The document provides information about a study group for anatomy and physiology lessons. It includes: - The names and contact information for two teaching assistants. - A statement that the study group aims to help students understand basic concepts but does not guarantee exam questions or answers. It is up to the student to study and revise to get good grades. - An outline of topics to be covered, including anatomy, cells and tissues, arteries and veins, lymphatics, physiology topics like homeostasis and more. - Examples of question styles and sample questions to be discussed for different topics. The document gives an overview of the goals and structure of an anatomy and physiology study group, including topics, teaching assistants

1. BN Study Group 2012-2013
Anatomy / Physiology Lesson 1
Teaching Assistants
Keith Li Isabella Wong
3943-1236 3943-1253
keithkyli@cuhk.edu.hk isabella@cuhk.edu.hk

2. Statement
• The Study Group aims to help you understand basic
concepts.
• Sample questions will be provided and discussed, but
they do NOT in any way imply that our explanation
are orthodox.
• We do NOT know any future exam questions.
• We do NOT know any answer keys of the subjects,
past or future.
• It depends on YOUR understanding and revision to
get good grades.

3. Anatomy

4. Anatomy
• Cells and tissues
• Arteries and Veins
• Lymphatics

5. On Exam Question Design
• Previous exams:
– “Write a paragraph on…”
– “Describe the arterial supply / venous drainage of…”
– Each 25 marks
• Exam in 2010:
– Short Q with a/b parts, 6+4, 5+5 etc.
– Each 10 marks
– ↓ Rote memory
– ↑ Understanding & articulation
• What you need to do
– Identify what is important, know where to pay attention

6. Sample Questions – Cells and Tissues
• Name the precursor cell that give rise to connective
tissues. Also give four cell types and corresponding
classes of connective tissues that the precursor cell is
capable of forming. (25)

7. Precursor

8. Sample Questions – Cells and Tissues
• Compare and contrast stratified cuboidal
epithelium and transitional epithelium in
terms of their structure, function and location
in the body.
• Describe the characteristic features of
transitional epithelium and where they are
found in the human body.

9. Function
Location
Structure

10. Function
Location
Structure

12. MCQ – Cells and tissues (1/10)
• Which of the following epithelial tissue has a
single layer of square-shaped cells?
A. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
B. Ciliated simple columnar epithelium.
C. Simple cuboidal epithelium.
D. Stratified cuboidal epithelium.

13. MCQ – Cells and tissues (2/10)
• Which of the following is not a function of
simple epithelium
A. Protection.
B. Secretion.
C. Absorption.
D. Filtration.

14. MCQ – Cells and tissues (3/10)
• What is the primary function of transitional
epithelium?
A. Absorption.
B. Stretch.
C. Secretion.
D. Protection.

15. MCQ – Cells and tissues (4/10)
• Which fibres ensure that connective tissue is
strong and tough?
A. Collagen fibres.
B. Reticular fibres.
C. Elastic fibres.
D. Plasma fibres

16. MCQ – Cells and tissues (5/10)
• Which of the following connective tissues is
found in heart valves?
A. Areolar tissue.
B. Dense irregular connective tissue.
C. Dense regular connective tissue.
D. Reticular tissue.

17. MCQ – Cells and tissues (6/10)
• Which of the following statements on
cartilage is true?
A. Fibrocartilage contains the most elastic fibres.
B. Hyaline cartilage is found within the ears.
C. Elastic cartilage is the most abundant in the
human body.
D. The weakest cartilage tissue is hyaline cartilage.

18. MCQ – Cells and tissues (7/10)
• Blood is an example of _____ connective
tissue.
A. Liquid.
B. Loose.
C. Avascular.
D. Dense.

19. MCQ – Cells and tissues (8/10)
• Which of the following areas does not contain
mucous membrane
A. The urinary tract.
B. The respiratory system.
C. The pericardium.
D. The digestive tract.

20. MCQ – Cells and tissues (9/10)
• Smooth muscle is both:
A. Involuntary and striated.
B. Involuntary and non-striated.
C. Voluntary and striated.
D. Voluntary and non-striated.

21. MCQ – Cells and tissues (10/10)
• Scar tissue is generated by:
A. Fibroblasts.
B. Osteoclasts.
C. Stem cells.
D. Parenchymal cells.

22. Sample Questions – Blood supply
• Describe the arterial supply of the cardiac
muscles. (12.5)
• Describe the venous drainage of the cardiac muscles.
(25)
• a) Describe the arterial supply and venous drainage
of the heart muscle. (6)
Note the difference in style!

25. Sample Questions – Blood supply
• b) Describe TWO structural defects in the
heart that may lead to oxygen-rich blood
mixed with oxygen-poor blood in the
chambers. (4)

27. Sample Questions – Blood supply
• Write short notes on the following:
– b) Auscultatory areas of the tricuspid, mitral,
aortic and pulmonary valves. (4)

29. aortic pulmonary
tricuspid mitrial

30. Sample Questions – Blood supply
• Write a short paragraph describing the arterial
supply of the upper extremities. (25)

33. Sample Questions – Blood supply
• Briefly describe the origin of the celiac trunk
and name the organs that it supplies. (25)

36. Sample Questions – Blood supply
• Describe the possible cause and symptoms of
portal hypertension. (6)
• Write a short paragraph describing the hepatic
portal circulation. (25)

38. Sample Questions – Blood supply
• Write a short paragraph describing the arterial
supply of the lower limb, commencing from
the heart. (25)
• Describe the veins supplying the lower limbs.

44. Sample Questions – Blood supply
• Describe the venous drainage of the brain.
(25)
45

47. Sample Questions – Lymphatics
• Write short notes on TWO major lymphatic
ducts. (4)

49. Break?

50. Physiology

51. Topics
• Homeostasis, Thermoregulation
• Action potential
• Skeletal muscle contraction
• Conduction of the heart, Cardiac muscle
• Heart rate & BP, Microcirculation

52. Homeostasis

53. Homeostasis
• Mostly MCQ
• E.g.
– What is the most effective mechanism for
reducing/increasing heat loss?
– Where are the receptors for body temperature
regulation?

54. Pre-optic area of hypothalamus

55. Action potential and
Neurotransmission

56. Neurotransmission
• Most relevant questions are MC.
• Have a clear concept of
– How an action potential is triggered
– The use of myelin sheath
– Chemical transmission at synapses and NMJs

58. This slide is animated.
Na+ channel opened Na+ channel inactivated
K+ channel opened
Locally, there are influx of Na+ and efflux of K+.
Na+/K+ pump is used to restore the resting potential.

60. Myelin sheath

61. Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and
Muscle contraction

62. AP at NMJ
Ca2+ enters, activate kinase
Kinase activate other downstream proteins
Ach vesicles on presynaptic membrane
Docking on membrane Release Ach
Kinase = enzyme that releases phosphate in function

63. Sample Final Exam Questions –
Muscle contraction
• Give 2 reasons why ATP is important in the
relaxation phase of skeletal muscle contraction.
Name the pathway where ATP can be built up and
stored when a muscle is at rest.
• Describe the 3 uses of ATP in the contraction-
relaxation mechanism of skeletal muscle.
• A. Define a motor unit. (1 mark)
B. Give 2 functions of ATP in skeletal muscle
contraction and relaxation. (4 marks)

64. Motor unit
• A motor neuron and all muscles fibers it
innervates

65. Ca2+ released
from SR, binds
to troponin and
by expose active
sites
ATP kinase on myosin head
接
Ca2+ returns
to SR
Conformational change
放 拉

66. Sample Final Exam Questions –
Muscle contraction
• Describe why calcium ion is an important
regulator in skeletal muscle contraction. What
is the major source of calcium ion in skeletal
muscle?
• Answers can be found in the following video

67. Video viewing
• Action potential at NMJ
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=70DyJwwFnkU (02:18)
– http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter10/animation__action_pot
entials_and_muscle_contraction.html
• Muscle contraction
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJ309LfHQ3M (00:58)
• Synaptic transmission (watch yourselves)
– http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/synaptictrans
mission.html
• Breakdown of ATP and Cross-Bridge Movement During
Muscle Contraction
– http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter10/animation__breakdown
_of_atp_and_cross-bridge_movement_during_muscle_contraction.html

69. MCQ – Nerves & NMJ (1/5)
• Which neurotransmitter is associated with the
neuromuscular junction?
A. Dopamine.
B. Norepinephrine.
C. Acetylcholine
D. CSF.

70. MCQ – Nerves & NMJ (2/5)
• Nerves that carry impulses away from the
central nervous system are:
A. Afferent nerves.
B. Efferent nerves.
C. Motor nerves.
D. Mixed nerves.

71. MCQ – Nerves & NMJ (3/5)
• Which of the following statement is NOT true
of skeletal muscle?
A. Is under voluntary control.
B. Is not striated.
C. Can have long muscle fibres.
D. Is usually attached to the skeleton.

72. MCQ – Nerves & NMJ (4/5)
• The energy for muscle contraction is most
directly obtained from:
A. Aerobic respiration.
B. Phosphocreatinine.
C. Anaerobic respiration.
D. ATP.

73. MCQ – Nerves & NMJ (5/5)
• If additional ATP is required, which of the
following can be used as an alternative energy
source?
A. Myosin.
B. Troponin.
C. Creatine phosphate.
D. Myoglobin.

74. Cardiac physiology

75. Sample Final Exam Questions –
Cardiac muscle
• Draw a ventricular muscle cell action
potential. Describe the changes in membrane
permeability that underlies the potential
changes.

76. Ventricular muscle cell action potential

77. Sample Final Exam Questions –
Cardiac conduction
• Write short notes on the conducting system of
the heart.
• Hints:
– Signal initiation?
– Direction of travel?
– Nodes?
– Bundles?
– Compartments?

78. ECG

79. Note this is NOT depiction of action potential of individual cell.
+ve/-ve is related to direction of travel.
T: Repolarization
S
P
Q
Test your
understanding:
Where on the ECG
S does atrial and
ventricular
R contractions occur?

80. ECG animations
• http://www.rnceus.com/ekg/lead.gif
• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/e/e5/ECG_principle_slow.gif

81. Spontaneous depolarization
• All heart cells can do this
• Na+ channels open as
soon as MP<threshold
• K+ channels close
• Easy to get more +ve
 easy to reach threshold
 another AP fired
 spontaneous
depolarization
• SA node is the fastest and
suppresses other tissues

82. Sample Final Exam Questions –
Cardiac output
• Describe the preload of the Frank-Starling Law
of the heart.

83. Preload
• Preload – Stretch of the heart before
contraction. If the muscle walls of the heart
are stretched prior to a stroke then they will
squeeze harder on the stroke. To get a greater
stretch more blood must be in the heart. This
observation is called the ‘Frank-Starling law of
the heart’.
• Preload ↑, Cardiac output ↑
• 橡筋拉得越緊, 回彈力越大

84. Contractility
• Contractility - The contractility of the heart is
influenced by inotropic agents that make it
pump either stronger or weaker. Positive
inotropic agents such as Calcium ions and
adrenaline make it pump stronger, negative
inotropic agents such as potassium ions make
the stroke weaker.
• Contractility ↑, Cardiac output ↑

85. Afterload
• Afterload – Pressure needed to get blood out. In
order to get blood out the heart the back-pressure in
the blood vessels must be overcome. The harder it is
to get blood out, the less blood will actually leave the
heart. You can imagine if the blood vessels are
clogged or narrow that this will make things harder.
• Afterload is a measure of required pressure,
an indirect indicator of vessel resistance.
Afterload ↑, Cardiac output ↓
• 橡筋彈穿一張廁紙 vs 彈穿一張A4紙
彈穿A4紙的afterload較大

86. Sample Final Exam Questions –
Cardiac output
• Explain why stroke volume is related to
venous return. Give a few ways where venous
return can be improved in a normal healthy
adult.
• Venous return ↑  Preload ↑
 Stoke volume ↑
• To improve venous return: Contraction of limb
muscles, inhalation, lying down, etc.

87. For your interest only
• http://www.ann.com.au/MedSci/blood.htm
• Norton, J. M. (2001). Toward consistent
definitions for preload and afterload.
Advances in Physiology Education, 25: 53-61.
http://advan.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/2
5/1/53

88. Sample Final Exam Questions –
Cardiac output
• Describe the importance of a baroreflex when a
person suffers a drop in blood pressure.
• Describe how baroreceptor reflex works in the
regulation of blood pressure.
• Define hypertension and write short notes on
baroreceptor reflex in blood pressure control.
90

89. 91

90. Baroreceptor reflex
• Carotid sinus baroreceptor
頸動脈 竇 壓力 感受器
 Glossopharyngeal nerve / Vagus nerve
舌 咽 神經 / 迷走 神經
 Cardioregulatory & vasomotor centres
心臟 調節 及 血管運動 中心
 Sympathetic / Parasympathetic nerves
交 感 /副 交 感 神經
92

91. Sample Final Exam Questions –
Circulation
• What are the major sites of resistance in the
systemic vascular system? Give one function
of this site? Give two examples of local or
hormonal factors that can alter resistance of
the systemic vascular system.
93

92. Major sites of resistance
The smaller the vessel radius,
the greater is the resistance
血管半徑越小, 阻力越大
94

93. Local and hormonal control of BP
95

94. MCQ – Cardiac (1/5)
• Which heart chamber has the thickest muscle
wall?
A. Right ventricle.
B. Right atrium.
C. Left ventricle.
D. Left atrium.

95. MCQ – Cardiac (2/5)
• The contraction of a heart chamber is known
as:
A. Automaticity.
B. Diastole.
C. Isovulmetric.
D. Systole.

96. MCQ – Cardiac (3/5)
• Normal electrical excitation of the heart
begins in:
A. The bundle of His.
B. The purkinje fibres.
C. The atrioventricular node.
D. The sinoatrial node.

97. MCQ – Cardiac (4/5)
• The effect of increased parasympathetic
nervous system activity is to:
A. Increase heart rate.
B. Decrease heart rate.
C. Increase force of contraction.
D. Decrease force of contraction.

98. MCQ – Cardiac (5/5)
• Preload is mostly a factor of:
A. End systolic volume.
B. End diastolic volume.
C. The Frank-Starling law.
D. Adrenaline release.

99. MCQ sources
• Peate, I., & Nair, M. (Eds.). (2011).
Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology for
student nurses. Chichester, UK: Wiley-
Blackwell.
102

100. The End.