Brazil has extensive submarine and subfluvial optical cable networks that connect it to other countries in Latin America, North America, Africa, and Europe. There are 14 submarine cables and 1 subfluvial cable currently in Brazil. These cables use dense wavelength division multiplexing technology to transmit large amounts of data and support growing internet traffic demands. Brazil has invested heavily in developing and expanding these networks and has become an important hub for submarine cables in Latin America and the global telecommunications market.
This document discusses using subfluvial optical cables in regions without land-based infrastructure, specifically in the Amazon region of Brazil. It provides context on RNP, Brazil's national research and education network, and its existing infrastructure. It then proposes deploying optical cables along major rivers in the Amazon like the Amazon, Negro and Solimões rivers to expand connectivity where few roads exist. Examples of other regions using sub-aquatic cables for connectivity are also given.
Research on States to Bahamas cable 2010Albert Maciel
This document provides information about always-on internet access options and New World Network's ARCOS fiber optic cable network expansion. The always-on access options discussed are ADSL, SDSL, 3G, leased lines, cable, wireless, and satellite. The document then discusses New World Network's expansion of the ARCOS network, which more than doubles its bandwidth capacity. This expansion involved installing new equipment at 24 landing sites across 14 countries to provide additional bandwidth for customers.
Paper eduardo grizendi & others uc2019 final versionEduardo Grizendi
This document summarizes RNP's strategy to deploy optical infrastructure in partnership with electrical companies and ISPs in Brazil. RNP aims to improve its network to better support research and education by building fiber routes along existing electrical infrastructure through partnerships. This allows RNP to significantly reduce costs by sharing infrastructure construction and maintenance costs rather than purchasing or renting dark fiber individually. RNP is deploying its new 100Gbps backbone network in phases along 6,900km of fiber provided by Chesf, 4,600km from Furnas, and 5,000km from Eletrosul. RNP is also partnering with other electrical companies and ISPs to deploy metropolitan networks through joint construction, lowering costs while ensuring infrastructure maintenance.
The WRC-12 conference achieved several important outcomes related to allocating additional spectrum for mobile broadband services globally. It agreed to study using the 700MHz band for both broadcasting and mobile services on a co-primary basis. This sets the stage for a potential "second digital dividend" in Europe that would allow more spectrum to be reallocated from broadcasting to mobile. However, implementing such a reallocation will be technically challenging and raises concerns from European broadcasters. The conference also addressed issues around satellite spectrum and regulations to curb satellite signal jamming. Overall, WRC-12 moved processes forward to study critical spectrum needs for the continued growth of mobile networks, but left many implementation details to be resolved.
The document summarizes the history and development of cellular technology through its different generations. It discusses the transition from 1G analog networks to 2G digital networks using technologies like GSM. 2G introduced features like SMS messaging. 3G networks focused on packet switching and higher data speeds for internet access through emerging standards like WCDMA and CDMA2000. The first 3G networks launched in 2001 in Japan and South Korea.
The radio industry has gone through significant changes over time. Early radio was experimental but eventually commercialized in the 1920s with the rise of advertising. The Radio Corporation of America was formed as a powerful player and helped establish radio's commercial model. By the 1930s, networks and affiliates developed nationally. More recently, radio has fragmented into specialized formats to target narrow demographics as the number of stations has grown. New digital technologies like satellite radio and internet streaming now challenge traditional radio.
Part of the Mobile Communications Resource Center, this is one of several presentations created by Michael Hanley for Ball State University's College of Communication, Information and Media. All rights are reserved.
Following federation in 1901, Australia's telephone and telegraph networks became the responsibility of the federal Postmaster-General's Department. There were only around 33,000 phones across Australia at the time, concentrated in major cities and businesses. A trunk line connecting Sydney and Melbourne was established in 1907, with other state capitals connected between 1914-1935. The networks were expanded and upgraded over the following decades.
This document discusses using subfluvial optical cables in regions without land-based infrastructure, specifically in the Amazon region of Brazil. It provides context on RNP, Brazil's national research and education network, and its existing infrastructure. It then proposes deploying optical cables along major rivers in the Amazon like the Amazon, Negro and Solimões rivers to expand connectivity where few roads exist. Examples of other regions using sub-aquatic cables for connectivity are also given.
Research on States to Bahamas cable 2010Albert Maciel
This document provides information about always-on internet access options and New World Network's ARCOS fiber optic cable network expansion. The always-on access options discussed are ADSL, SDSL, 3G, leased lines, cable, wireless, and satellite. The document then discusses New World Network's expansion of the ARCOS network, which more than doubles its bandwidth capacity. This expansion involved installing new equipment at 24 landing sites across 14 countries to provide additional bandwidth for customers.
Paper eduardo grizendi & others uc2019 final versionEduardo Grizendi
This document summarizes RNP's strategy to deploy optical infrastructure in partnership with electrical companies and ISPs in Brazil. RNP aims to improve its network to better support research and education by building fiber routes along existing electrical infrastructure through partnerships. This allows RNP to significantly reduce costs by sharing infrastructure construction and maintenance costs rather than purchasing or renting dark fiber individually. RNP is deploying its new 100Gbps backbone network in phases along 6,900km of fiber provided by Chesf, 4,600km from Furnas, and 5,000km from Eletrosul. RNP is also partnering with other electrical companies and ISPs to deploy metropolitan networks through joint construction, lowering costs while ensuring infrastructure maintenance.
The WRC-12 conference achieved several important outcomes related to allocating additional spectrum for mobile broadband services globally. It agreed to study using the 700MHz band for both broadcasting and mobile services on a co-primary basis. This sets the stage for a potential "second digital dividend" in Europe that would allow more spectrum to be reallocated from broadcasting to mobile. However, implementing such a reallocation will be technically challenging and raises concerns from European broadcasters. The conference also addressed issues around satellite spectrum and regulations to curb satellite signal jamming. Overall, WRC-12 moved processes forward to study critical spectrum needs for the continued growth of mobile networks, but left many implementation details to be resolved.
The document summarizes the history and development of cellular technology through its different generations. It discusses the transition from 1G analog networks to 2G digital networks using technologies like GSM. 2G introduced features like SMS messaging. 3G networks focused on packet switching and higher data speeds for internet access through emerging standards like WCDMA and CDMA2000. The first 3G networks launched in 2001 in Japan and South Korea.
The radio industry has gone through significant changes over time. Early radio was experimental but eventually commercialized in the 1920s with the rise of advertising. The Radio Corporation of America was formed as a powerful player and helped establish radio's commercial model. By the 1930s, networks and affiliates developed nationally. More recently, radio has fragmented into specialized formats to target narrow demographics as the number of stations has grown. New digital technologies like satellite radio and internet streaming now challenge traditional radio.
Part of the Mobile Communications Resource Center, this is one of several presentations created by Michael Hanley for Ball State University's College of Communication, Information and Media. All rights are reserved.
Following federation in 1901, Australia's telephone and telegraph networks became the responsibility of the federal Postmaster-General's Department. There were only around 33,000 phones across Australia at the time, concentrated in major cities and businesses. A trunk line connecting Sydney and Melbourne was established in 1907, with other state capitals connected between 1914-1935. The networks were expanded and upgraded over the following decades.
20160615 Bridging the Digital Divide in Tropical South America (TNC16)Michael Stanton
The document discusses efforts to bridge the digital divide in the Amazon region of Brazil through improved telecommunications infrastructure. It provides historical context on the development of telegraph networks in Brazil in the 19th century. Currently, telecom infrastructure is limited in Amazonia, with few fiber optic cable routes. The Brazilian National Research and Education Network (RNP) has launched initiatives like the Amazonia Connected program to deploy subfluvial fiber optic cables along major Amazon rivers to provide broadband access. A pilot project laid 220km of cable between Coari and Tefé in 2016. These efforts aim to address the lack of connectivity in remote areas and better integrate the Amazon region into national and global telecom networks.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile phone systems and the development of personal communication networks (PCN) which aim to integrate wired and wireless networks. It discusses 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation mobile phone systems. The PCN is envisioned as a system that will provide ubiquitous communication, a single universal phone number, customized services, and high-functionality handsets. The PCN aims to support existing 2nd generation services and provide new services not previously implemented by integrating existing wired and wireless networks.
This document discusses an initiative by RNP, the Brazilian National Research and Education Network, called Veredas Novas. The initiative aims to provide access to RNP's national backbone network at speeds of 100 Mb/s and 1 Gb/s to university and research institution campuses located in smaller, non-capital cities throughout Brazil. Currently, high-speed connections are only available in the major cities. Veredas Novas seeks to extend these connections to hundreds of additional campuses and leverage the ongoing deployment of Brazil's National Broadband Plan. The initiative is supported by several government ministries and involves partnerships with public and private organizations.
The document provides a history of telecommunication from its earliest beginnings with smoke signals and drums to modern advances like fiber optic networks and high-speed data transmission. It discusses key individuals and developments that helped shape the field, including the invention of the telegraph in the 19th century and the emergence of computer networks and the internet in the 1950s and 1960s. The internet has since had a drastic impact on culture and commerce and continues to grow, driven by online information, commerce, entertainment, and social networking.
Space & Satellite News Updates – 19th Jan 2016techUK
Inmarsat is partnering with a research project developing autonomous drone ships that could operate without humans aboard within 10 years. Removing human crews would significantly reduce operating costs by allowing ships to carry more cargo. Inmarsat will provide satellite communications and data transfer expertise to help ensure drone ships can stay in contact with operators while at sea.
5G has been fully commercialized, and human communication technology has once again embarked on a period of rapid development. With the development of rocket recovery, low-orbit satellites, and 6G satellite network technology, sci-fi communication methods are not far away from us.
In 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology established a 6G research group to promote 6G-related work. In April of the same year, the University of Oulu hosted the world's first 6G summit. 6G is expected to achieve further technical indicators. The air interface delay is less than 0.1ms, the network depth coverage rate reaches 100%, millimeter-level sensing, and positioning, unit power consumption is greatly reduced, transmission bandwidth will reach TB level, and the density of connected hundreds of devices will reach per cubic meter.
On April 20, 2020, the China Development and Reform Commission clarified the scope of new infrastructure for the first time and included satellite Internet into the scope of communication network infrastructure. At present, many domestic enterprises have begun to actively deploy the satellite Internet industry.
Kanavmansotra seminarreport on GOOGLE LOONKanav Mansotra
The document summarizes Google's Project Loon, which aims to provide internet connectivity to rural and remote areas using high-altitude balloons. It discusses how the balloons float in the stratosphere and are moved by wind currents to form a wireless network. Each balloon contains solar panels, communications equipment, and can provide internet coverage to an area about 40 km in diameter. The project hopes to bring internet access to more of the world's population and help reconnect areas affected by natural disasters.
The document discusses public wireless networks that provide free broadband internet access without geographical limits. It describes the advantages as lower costs through infrastructure sharing and mobility. Potential disadvantages include security, network congestion, and limited coverage. Applications mentioned include connectivity for citizens, municipalities, and transportation. The document also summarizes broadband initiatives in Argentina, including the Plan Argentina Conectada, as well as examples from San Luis province, and broadband projects around the world.
The document traces the history and development of mobile phone technology from 1G analog networks in the late 1970s to the emergence of 3G networks in the early 2000s. It discusses the transition from large analog "brick" phones to smaller handheld devices enabled by advancing technology and dense cell site networks. Key developments included the introduction of SMS text messaging and downloadable ring tones in the 2G era and the launch of the first 3G networks and smartphones capable of high-speed data and internet access.
Millimeter wave mobile communications for 5 g CellularPoornima E.G.
This document summarizes research on using millimeter wave frequencies for 5G cellular networks as a solution to address increasing bandwidth demands. It discusses how directional antennas and wider channel bandwidth at mm-wave frequencies could enable multi-gigabit mobile data speeds. The document also reviews myths around rain attenuation at mm-wave bands and shows that for small cell sizes of 200m, rain impact is minimal. It presents motivation, methodology and initial measurement results showing 28GHz and 38GHz can be used for cellular with directional antennas.
Mobile Communications 4G and 5G Effect on Coronavirus Covid 19 and other Dise...ijtsrd
This document discusses the development of mobile communications technology from 1G to 5G and their effects on human health and diseases like coronavirus. It provides a brief history of each generation from 1G to 4G mobile networks and their key features. The document then focuses on claims that 4G and 5G mobile communications systems have reduced human immunity and exacerbated the coronavirus pandemic by exposing humans to high frequency electromagnetic waves.
The future of mobile wireless communication networksAanchalKumari4
The document summarizes the evolution of wireless mobile communication networks from 1st generation to a prediction of 7th generation networks. 1st generation networks provided analog voice services. 2nd generation introduced digital standards like GSM. 3rd generation enabled wireless data up to 2Mbps. 4th generation is an all-IP network integrating different technologies. 5th generation aims to support multimedia over a wireless world wide web using protocols like BOCP. 6th generation would integrate 5G networks with satellite communication for global coverage and services. 7th generation is predicted to integrate various satellite systems with 6G cellular networks for worldwide voice, data and location services.
Mobile communications have evolved through several generations from analog to digital technologies. The first generation used analog FM technology. The second generation introduced digital TDMA and CDMA which allowed new services like data. The third generation aimed to provide higher data rates and global standards, resulting in UMTS which offered rates up to 2Mbps. The emerging 4G standard is based on LTE and WiMax and promises speeds over 100Mbps to support new mobile multimedia services.
Mobile communication systems have evolved from 1G to 4G over several generations, with each generation bringing major improvements. 1G systems provided basic mobile voice calling. 2G introduced digital networks and services like texting. 3G focused on higher speed data and the beginning of mobile broadband. 4G aims to provide high-speed broadband to support a wide range of services for high mobility applications. The document provides an overview of this evolution from 1G analog networks to the emerging 4G standards.
Mobile communication systems have evolved from 1G to 4G over several generations, with each generation bringing major improvements. 1G systems provided basic mobile voice calling. 2G introduced digital networks and services like texting. 3G focused on higher speed data and the beginning of mobile broadband. 4G aims to provide high-speed broadband to support a wide range of services for high mobility applications. The document provides an overview of this evolution from 1G analog networks to the emerging 4G standards.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses the concepts of 5G cellular networks and cognitive radio (CR). It proposes combining the two technologies, with 5G terminals being CR terminals. The key points are:
1) 5G aims to interconnect all existing wireless technologies into a single high-performance worldwide network, while CR allows secondary users to access unused spectrum.
2) CR offers a way to integrate different wireless technologies functionally, providing a complete 5G wireless access network.
3) CR technology could represent future 5G terminals and implement the "WISDOM" concept of integrating wireless networks by providing new control planes, protocols, and improved network monitoring, adaptation, and performance.
Arteixo Telecom is a Spanish company founded in 1972 that focuses on developing innovative electronics and telecommunications solutions. Some of their notable projects include creating the Dual Earth Dual System GSM-R Train System and Router Re-Visio Router. They have extensive expertise in rail systems and provide communication equipment to several train operators. Arteixo Telecom also develops technology for renewable energies and GPS trackers for various uses. The company is currently working on a new PLC Modem product with bandwidth of up to 1 Gbps.
Project Loon is a Google project that aims to provide internet access using high-altitude balloons. Google began testing the technology in 2013 by launching balloons over New Zealand. The balloons float in the stratosphere and relay internet signals between each other to transmit coverage over a large area. The goal is to bring affordable internet to rural and developing areas that lack infrastructure. Solar-powered balloons beam signals to receivers on the ground, with ground stations bouncing the signal between balloons to extend the range. The first person to connect was a New Zealand farmer who previously paid over $1000 per month for satellite internet.
Project Loon is a Google project that aims to provide internet access to rural and remote areas using high-altitude balloons. The balloons float in the stratosphere and are arranged in a mesh network to relay internet signals between each other and to ground stations. This allows people in covered areas to connect to the balloon network using special antennas. The balloons are powered by solar panels and move with wind currents to maintain network coverage around the world. Google has conducted pilot tests in New Zealand and hopes to expand coverage to provide affordable internet access to developing regions.
Telefonia Internet Protocol, uma rede para a próxima geraçãoJúlio César Magro
Telefonia Internet Protocol, uma rede para a próxima geração
Revista Telebrasil jul/2000.
http://www.revistas.telebrasil.org.br/revista_telebrasil/mobile/index.html#p=54(Jul%202000)
Painel: Soluções para Lixo Eletrônico - MOSTRA DE RESPONSABILIDADE SOCIAL 2019
https://www.wyden.com.br/unimetrocamp/noticias/mostra-de-responsabilidade-social-2019
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The document discusses efforts to bridge the digital divide in the Amazon region of Brazil through improved telecommunications infrastructure. It provides historical context on the development of telegraph networks in Brazil in the 19th century. Currently, telecom infrastructure is limited in Amazonia, with few fiber optic cable routes. The Brazilian National Research and Education Network (RNP) has launched initiatives like the Amazonia Connected program to deploy subfluvial fiber optic cables along major Amazon rivers to provide broadband access. A pilot project laid 220km of cable between Coari and Tefé in 2016. These efforts aim to address the lack of connectivity in remote areas and better integrate the Amazon region into national and global telecom networks.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile phone systems and the development of personal communication networks (PCN) which aim to integrate wired and wireless networks. It discusses 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation mobile phone systems. The PCN is envisioned as a system that will provide ubiquitous communication, a single universal phone number, customized services, and high-functionality handsets. The PCN aims to support existing 2nd generation services and provide new services not previously implemented by integrating existing wired and wireless networks.
This document discusses an initiative by RNP, the Brazilian National Research and Education Network, called Veredas Novas. The initiative aims to provide access to RNP's national backbone network at speeds of 100 Mb/s and 1 Gb/s to university and research institution campuses located in smaller, non-capital cities throughout Brazil. Currently, high-speed connections are only available in the major cities. Veredas Novas seeks to extend these connections to hundreds of additional campuses and leverage the ongoing deployment of Brazil's National Broadband Plan. The initiative is supported by several government ministries and involves partnerships with public and private organizations.
The document provides a history of telecommunication from its earliest beginnings with smoke signals and drums to modern advances like fiber optic networks and high-speed data transmission. It discusses key individuals and developments that helped shape the field, including the invention of the telegraph in the 19th century and the emergence of computer networks and the internet in the 1950s and 1960s. The internet has since had a drastic impact on culture and commerce and continues to grow, driven by online information, commerce, entertainment, and social networking.
Space & Satellite News Updates – 19th Jan 2016techUK
Inmarsat is partnering with a research project developing autonomous drone ships that could operate without humans aboard within 10 years. Removing human crews would significantly reduce operating costs by allowing ships to carry more cargo. Inmarsat will provide satellite communications and data transfer expertise to help ensure drone ships can stay in contact with operators while at sea.
5G has been fully commercialized, and human communication technology has once again embarked on a period of rapid development. With the development of rocket recovery, low-orbit satellites, and 6G satellite network technology, sci-fi communication methods are not far away from us.
In 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology established a 6G research group to promote 6G-related work. In April of the same year, the University of Oulu hosted the world's first 6G summit. 6G is expected to achieve further technical indicators. The air interface delay is less than 0.1ms, the network depth coverage rate reaches 100%, millimeter-level sensing, and positioning, unit power consumption is greatly reduced, transmission bandwidth will reach TB level, and the density of connected hundreds of devices will reach per cubic meter.
On April 20, 2020, the China Development and Reform Commission clarified the scope of new infrastructure for the first time and included satellite Internet into the scope of communication network infrastructure. At present, many domestic enterprises have begun to actively deploy the satellite Internet industry.
Kanavmansotra seminarreport on GOOGLE LOONKanav Mansotra
The document summarizes Google's Project Loon, which aims to provide internet connectivity to rural and remote areas using high-altitude balloons. It discusses how the balloons float in the stratosphere and are moved by wind currents to form a wireless network. Each balloon contains solar panels, communications equipment, and can provide internet coverage to an area about 40 km in diameter. The project hopes to bring internet access to more of the world's population and help reconnect areas affected by natural disasters.
The document discusses public wireless networks that provide free broadband internet access without geographical limits. It describes the advantages as lower costs through infrastructure sharing and mobility. Potential disadvantages include security, network congestion, and limited coverage. Applications mentioned include connectivity for citizens, municipalities, and transportation. The document also summarizes broadband initiatives in Argentina, including the Plan Argentina Conectada, as well as examples from San Luis province, and broadband projects around the world.
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This document discusses the development of mobile communications technology from 1G to 5G and their effects on human health and diseases like coronavirus. It provides a brief history of each generation from 1G to 4G mobile networks and their key features. The document then focuses on claims that 4G and 5G mobile communications systems have reduced human immunity and exacerbated the coronavirus pandemic by exposing humans to high frequency electromagnetic waves.
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Mobile communications have evolved through several generations from analog to digital technologies. The first generation used analog FM technology. The second generation introduced digital TDMA and CDMA which allowed new services like data. The third generation aimed to provide higher data rates and global standards, resulting in UMTS which offered rates up to 2Mbps. The emerging 4G standard is based on LTE and WiMax and promises speeds over 100Mbps to support new mobile multimedia services.
Mobile communication systems have evolved from 1G to 4G over several generations, with each generation bringing major improvements. 1G systems provided basic mobile voice calling. 2G introduced digital networks and services like texting. 3G focused on higher speed data and the beginning of mobile broadband. 4G aims to provide high-speed broadband to support a wide range of services for high mobility applications. The document provides an overview of this evolution from 1G analog networks to the emerging 4G standards.
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The document discusses the concepts of 5G cellular networks and cognitive radio (CR). It proposes combining the two technologies, with 5G terminals being CR terminals. The key points are:
1) 5G aims to interconnect all existing wireless technologies into a single high-performance worldwide network, while CR allows secondary users to access unused spectrum.
2) CR offers a way to integrate different wireless technologies functionally, providing a complete 5G wireless access network.
3) CR technology could represent future 5G terminals and implement the "WISDOM" concept of integrating wireless networks by providing new control planes, protocols, and improved network monitoring, adaptation, and performance.
Arteixo Telecom is a Spanish company founded in 1972 that focuses on developing innovative electronics and telecommunications solutions. Some of their notable projects include creating the Dual Earth Dual System GSM-R Train System and Router Re-Visio Router. They have extensive expertise in rail systems and provide communication equipment to several train operators. Arteixo Telecom also develops technology for renewable energies and GPS trackers for various uses. The company is currently working on a new PLC Modem product with bandwidth of up to 1 Gbps.
Project Loon is a Google project that aims to provide internet access using high-altitude balloons. Google began testing the technology in 2013 by launching balloons over New Zealand. The balloons float in the stratosphere and relay internet signals between each other to transmit coverage over a large area. The goal is to bring affordable internet to rural and developing areas that lack infrastructure. Solar-powered balloons beam signals to receivers on the ground, with ground stations bouncing the signal between balloons to extend the range. The first person to connect was a New Zealand farmer who previously paid over $1000 per month for satellite internet.
Project Loon is a Google project that aims to provide internet access to rural and remote areas using high-altitude balloons. The balloons float in the stratosphere and are arranged in a mesh network to relay internet signals between each other and to ground stations. This allows people in covered areas to connect to the balloon network using special antennas. The balloons are powered by solar panels and move with wind currents to maintain network coverage around the world. Google has conducted pilot tests in New Zealand and hopes to expand coverage to provide affordable internet access to developing regions.
Similar to Submarine and subfluvial optical networks in brazil (20)
Telefonia Internet Protocol, uma rede para a próxima geraçãoJúlio César Magro
Telefonia Internet Protocol, uma rede para a próxima geração
Revista Telebrasil jul/2000.
http://www.revistas.telebrasil.org.br/revista_telebrasil/mobile/index.html#p=54(Jul%202000)
Painel: Soluções para Lixo Eletrônico - MOSTRA DE RESPONSABILIDADE SOCIAL 2019
https://www.wyden.com.br/unimetrocamp/noticias/mostra-de-responsabilidade-social-2019
O documento introduz conceitos e aplicações de redes MEC. Ele discute como a MEC oferece recursos de computação em nuvem e serviços TI na borda da rede para aplicativos e provedores de conteúdo. Isso permite latência ultrabaixa e uso de informações da rede móvel em tempo real. A MEC também permite que operadoras abram suas redes para terceiros implementarem novos serviços e aplicações.
1) O documento discute os conceitos e aplicações de redes MEC (Multi-access Edge Computing), incluindo os desafios tecnológicos, com ênfase nas implicações para redes 5G.
2) A iniciativa MEC do ETSI visa beneficiar várias entidades ao fornecer recursos de TI e computação em nuvem na borda da rede móvel.
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ESTUDO DE SOLUÇÕES PARA A GARANTIA DE QoS EM REDES LOCAIS (LAN)Júlio César Magro
As LANs foram originalmente desenvolvidas para permitir a comunicação entre computadores e o compartilhamento de recursos. O crescimento da Internet e das intranets corporativas aumentou significativamente o tráfego nas LANs. A otimização é um passo crítico para lidar com aplicações que demandam alta largura de banda e são sensíveis a atrasos. Protocolos de Qualidade de Serviço (QoS) visam fornecer algum nível de previsibilidade e controle para atender às necessidades das aplicações.
1. Este documento descreve um estudo sobre a qualidade de voz em redes IP. Foi realizada uma revisão dos protocolos e mecanismos de qualidade de serviço, métodos de avaliação da qualidade de voz e fatores que afetam a voz sobre IP.
2. Foram realizados testes em uma rede IP simulada para analisar o impacto de fatores como perda de pacotes, atraso e jitter na qualidade da voz.
3. Os resultados experimentais demonstraram a viabilidade técnica da telefonia IP e ajudaram a entender como ot
Módulo de Análise de Parâmetros de Qualidade de Serviço em Aplicações de Áudi...Júlio César Magro
1. O documento descreve um módulo de análise de parâmetros de qualidade de serviço em aplicações de áudio na internet baseado em redes neurais.
2. O módulo monitora a rede e fornece uma medida do grau de congestionamento que os pacotes de áudio enfrentarão, para auxiliar em ferramentas de recuperação de perdas.
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1. Network Function Virtualization (NFV) aims to address issues with proprietary hardware appliances by using standard virtualization technology to consolidate network equipment into commodity servers and switches.
2. NFV allows network functions to be implemented as software that can run on commercial off-the-shelf hardware and be moved to different locations as needed.
3. Telecom companies in Brazil like Telefonica and TIM are in the process of virtualizing parts of their networks using NFV in order to reduce costs and more quickly launch new services.
1) O documento discute as iniciativas em NFV (Network Functions Virtualization) no Brasil e os desafios técnicos envolvidos. 2) A NFV visa consolidar funções de rede em servidores padronizados para reduzir custos em comparação com hardware dedicado. 3) As principais operadoras brasileiras como Telefônica e TIM estão virtualizando gradualmente suas redes com foco inicial em funções não críticas.
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Submarine and subfluvial optical networks in brazil
1. 1
SUBMARINE AND SUBFLUVIAL OPTICAL NETWORKS IN BRAZIL
Júlio César Magro1
ABSTRACT
With the prospect of traffic growth and demand for bandwidth due to applications such as
video transmission, cloud-based services, Internet of Things, 5th mobile networks with the
expectation of rates exceeding 10 Gbit/s, it is necessary to use long-distance optical networks
and high transmission capacity through DWDM wavelength multiplexing to interconnect
countries and continents and to support people, organizations and globalized businesses. This
article presents the submarine and subfluvial optical networks implanted and in design in
Brazil, as well as the technological challenges involved and the pioneering development of
optical amplification solutions in Latin America. Through a bibliographic study it was
possible to understand the history, the evolution, the challenges and the development of
submarine and subfluvial optical networks in Brazil. It has stood out in the international
market for submarine optical networks due to its continental dimension, continuously
increasing data traffic and external and internal investments in projects and product and
solution development. In view of this scenario, one can conclude that Brazil has a
considerable infrastructure and in expansion of submarine optical networks and subfluvial and
integrated in the international context of communications.
Key words: optical networks, submarine cable, DWDM
INTRODUCTION
With the perspective of traffic growth and demand for bandwidth due to applications such as
video transmission, cloud-based services, Internet of Things, 5th
generation mobile networks
expecting rates over 10 Gbit/s, it is necessary the use of long-distance optical networks and
extremely high transmission capacity through DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing) to connect countries and continents and support people, organizations and
globalized businesses.
The submarine and subfluvial optical networks present the solution to supply all this demand
of traffic, besides creating new routes of interconnection. The main parts of submarine optical
networks are submarine optical cables, branching units, which allow dividing the optical cable
to other directions and facilitating the deployment of new cables, power system for optical
amplifiers (repeaters), monitoring system for cable monitoring and optical repeaters; and
DWDM transmission equipment (ANDRADE, 2017).
1
MSc in Electrical Engineering/UNICAMP, Devry-Metrocamp, R. Dr. Sales de Oliveira, 1661 - Vila Industrial,
13035-500 - Campinas - SP, jmagro@metrocamp.edu.br
2. 2
The bit transmission capacity of submarine optical cables depends on the number of DWDM
channels and the bit rate used in each channel considered in the design.
Currently there are more than 320 submarine cables in operation in the world
(TELEGEOGRAPHY, 2016) and are used to transmit data, voice and video. In Brazil 14
submarine and 1 subfluvial cables are present.
The objective of this paper is to present the submarine and subfluvial optical networks
implanted in Brazil and in the project, as well as the technological challenges involved and
the pioneering development of optical amplification solutions in Latin America.
METHOD
The method used was a bibliographic study in books, articles, magazines and specialized
websites. The material studied is in bibliographical references.
RESULTS
Based on the bibliographic study, it was possible to understand the history, evolution,
challenges and the development of submarine and subfluvial optical networks in Brazil.
Figure 1 shows the submarine optical cables present in Brazil. Following this a brief
description of each cable.
3. 3
Figure 1 – Submarine optical cables present in Brazil
Source: TeleGeography, 2017
America Movil, controlling in Brazil of Claro, Net and Embratel operators, has the AMX-1
submarine cable system, which connects seven countries and eleven destination points. The
AMX-1 (America Mobile Submarine Cable System-1) is designed to support rates of 10
Gbit/s, 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s on its DWDM channels. The 17,800 km route leaves North
America, crosses Central America and arrives in Brazil at three points: Fortaleza city (Futuro
beach), Salvador city (Pituba beach) and Rio de Janeiro city (Recreio beach) (TELETIME,
2013) .
Americas I submarine cable (initially Brazil, Trinidad & Tobago, Puerto Rico and the United
States) was inaugurated in September 1994 and leaves Fortaleza for Florida. Subsequently,
the Americas I has designated only the Puerto Rico and United States interconnection
(TELEGEOGRAPHY, 2017). Americas II started operations in September 2000 and is the
result of a consortium of Embratel, AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, CANTV and others operators.
With 8,373 km of extension Americas II interconnects Brazil, French Guiana, Trinidad and
Tobago, Venezuela, Curaçao, Martinique, Puerto Rico and the United States.
ATLANTIS-2 belongs to an international consortium made up of 25 major
telecommunications companies. Seventy percent of the venture was made by Embratel,
Deutsche Telecom, Telecom Italia, STET-France Telecom, and Telefónica de España
operators. With an estimated 12,000 kilometers and operating since the beginning of 2000, it
4. 4
links Brazil (from Natal city to Rio de Janeiro city) to Europe, Africa and South America. In
the infrastructure of Atlantis 2, Embratel also implemented, for its exclusive use, two
additional pairs of optical fibers, between Fortaleza city and Rio de Janeiro city.
Telxius's SAM-1 (South America-1) submarine cable in operation since 2001 is a system built
by Telefónica SA that connects the three Americas by means of 25,000-km-long cables. It
allows connection in Latin America, Central America and the United States. Serves Brazil,
Argentina, Chile, Peru, Guatemala, Puerto Rico and the United States. In Brazil, the cable
interconnects the cities of Santos, Rio de Janeiro, Fortaleza and Salvador.
In operation since 2000, Level 3's South American Crossing / Latin American Nautilus
(SAC/LAN) and Telecom Italia Sparkle have 20,000 km and interconnect the main countries
of South, Central and North America (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Panama and USA).
BTG Pactual's Globenet Cable started operations in 2001 and interconnects the United States,
Bermuda, Venezuela and Brazil. It has 23,500 km of extension. In Brazil, the entry points are
the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Fortaleza.
Inaugurated in 1994, the UNISUR telecommunications system interconnects the countries of
Mercosur, Argentina (La Plata city), Brazil (Florianópolis city) and Uruguay (Maldonado
city). The result of a consortium formed by the Embratel, Antel (Uruguay) and Telintar
(Argentina) operators, is composed of an optical fiber submarine cable with 1,741 km of
extension (PALACIOS; SANTOS, 2003).
The submarine optical cable named JUNIOR by Google in honor of the Brazilian painter and
designer José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior (1850-1899) connects Macumba beach in Rio de
Janeiro city to Grande beach in the Santos bay, with approximately 390 km. The system is
expected to start operating in the second half of 2017. Comprised of eight fiber pairs and three
submarine repeaters developed by Padtec, Júnior interconnects with two other submarine
cables in the region. The first is MONET, a 10,556-km cable that connects Boca Raton,
Florida, to two major cities along the Brazilian coast, Fortaleza and Santos cities. The second
is TANNAT, which extends for 2,000 km from Santos to Maldonado cities, in Uruguay
(RAMOS, 2016).
The Monet, optical cable owned by the consortium formed by Angola Cables, Google, Algar
Telecom, Antel Uruguay, scheduled for entry into production at the end of 2017, built and
5. 5
maintained by TE Connectivity SubCom under a condominium regime by the owner
companies and with use participation also by academic entities such as RNP (National
Research Network) has the function of optimizing the interconnection between Brazil and the
United States.
This scenario offers the South American academic community the conditions for greater
collaboration in projects that demand large network capacity. In the case of Monet, one of the
largest buyers of cable capacity will be the Large Scale Synoptic Telescope (LSST) project,
which is under construction for a new optical telescope in Chile.
According to Google, the purpose of the Brazil-US connection is to expand the structure
necessary for the connection between Latin users, almost 300 million, and the headquarters of
the largest data centers accessed in the world. In addition to the fast growing Internet
penetration, the increased deployment of 4G networks and fiber optic networks drives
increased demand. It also features high-quality video content (HD, 4K) and cloud-based
services (MANSUR, 2017).
Telebrás, in a joint venture with Spain's IslaLink Submarine Cables, has the Ellalink cable
with 5,900 km of extension and links Fortaleza to Lisbon cities, through Fernando de
Noronha Isle, Cape Verde, the Canary Islands and Madeira. The cable will allow Brazil and
other countries in South America to have direct access to the world's largest Traffic Exchange
Points (TXP), located in the cities of Frankfurt, Amsterdam, London and Paris. It will also
enable more than 1,400 research and education institutions in South America (800 of these in
Brazil) and 3,000 in Europe, including schools, universities, university hospitals and others, to
expand the exchange of information relevant to the development of science and technology in
their respective countries (TELEBRAS, 2016).
Seaborn Networks and Alcatel-Lucent have built the 10,800 km long Seabras-1 submarine
cable system between the US and Brazil. The Seabras-1 is a system that links New York to
Fortaleza and São Paulo cities (TELESÍNTESE, 2014).
The Cameron-Brazil Cable System (CBCS) is an optical cable linking Brazil to Africa
(Fortaleza city-Kribi city/Cameroon) with 5,900 km owned by the CamTel consortium, China
Unicom, Telefonica. Designed and installed by Huawei and expected to come online at the
end of 2017 (QIU, 2015). Later called South Atlantic Inter Link (SAIL) (SUBMARINE,
2016).
6. 6
The mayor of Fortaleza city and Angola Cables, a company that brings together the five main
Angolan telecommunication operators, have signed a contract that provides for the creation of
a data center of around 3,000 square meters of IT area, as well as the construction of the cable
station submarines that will host, in addition to others, the cable of the South Atlantic Cable
System (SACS), which connects Angola to Brazil and will be the first to cross the South
Atlantic with 6,165 km of extension (TELESÍNTESE, 2015).
SAEx (South Atlantic Express) is a cable from SimplCom South Africa, eFive Telecom (and
other consortium companies) that will directly connect Brazil and South Africa
(approximately 9,000 km in length), scheduled to come into operation in 2017. It will be very
important to optimize Brazil's communications with Europe and BRICS region (MANSUR,
2017).
Figure 2 shows the subfluvial cable map of the Amazon Connected Program.
Figure 2 - Subfluvial Cable Map of the Connected Amazon
Source: DIAS, 2017
The subfluvial cable is an initiative that is part of the Amazon Connected Program in which
the Army and the state government seek to connect the interior of the Amazon. The Pilot
Project - Connected Amazon Program occurred in 2015 (PADTEC, 2015). The first section
was completed in 2015 (TELESÍNTESE, 2015).
7. 7
In 2017, with the conclusion of the 470 km route that connects Coari city to Manaus city, the
Connected Amazonia project concluded its third stretch, which links Manaus city to Tefé city,
part of Upper Solimões River Infoway. The total project foresees five infoways: Upper
Solimões River, Upper Negro River, Madeira, Purus and Juruá, totaling 7,650 km (DIAS,
2017).
Figure 3 shows the optical amplifier (repeater) of Padtec resulting from the pioneering
development of solutions in optical underwater amplification in Latin America. The sea test
of the submarine solution was carried out in Curuçao in 2014 (PADTEC, 2014).
Figure 3 – Submarine repeater
Source: Padtec
The optical amplifier uses electronic and optical components (with redundancy of the main
components) that guarantee performance and reliability, need mechanical protection that can
withstand corrosion and high seabed pressures (up to 8 thousand meters) and have a useful
life of more than 25 years. In order to guarantee the quality required by the challenges that a
transoceanic network presents, the equipment must be tested in specialized laboratories, such
as pressure and traction, simulating real conditions of the seabed (ANDRADE, 2017).
DISCUSSIONS
Brazil has stood out in the international market for submarine optical networks, both for its
continental dimension, for the continuously increasing data traffic and for external and
internal investments in projects and product and solution development.
Google's decision to be Brazil's hub of its submarine fiber optic network in Latin America
(LOBO, 2015), the heated submarine cable market (BUCCO, 2017), the construction of the
submarine cable station and also a datacenter (TELESÍNTESE, 2016) are some examples that
show the importance that submarine and subfluvial optical networks represent for people,
organizations, businesses, government, educational and academic services.
8. 8
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
In view of the studied scenario, it is observed that Brazil has a considerable infrastructure and
expansion of submarine optical networks and subfluvial and integrated in the international
context of communications.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
ANDRADE, M. Os desafios tecnológicos por trás das redes ópticas submarinas, 2017.
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tecnologicos-por-tras-das-redes-opticas-submarinas/>. Accessed on Mar 18. 2017.
BUCCO, R. Ciena quer aproveitar mercado de cabos submarinos aquecido, 2017. Available
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aquecido/> . Accessed on Mar 18. 2017.
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9. 9
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10. 10
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