1) Structure is important for storytelling as it communicates events to the audience in an organized way. Most films follow a three-act structure with an introduction, rising action/conflict, and resolution. 2) Short films similarly follow the three-act structure but must establish characters and settings immediately without long title sequences due to their shorter time frame. 3) Narratives also follow models like Todorov's five stages that move from equilibrium to climax and resolution, or Campbell's hero's journey with departure, initiation and return acts.

1. Structure types:
Structure is important towards storytelling as this is the process where communication is used to
tell the story to the audience so they are aware of the events that occur. Without the use of
structure a story falls apart and may not make sense, both feature and short films follow a
structure type called the ‘Three Act Structure’ created by Syd Field an American screenwriting
author, the structure consist of a clear understanding of an introduction introducing the film, the
rising action involving conflict/problem usually appearing in the middle and finally the resolution
being a clear ending of the film.
Short filmshave averysimilarsturtcure towardsfeature filmsastheybothincludedthe
introduction,risingaction,andresolutionfollowingthe simple threeactstructre . on the otherhand
short storysmuststart the immediatelywithouthavinglongtitlesequencesthisisbecause the time
frame shortstorys have comparedto feature films.Everyhtingisintroducedandestablished
includingthe settingandmaincharaterssothe audinace are aware whoto track.
Todorov 5 stage imply about linear narrative, this includes with the narrative starting with an
equilibrium, where an action or character interferes with the equilibrium, the equilibrium is
followed up by the narrative following towards the climax. Once the Climax has been established
the resolution occurs and a new equilibrium can be restored or created once again.
 Equilibrium
 Disequilibrium
 Acknowledgement
 Solving
 Equilibrium
Joseph Campbell, The Hero’s Journey is where a new character explores and goes further into
depth in comparison with the ‘Three Act Structure’ this involves a twelve stages with Campbell
creating another seventeen stages without Campbell’s discovery and research there would be
less stages the order if the stages may not always be in the same order but are used to a certain
extent.
 The Departure Act
 The Initiation Act
 The Return Act

2. Characters:
Within the Narrative characters are mostly important as this is what the narrative revolves
around, the characters displays recognisable traits so that the audience are able to empathise
with them and understand what and why the characters are involved with. The Hero and Anti-
Hero are established building the films setting.
Vladimir Propp analysed the structural elements of Russian folk tales implying that characters
makes the story, stories are character driven with the plot developing with the characters actions,
he also claims characters are classed into certain roles making the story progress further such as
the following.
 The Hero – the person on the quest
 The Villain – struggles against the hero
 The Donor – prepares the hero for their quest
 The Sidekick – offers to help the hero in their quest
 The Princess – the person who the hero marries
 The Dispatcher – the person that sends the hero on their quest
 The Oracle – an older, wise figure who provides information or clues to the hero
 The False Hero – takes credit for the hero’s actions
Levi-Strauss'
Levi has a theory of binary opposites is his theory in which he believes that in most films there
are characters who oppose the main character. This could be an evil villain vs. superhero,
humans vs. a ghost etc. The characters are complete opposites which is why there is conflict in
the story.
Themes
Theme is the central meaning of narrative as it tell the audience what the story tells, theme is
displayed though the characters actions and motions also the dialogue used, once the viewer is
able to identify the narrative within theme they are able to make their own conclusion about the
current scene of narrative.
There are various amounts of themes which carry between which media is being use.
Crime drama

3. Theme is addressed through crime usually through mistrust, family mental health and revenge,
these themes make an interesting plot within the theme of crime drama, which is often revolve
around murder or deceit.
Teen drama
Themes include friendship, relationships, loyalty, brotherhood and the coming of age, all are
involved in making an interesting film within teen drama themes
Comedy drama
Comedies are involved with various themes depending if they are a type of dark comedy, or they
evolve in dark themes such as seen in crime drama, natural comedy will normally evolve around
sex, friendship, and other lighter themes
Analysis on short film
The fly
The fly is a comedy short film with its lead actor playing its role through a character with no
dialogue. When the fly enters the scene and begins to distract the driver he throws his arms in
the air statically like a child would interfere with one. The fly is portrayed as the hero in the short
film as the driver the villain. The film is based inside and the surroundings of the car which is
parked outside of a bank. The lighting is brightly toned contrasting the event and genre of the film
is based. Once the fly has made it its mission is distract the driver the actor uses everyday items
such as coffee cups as he trays to capture it. We can see a drastic change in the actor when he
begin to shoot the fly with his gun and destroy the gateway car drawing more attention to himself
and the robbery taking place as he suddenly forgets due to the fly’s circumstances.
The fly is drawn to be a silent film. With the introduction it is clear it begins with a close up with
the characters head facing downwards on the steering wheel with movements of tapping with his
fingers, the views are shown a keys in the ignition with a symbol meaning the character is in
some way dreamer with a rabbit’s foot. The use of diegetic sounds in the film is the buzzing of
the fly, along with non-diegetic sounds throughout the man’s struggle with the fly. The targeted
audience for the film is aimed towards older 15 and over this is due to the attention to detail on
blood and violence with the title of the film coming in large bold red colour placed in front of a
black and white background implying superheroes and marvel which this film is far from.
There are lots of quick shots when the driver is trying to kill the fly because it conveys how fast
the fly was moving. Also, the driver makes a lot of noise when trying to kill the fly such as when
the airbag comes up and when he’s using his gun. He’s supposed to be keeping very quiet and
undistracted, so it shows how the fly has power over him.
Maniac
Maniac is a short film created by a small product crew, the film is aim it towards two serial killers
as they attempt to murder 8 people each in one night the.
There is little dialogue use between the characters but the audience are still able to understan d
the narrative of the storyline as this is done through the visuals effects of the cameras. Both
camera work and the actor's facial expressions,
The short film implies dark natured mood towards the story. The hand-held camera is shown as
shaky as this gives the audience a sight of a more realistic and personal feel to the visuals

4. making viewers feel like real. The colour grading scheme of the film is also an influential factor in
the film's mood making it easier for the viewer to understand; it is desaturated, but still allows
some colour to come through, mainly with the fire.
Light out
The short film Lights Out would come under the genre of horror but it also may be classed as a
ghost film if referring to sub-genres. This short film is based in a house at night time of day this is
the similar setting compared with other horror films. Throughout the whole film, the audience are
kept on the edges of their seat as they make the woman seem very vulnerable throughout.
The film contains various amount of technical and audio codes used which are commonly used in
horror films. This includes creepy non-diegetic music which comes at the jump scares, dim
lighting and dark colours reinforcing the move genre of horror. The camera angles such as the
close-up of the woman under the covers, putting the audience in her situation as neither her nor
the audience know what’s outside the covers
Comparison
The cinematography of the film compared are different this is towards the hand-held camera and
moving shot s such as pan and track shown Maniac. They both have different genre but fit similar
to each other. The main character is a woman alone in her apartment, she is stereotyped to be a
helpless girl who can do nothing but hide throughout the whole film. We are able to detect the
character is scarred through her facial expression. Audiences have high expectations for genre.
This means that when they go to see a horror film, they’re expecting the film to make them
scared. If it doesn’t, the film has failed in being a horror film and the audience won’t be pleased
with the film.
Conclusion
In conclusion the stylistic codes and conventions are important towards creating a film as without
these the film doesn't fit into a genre and the audience won’t have an idea of where the story is
heading leading them have slight confusion throughout the film.