğimiz su, dünyamız canlılığının ve
iklim olaylarının önemli unsurudur.
Hidrojen evrende en çok bulunan elementtir. Oksijen ise
yıldızlarda üretilip süpernova patlamalarıyla evrene saçılıyor.
Orion Bulutsu'su her 24 saatte dünya okyanuslarını dolduracak
kadar su üretmektedir. Ay'da ve gezegenlerde suyun varlığına
dair kuvvetli belirtiler ortaya çıkmıştır.
Dünya mağması içinde oksijen ve hidrojen biçiminde saklı su
volkanik etkinliklerle yüzeye çıkar ve atmosfere geçer.Bazı
araştırmalar da, dünya suyunun kuyruklu yıldızlarla uzaydan
taşınmış olabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.
Dünyanın Toplam Suyu: 1.400.000.000 km³ tahmin edilir.
12.900 km³'ü atmosferde
olup dünya suyunun yaklaşık 1/100.000'i kadardır.
Kuru hava 1,007 kg/m³, nemli hava yaklaşık 0.627 kg/m³'dür.
Bu nedenle nem yüklü bulutlar gökyüzünde gezinir.
3. Su, güneş enerjisiyle kolayca faz değiştirir. Bu nedenle
yeryüzünde ve yakın çevremizde katı-buz, sıvı-su ve gaz-nem
şeklindeki suyla yakın ilişki içinde yaşamaktayız.
Su, yerle gök arasında döner, buna hidrolik çevrim deriz.
Döngü 1.Buharlaşma 2.Yoğuşma 3.Yağış 4.Akış bölümlerinden oluşur.
Katı - Buz
Sıvı - Su
Gaz - Su buharı
6. Suyun Faz Değiştirmesinde Enerji Alış-Verişi
1 Gram su donarken 80 kalori verir, 1 gram buz erirken 80 kalori verir
1 gram su buharlaşırken 600 kalori alır,1 gram subuharı yoğuşurken 600 kalori verir
8. BUHARLAŞMA - SIVI SUYUN GAZ HALE GEÇMESĐ
Buharlaşma: Sıvı olan suyun gaz fazına geçerek gözle görülmez
olmasıdır.
1. Deniz ve diğer su yüzeylerinden,
2. Havadaki bulutların yeniden buharlaşıp, ortadan kalkmasıyla,
3. Yağışlardan buharlaşma ve atmosfere dönüşüyle,
4. Karalardan buharlaşıp havaya geçen sularla gerçekleşir.
Buharlaşmayı Etkileyen Faktörler:
1. Sıcaklık, bağıl nem değerini değiştirip buharlaşmayı etkiler.
2. Bağıl nem oranı düşükse buharlaşma artar.
3. Hava hareketi ve rüzgar buharlaşmayı artırır.
4. Buharlaşma yüzeyi genişse buharlaşma artar.
5. Bitkilerin terleme miktarı, geniş yapraklılar çok ve çöl bitkileri
az terleme yapar.
6. Basınç arttıkça yeryüzünden buharlaşma artar.(Genel Klimatoloji--O.Erol 209)
Klimatoloji
9. Dünyada Atmosferik Subuharının Dağılışı
Atmosferde gaz halde bulunan suya subuharı-nem denir. Ortalama değeri % 2
kadardır. Tropikal bölgede % 3, orta enlemlerde % 1 ve kutuplar çevresinde ise
% 0.25 oranında bulunur. Yerden 3000 m yükseğe kadar atmosferdeki subuharının
3/4'ü bulunur. Atmosferdeki nem yerden yükseğe çıkıldıkça, ekvatordan kutuplara
gidildikçe ve denizlerden karaların içine gidildikçe azalır.
10. Buharlaşma Nasıl Gerçekleşir?
Buhar Basıncı: Hava, gazların karışımı olup içinde diğer gazlarla
birlikte subuharı da bulunur. Havanın ağırlığı nedeniyle yaptığı
etkiye hava basıncı denir. Toplam basınç içerisinde subuharının
payına buhar basıncı-kısmi buhar basıncı(vapour pressure) denir.
1mm-Hg buhar basıncı, 1m³ de 1 gr su olarak değerlendirilir.
Ölçülen basınç değeri 1000mb ise subuharının kısmi basıncı
10mb kadar olup ortalama toplam basıncın % 1'i kadardır.
Doymuş Buhar Basıncı: Hava tamamen doymuş hale geldiğinde
içindeki kısmi buhar basıncı değeridir. Buna denge buhar basıncısaturated vapour pressure denir. Buharlaşma ile yoğuşmanın
denkliğini belirtir. Buharlaşan molekül kadar yoğuşan molekül
olduğu için nem değeri artmaz.
11. Buharlaşma:Sıvı yüzeyinden su moleküllerinin kaçıp kurtulmasıdır.
Kurtulma için molekül hızı-kinetik enerjilerinde(yani sıcaklıkta)
artış olmalıdır.
Açık su yüzeyinin buhar basıncı, havanın buhar basıncından daha
büyükse sudan havaya moleküller kaçarken havadan suya yoğuşma ile gelen molekül sayısı az olacağından buharlaşma dediğimiz
olay gerçekleşir.
Nem Oranı: Belli bir sıcaklıkta havadaki buharlaşmayla yoğuşmanın ne kadar dengede olduğunu ifade eden kavramdır.
Nem Oranıyla Đlgili Tanımlar:
Kuru hava-Dry air=Su buharı olmayan veya çok az subuharı olan,
Nemli hava-Humid air=Đçinde doyma değerinden düşük oranda su buharı olan,
Doymuş hava-Saturated air=Doyma miktarı kadar subuharı taşıyan,
Yaş hava-Wet air=Doyma miktarı kadar subuharı ve yoğuşmuş su taşıyan,
Aşırı doymuş hava-Super saturated air=Doyma miktarından fazla su buharı
taşıyan havadır.
12. Kıtalara Göre Yere Düşen Yağışın Evaporation-Buharlaşma(sarı sütun) Oranları.
13. Hava karışımı içinde subuharı da bulu- Bitkiler terleme - transpirasyonla atmosfere
nur. Havanın ağırlığı-basıncı içinde
subuharı salar. Bununla ilgili bir deney. Geniş
subuharının payına kısmi buhar basıncı yapraklılar fazla, çöl bitkileri çok az terleme
denir.
yapar.
Su yavaşça gaz hale geçerek havaya karışır.
Isıtılan su hızlı buharlaşır. Kaynayıp buhara dönüşür.
14. Mutlak Nem-Absolute Humidity: 1m³ havadaki subuharının gram
olarak miktarıdır. Havadaki mutlak nem miktarı buhar basıncı
olarak da ifade edilir. 1m³ Havadaki 1mm buhar basıncı yaklaşık
1 gramdır. 1mm buhar basıncı da 1.33 milibar buhar basıncıdır.
Mutlak nem, sıcaklığa göre değişir.
Neme Doyma-Saturation: Belli bir sıcaklıkta hava içinde denge
buhar basıncını ifade eder. Doymuş buhar basıncı da denir.
Doyma Açığı-Saturation Deficit: Belli bir sıcaklıkta gerçek buhar
basıncı ile doymuş buhar basıncı arasındaki farktır.
Özgül Nem-Specific Humidity:1 kg kuru hava içindeki subuharının
gram olarak miktarıdır. Karışım oranı-mixing ratio olarak da
bilinir. Özgül nem miktarı buhar basıncının hava basıncına
bölünmesiyle bulunan değerdir.
15. Bağıl Nem-Relative Humidity: Kısmi buhar basıncının(partial
vapour pressure), doymuş buhar basıncına(saturation vapour
pressure) oranıdır ve % ile ifade edilir. Havadaki mevcut nem ile
sıcaklığın denetimi altındadır. Bunlar değiştikçe bağıl nem oranı
da değişir.
Nem miktarı aynı kalmak koşuluyla sıcaklık artınca bağıl nem
azalır, sıcaklık azaldıkça bağıl nem artar.
Sıcaklık aynı kalmak koşuluyla mevcut nem miktarı artarsa
bağıl nem artar, nem miktarı azaldıkça bağıl nem azalır.
Subtropikal çöllerde mutlak nem, orta enlemdekinden fazla olduğu halde yüksek sıcaklık nedeniyle bağıl nem değeri düşüktür.
Orta enlemler daha serin olduğu için, mutlak nem az olduğu
halde bağıl nem yüksek gerçekleşir.
Bağıl nem % 100'e ulaştığında, hava doymuş buhar basıncına
ulaşmıştır.
17. Sıcaklığa Göre Bağıl Nem Ve Mutlak Nem Miktarları. Örnek: 25°C Sıcaklıkta
2,3gr subuharı %10, 6,9gr subuharı %30, 11,5gr subuharı %50, 16,1gr subuharı %70,
23gr subuharı %100 bağıl nemi ifade eder.
Absolute Humidity - Mutlak Nem
Relative Humidity - Bağıl Nem
18. rahat
biraz rahatsız
efordan kaç, çok rahatsız
tehlikeli
güneş çarpma tehdidi
Bağıl Nemin Sıcaklık Değerine Göre Yaşam Konforuna Etkisi
19. Özgül Nem - Gram subuharı/Kg kuru hava.
Bağıl nem % 100 olduğunda dew pointçiy noktası değerleri.
Mutlak Nem - Gram subuharı/M³ hava.
Sıcaklığa göre göre doygunluk değerleri.
20. Sıcaklık sabit 25°C
5gr subuharı % 25,
10gr subuharı % 50,
20gr subuharı % 100,
Bağıl Nem.
Subuharı sabit,
Sıcaklık 10°C bağıl nem % 100.
Sıcaklık 20°C bağıl nem % 52.
Sıcaklık 30°C bağıl nem % 28.
22. Bağıl Nemin Ölçülmesi:
1. Saçlı higrometreyle - Saç teli, doygun havada
uzunluğunun 1/40'ı oranında esner ve uzar. Bundan faydalanıp
nem oranını tespit eden alet yapılmıştır.
2. Islak-kuru çift termometrenin gösterdiği sıcaklık farkından
faydalanarak yapılan tespit.
3. Çiylenme sıcaklığından faydalanarak yapılan hesaplamayla.
Bağıl Nem: Karalarda:
-güneş doğma öncesi en yüksek, öğleden sonra en yüksek,
-kışın en yüksek, yazın en düşüktür.
Denizlerde:
-tropikler arasında ve kutuplarda yüksek, subtropiklerde düşük,
-güney kutup çevresinde yüksek,kuzey kutup çevresinde düşük.
23. Çiy Noktası-Dew Point-Đşba Sıcaklığı:
Sabit basınç ve sabit nem içeriğinde sıcaklık düşünce yoğuşmanın başladığı sıcaklık değerini belirtir. Çiy noktası 0°C altında
gerçekleşirse don tehlikesi söz konusudur. Çiy noktasını bulmak
için ölçülen sıcaklık ve bağıl neme, bazı formüller uygulanır.
Nemölçer Higrometre Örnekleri- Madeni, Dijital, Islak-Kuru Termometreli
25. YOĞUŞMA
Havada gaz olarak bulunan su moleküllerinin yoğuşma
çekirdekleri etrafında birikmesidir. Gözle göremediğimiz
moleküller su zerrecikleri oluşturup görülür hale gelir. Yerde sis,
gökyüzünde bulut olarak adlandırılır.
Dünya atmosferinde, sadece bulutlarda bağıl nem % 101-102
olabilir. % 100'ü Geçen bağıl nem ortamına aşırı doymuş havasuper saturated air denir. Bulutlar dışında bağıl nem oranı 100'ü
geçmez. Laboratuvar ortamında temiz saf suyla elde edilen
subuharı % 300 bağıl nem değerinde yoğuşma olmadan kalabilir.
Yoğuşma çekirdeklerinin fazla olduğu ortamda da % 90 bağıl
nemde yoğuşma olabilir.
Yoğuşma çekirdekleri havada asılı kalan toz, is, polen,tuz gibi
partiküllerdir.
26. Durgun hava içinde yükseklere çıkıldıkçe her 100 metrede
0.5°C sıcaklık azalması görülür ve bir hava parseli içinde
yoğuşmanın başladığı seviye yatayda düzenlidir. Bu nedenle
bulutların altı düzdür.
Yoğuşmanın başladığı seviye convective condensation level-CCL
yamaçta ise lifting condensation level-LCL olarak adlandırılır.
Günlük Yaşamda Yoğuşma Olayı
27. Hareket halindeki yükselen hava parseli
kuru adyabatikte her 100 metrede 1°C
soğurken yoğuşmanın başladığı nemli
adyabatikte 100 metrede 0.5°C soğur.
Yoğuşma seviyesi ve altı düz bulut.
Convective Condensation Level - CCL
Dağ yamacında yükselmeye başlayan
hava parselinde yoğuşmanın başladığı
seviyede bulut veya sis oluşur.
Alt yüzeyi düz bulut.
Lifting Condensation Level - LCL
28. Bağıl nem artışı, mutlak nem artışına veya sıcaklık düşmesine
bağlıdır.
Bazı durumlarda sıcaklık 0°C altına düştüğü halde su damlacıkları sıvı halde kalabilir. Buna soğuk damla-super cooled water
denir. -40°C değere kadar donmadan kalabilir. Soğuk damla katı
Bir maddeyle temas edince donar. Uçaklarda çok tehlikeli olan
buzlanma olayına neden olur.
Yoğuşma Koşulları:
1. Sıcak ve nemli hava soğuk toprak veya su yüzeyi ile
temas ederse sıcaklık çiy noktasına düşmesiyle,
2. Farklı özellikte hava kütlelerinin karışımıyla doygun buhar
basıncı oluşturmasıyla,
3. Yer yüzeyi ışıma-soğumayla sıcaklık çiy noktasına inmesiyle,
4. Konvektif yükselme sonucu soğuma ve havanın doygun hale
gelmesiyle yoğuşma gerçekeleşir..
29. Yerde yoğuşma 0°C üzerinde gerçekleşirse çiy oluşur. Bahar
ve yaz gecelerinde soğuyan cisimler üzerinde su damlacıkları
birikir. Bu yolla toprağa 0.5mm-1mm arası su düşer ve bitkilere
faydalı olur. Güneş çıkıp hava ısınınca buharlaşarak tekrar
atmosfere döner. 0°C altında gerçekleşen yoğuşma yeryüzünde
buz kristalleri oluşturur, kırağı dediğimiz bu olay kış gecelerinde
gerçekleşir. Ortam ısınınca kırağı önce sıvılaşır sonra buharlaşır.
Kırç da yerde yoğuşma ürünü olup buz iğneleri şeklinde birikir.
Çiy, kırağı ve kırç yağış olmayıp yerde yoğuşma ürünleridir.
30. SĐS OLUŞUMU
Görüş mesafesi 1000 metre altına düşerse, sisli gündür.
Ulaşımda sorunlar yaşanmasına neden olur. Sisli gün sayısı
Marmara ve Karadeniz kıyılarımızda 30 günü aşarken en az
Akdeniz ve Ege kıyılarımızda görülür.
31. BULUT OLUŞUMU
Konveksiyonel harekete bağlı adyabatik soğumayla yoğuşma
ve bulut oluşur.
Kararlı havalarda alçak ve yaygın stratüs bulutlar oluşurken
kararsız hızla yükselen havalarda kümülüs bulutlar oluşur.
Kümülüslerin altları düz tepeleri yuvarlak yığın şeklindedir.
Sirrüs bulutlar yüksek olup buz iğnelerinden oluşur. Bu seyrek
bulut nem azlığı yanında yüksek atmosfer akımlarıyla ilgilidir.
Hangi gruptan olursun yağış bulutuna nimbüs denir.
Kutuplar çevresinde birkaç bin metre yüksekte sirrüsler
görülür.
Ekvatoral bölgede kümülüsler bile 8000-10.000 metreye
kadar çıkar.
Bulutlar, bulundukları seviyeye göre de alçak, orta ve yüksek
olarak gruplandırılır.
42. Gökyüzünün bulutluluk durumu nefometre ile ölçülür.
Gökyüzünün tamamı 8 veya 10 kabul edilerek değerlendirilir.
Yeryüzünde bulut dağılışı isoneph-eş bulutluluk eğrisi ile
gösterilir.
Açık
Parçalı Bulutlu
Çok Bulutlu
Kapalı
44. 11. YARARLANILAN KAYNAKLAR
1. Genel Klimatoloji - Prof. Dr. Oğuz Erol
2. Fiziki Coğrafya AÖF - O.Erol, N.Günal, C.Güneysu
3. Fırtınalar ve Kasırgalar - Kathy Gemmell (Tübitak Yayını)
4. Hava ve Đklim - Fiona Watt, Francis Wilson (Tübitak Yayını)
5. http://www.dmi.gov.tr/genel/meteoroloji.aspx
6. http://web.boun.edu.tr/meteoroloji/
7. Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi/merak ettikleriniz
8. Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi 364, 454 , 456 Eki-Su
9. Yıldızların Zamanı - Alan Lightman, (Tübitak Yayını)
10. Orta Öğretim Coğrafya 9 Hakkında Güriş ve Önerilerim, Prof Dr.
Mikdat Kadıoğlu, ĐTÜ Uçak ve Uzay Bil. Meteoroloji Böl. Başkanı
11. http://fermi.jhuapl.edu/people/babin/vapor/index.htmlProf.Dr.M.Kadıoğlu çevirisi
http://www.climate-charts.com/World-Climate-Index-Map.html (yağış verisi)