1. The document discusses analyzing rhythmic structures in African art music compositions using the Structural Set Theory.
2. It outlines research questions, objectives, and hypotheses to test if art music rhythms are set-based and if the theory can analyze genres beyond drum music.
3. The study will analyze compositions by two Ghanaian composers using ten components of the theory, and compare findings to drum music principles.
Luke Maritz completa una jornada satisfactoria en AlcarràsBiset31
Luke Maritz completó una jornada satisfactoria en el Circuito de Alcarràs mejorando su ritmo y tiempos de la última visita. Por la mañana mejoró su mejor tiempo en dos segundos a pesar de una avería mecánica. Por la tarde, el tráfico en la pista y varias caídas impidieron que mejorara sus tiempos de la mañana debido a la lluvia. El equipo se fue satisfecho por la mejora de tiempos y por no haber tenido caídas o fallos mecánicos importantes.
The document contains details of 20 individuals including their names, addresses and locations. All addresses are in India and list the name of the firm Lavita & Associates located in Mangalore, Karnataka, India. The addresses provided are from various cities and states across India.
Debut del team maritz – paddock roca en el circuito de mora d’ebreBiset31
El nuevo equipo Team Maritz - Paddock Roca hizo su debut en el Circuito de Mora d'Ebre con el piloto Luke Maritz. Maritz completó varias vueltas de entrenamiento en su nueva moto RMU P-M3 de 4 tiempos, mejorando su tiempo a medida que ganaba confianza. Aunque tuvo un pequeño problema mecánico al principio, pudo completar el entrenamiento sin incidentes mayores. Tanto el equipo como el piloto se sintieron satisfechos con los resultados y están preparados para la temporada.
How to take care of your teeth freebie - bagaimana cara menjaga gigianum mss
Taking care of your teeth is important. This document provides instructions on how to take care of teeth and acknowledges the sources of images and fonts used. It also thanks the reader for downloading the free resource and provides a link to the creator's blog for more teaching ideas and materials.
Civil engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with people, civilization of a country, their needs and basic facilities. So as long as there are humans and as long as we have natural phenomenon like earthquakes and tornadoes civil engineers will be required.
The document is about going on a road trip. It contains the word "GO" repeated in various formations to represent the feeling of movement while traveling down the road. The document also contains copyright information for Playdough to Plato as the creator of the graphics.
Luke Maritz completa una jornada satisfactoria en AlcarràsBiset31
Luke Maritz completó una jornada satisfactoria en el Circuito de Alcarràs mejorando su ritmo y tiempos de la última visita. Por la mañana mejoró su mejor tiempo en dos segundos a pesar de una avería mecánica. Por la tarde, el tráfico en la pista y varias caídas impidieron que mejorara sus tiempos de la mañana debido a la lluvia. El equipo se fue satisfecho por la mejora de tiempos y por no haber tenido caídas o fallos mecánicos importantes.
The document contains details of 20 individuals including their names, addresses and locations. All addresses are in India and list the name of the firm Lavita & Associates located in Mangalore, Karnataka, India. The addresses provided are from various cities and states across India.
Debut del team maritz – paddock roca en el circuito de mora d’ebreBiset31
El nuevo equipo Team Maritz - Paddock Roca hizo su debut en el Circuito de Mora d'Ebre con el piloto Luke Maritz. Maritz completó varias vueltas de entrenamiento en su nueva moto RMU P-M3 de 4 tiempos, mejorando su tiempo a medida que ganaba confianza. Aunque tuvo un pequeño problema mecánico al principio, pudo completar el entrenamiento sin incidentes mayores. Tanto el equipo como el piloto se sintieron satisfechos con los resultados y están preparados para la temporada.
How to take care of your teeth freebie - bagaimana cara menjaga gigianum mss
Taking care of your teeth is important. This document provides instructions on how to take care of teeth and acknowledges the sources of images and fonts used. It also thanks the reader for downloading the free resource and provides a link to the creator's blog for more teaching ideas and materials.
Civil engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with people, civilization of a country, their needs and basic facilities. So as long as there are humans and as long as we have natural phenomenon like earthquakes and tornadoes civil engineers will be required.
The document is about going on a road trip. It contains the word "GO" repeated in various formations to represent the feeling of movement while traveling down the road. The document also contains copyright information for Playdough to Plato as the creator of the graphics.
The document provides an overview of musicology and the requirements for an assessment in a musicology module. It discusses the history and goals of musicology, focusing on analyzing popular music. The assessment consists of a 2,000-word essay analyzing a musical work and a 5-minute technological presentation on a musicological topic. The essay must use concepts like form, harmony, melody, and rhythm to analyze compositions.
1) Revision of last week
2) Starting points for Production Analysis - The Song, Arrangement and Track
3) Immanent Analysis -Analytical Priorities of the Elements of Music
This document outlines copyright restrictions regarding the author's thesis. It states that the thesis can only be used under normal conditions of fair dealing for research, criticism or review, and that no results or conclusions should be extracted or the work closely paraphrased without written consent. It also notes that under Australian copyright law, the author owns copyright to any unpublished work, and that copyright is infringed if an unauthorized person reproduces or authorizes reproduction of the work. Certain exceptions for fair use by libraries are also outlined.
This lecture provides an overview of musicology and how it relates to the analysis of popular music. It discusses the history of musicology focusing originally on art music, and how it has expanded to include popular music. The goals of the module are introduced as analyzing popular music forms, developing critical skills, and improving writing and presentation abilities. An overview of the course schedule is given along with details on assessments, which include a group presentation and written essay. Various analytical tools and layers involved in analyzing songs, arrangements, and recorded tracks are defined and examples are discussed.
This document provides an overview of Southeast Asian music and culture. It begins by listing the learning objectives, which are to identify and appreciate the variety of music from Southeast Asian countries and explain how it relates to the history and culture of the region.
The document then names the 11 countries that make up Southeast Asia and provides examples of musical elements and forms. It discusses the classification of musical instruments and how stories from religious texts influenced the development of songs. Specific musical traditions from countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand are also mentioned.
Overall, the document aims to educate students on the diverse musical traditions of Southeast Asia and how music was shaped by and reflected the various cultures in the region. It provides foundational knowledge on the
Music(MUS101) 1- How did composers vary the standard structure of the.docxmaximapikvu8
Music(MUS101)
1. How did composers vary the standard structure of the symphony?
2. How is the virtuostic ability of the performer displayed in the Classical concerto?
3. What is unusual about the form of Beethoven\'s \"Moonlight\" Sonata?
(Need Cited and Reference; No PLAGIARISM)
Solution
1. How did composers vary the standard structure of the symphony?
ans)
The Classical masters established the orchestra as we know it today: as an ensemble of the four instrumental families.
The heart of the orchestra was the string family.
Woodwinds provided varying colors and assisted the strings, often doubling them.
The brass sustained the harmonies and contributed body to the sound mass, while the timpani supplied rhythmic life and vitality.
2. How is the virtuostic ability of the performer displayed in the Classical concerto?
ans)
The Classical concerto form has three movements, alternating fast-slow-fast.
The first movement is the longest and most complex, combining elements of Baroque ritornello procedure and sonata-allegro form , resulting in first-movement concerto form .
3. What is unusual about the form of Beethoven\'s \"Moonlight\" Sonata?
ans)
When Beethoven composed the sonata in 1801 (at the end of his first style period), he was already enamored of his young pupil, Countess Giuletta Guicciardi.
The sonata is dedicated to her, but since this dedication seems to have been a last-minute decision, the work is probably not a programmatic statement of his love.
This sonata, one of a set from Op. 27, breaks the formal molds
.
This document provides a revision guide for GCSE Music. It covers the key areas of study including rhythm and metre, harmony and tonality, texture and melody, timbre and dynamics, and structure and form. It defines important musical terminology and provides example questions. It also includes a listening guide with examples of music from different genres and cultures to support learning. Websites are listed that provide audio examples of musical elements and terms to aid revision.
Discovering music: small-scale, web-scale, facets, and beyond-BelfordNASIG
Many libraries are implementing or developing web-scale discovery interfaces or other faceted browsing interfaces. There is exciting potential for new discovery interfaces to ease the difficulties users face when searching for music materials. However, the specialized discovery needs arising from unique characteristics of music materials are often overlooked. This session will examine how to meet the special demands for music discovery while improving access to materials that pose similar challenges, such as law, literature and religious studies, and video collections. The session will provide an overview of the topic, based on the Music Library Association’s Music Discovery Requirements document, and explore aspects of music discovery as realized through specific interfaces.
Rebecca Belford
Music Cataloger/Reference Librarian, University at Buffalo
Buffalo, NY
See accompanying presentation by
Tracey Snyder
Cornell University
http://www.slideshare.net/NASIG/discovering-music-smallscale-webscale-facets-and-beyond
First Essay Opera and OratorioCompare and contrast oratorio an.docxMorganLudwig40
First Essay:
Opera and Oratorio
Compare and contrast oratorio and opera. Your opinion is valuable. Please expand on what you have read here and elsewhere. Paraphrase the comparison and refer to the listening examples to help make your point. Remember, this lesson extends into the Viennese and Romantic periods. In your answer, consider whether the later operas follow the traditions of the early opera by Monteverdi.
Second Essay:
Sonata Allegro Form
After reading the lectures for this lesson on the Viennese and the Romantic periods and completing the Listening Workshop, describe the sonata-allegro form. Where in a multi-movement work is this form most often used? What musical form preceded this form, and is the sonata-allegro form still being used today? This form is often considered dramatic and rewarding. In what way is this so and why? Please expand on what you read in the student guide, on the Internet, or in other sources. Refer to the listening examples to help make your point.
Third Essay:
Choose three 20th century selections and compare
Wozzeck, Excerpt from Act III, by Berg
Ritual Melodies by Harvey Sextet by Reich
General William Booth Enters Into Heaven by Ives
Pavanne by Gabriel Fauré, arr. Ogerman (Bill Evans)
Concerto Grosso 1985 by Zwilich
The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra by Britten
Choose three of these seven listening selections above and compare their compositional techniques. Why do they sound so different from each other and yet are still from the same time period? Of the three you discuss, which do you like the most? Why?
Fourth Essay:
The Concerto
The meaning of the term
concerto
has changed at least three times in the history of music. What are the major elements of the concerto? Is there always a soloist? Is there a traditional musical form? Refer to the listening examples in the Special Focus (Concertos) to support your conclusions.
Fifth Essay:
String Quartets
Briefly describe the development of the string quartet. How would you relate this chamber ensemble to modern performing groups such as the jazz quartet? Or to a rock ensemble? What are some of the similarities and differences? Refer to the listening examples in the Special Focus to support your conclusions.
Sixth Essay:
World Music
Why do you think that the world's musics can impact cultures so differently? Listen to the examples of traditional musical sounds from different cultures and try to identify a common similarity. While it is easy to point out what is different, you should compare them to find shared elements. Remember that the music may serve different functions; that is, performance or to accompany a social or spiritual event.
.
Pythagoras viewed music as a branch of mathematics and discovered relationships between the pitch of notes and string lengths. He developed one of the first mathematical scales based on octave and fifth intervals. Mathematics is involved in many aspects of music including frequency, duration, time signatures, rhythm, intervals, chords, counting, conducting, and contemporary music forms like 12-tone music which are based on mathematical matrices. Fractions represent note values in musical notation and show the relationship between notes and rhythmic movement in music.
This document provides an excerpt of a music theory syllabus, including assignments and topics for research. The syllabus is intended to guide students in developing knowledge and skills in music fundamentals through analyzing, listening to, singing, and playing examples from various periods in musical history, from Gregorian chant to the present day. The research topics cover foundational music theorists like Guido d'Arezzo and the Pythagoreans, as well as modern applications of music theory in fields like mathematics, engineering, psychology, and education for children with autism.
The ancient Greeks, particularly Pythagoras, were the first to analyze music mathematically rather than just appreciating it as art. Pythagoras discovered that the pitch of a note was related to the length of the string producing it, and that this depended on how the string vibrated. This led to the science of acoustics. Pythagoras also developed one of the first mathematical musical scales by considering intervals of octaves and fifths. Later, it was shown that every musical pitch has a distinct frequency and wavelength that can be represented mathematically. Rhythm, tempo, note duration, and other elements of music also have mathematical representations involving fractions, ratios, and other relationships.
Southeast Asian Music (Cambodia Music) Q1.pptxDonitaInmenzo1
This document discusses Cambodian music and the Pinpeat ensemble. It explains that Cambodian court music was influenced by ancient and Hindu forms. The Pinpeat ensemble usually accompanies royal and temple music and includes instruments like the skorthom, oneat, kong vong, chhing and samphor. It is important to Cambodia's historical, geographical and cultural background. The document also provides a quiz to assess understanding.
Southeast Asian Music (Cambodia Music) Q1.pptxDonitaInmenzo1
This document discusses Cambodian music and the Pinpeat ensemble. It explains that Cambodian court music was influenced by ancient and Hindu forms. The Pinpeat ensemble usually accompanies royal and temple music and includes instruments like the skorthom, oneat, kong vong, chhing and samphor. It is important to Cambodia's historical, geographical and cultural background. The document also provides a quiz on Cambodian music and culture.
Session 3 - UET VII 74: Re-Tuning/Modulation Instructions for the Sammú - Ha...Dylan Lawrence Gibson
The following PowerPoint presentation (slides) contains information that was used as part of an online "Text-in-Translation Reading Group" (Seminar) led by Dylan Lawrence Gibson and hosted by Save Ancient Studies Alliance (SASA). It was funded by a grant from the Society for Classical Studies (Ancient Worlds, Modern Communities).
This was the final session from a series of 3 dedicated to discussing Ancient Near-Eastern music 'theory' cuneiform tablets:
Full Series Title: "An Introduction to Ancient Near-Eastern Music ‘Theory’: Understanding Musical Inscriptions"
Session 3 Title: "UET VII 74: Re-Tuning/Modulation Instructions for the Sammú (Harp Instrument)"
This is ideal for students interested in the field of Archaeo-Musicology.
The document discusses various elements of music including rhythm, tonality, melody, texture, harmony, dynamics, and structure. It provides definitions and examples of key concepts related to rhythm such as beat, pulse, meter, tempo, and syncopation. It also discusses tonality and defines scales such as major, minor, modes, pentatonic, blues, and chromatic. Melody is defined as a sequence of single notes that form the main musical line. Phrasing, contour, sequence, and motive are discussed as key melodic concepts.
The document provides an overview of music including its history, elements, production, and opportunities. It discusses how music developed among prehistoric humans and ancient cultures. The core elements of music like melody, pitch, scales, rhythm, harmony, and dynamics are explained. Musical forms, composition, notation, and improvisation involved in music production are covered. Finally, it briefly mentions music instruments, personalities, reality shows, courses, and career opportunities in the field of music.
This document provides an overview of music, including its history, importance, elements, genres, and classification of instruments. It discusses that music gives life and connects people. The primary roles of music are in art and human life. It then explains the key elements of music like harmony, melody, rhythm, and tempo. It also outlines the essentials of songwriting and different music genres like classical, folk, jazz. Finally, it classifies musical instruments into categories like soprano, alto, tenor, bass based on their vocal range.
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in rhythm and musical notation. It defines note values from whole notes to thirty-second notes and their corresponding rests. It explains tempo markings, time signatures, dots, ties, bars, and accents. Artificial note groups like triplets and tuplets are also described. The text aims to equip students and teachers with a basic understanding of rhythmic notation and terminology.
The document provides an overview of musicology and the requirements for an assessment in a musicology module. It discusses the history and goals of musicology, focusing on analyzing popular music. The assessment consists of a 2,000-word essay analyzing a musical work and a 5-minute technological presentation on a musicological topic. The essay must use concepts like form, harmony, melody, and rhythm to analyze compositions.
1) Revision of last week
2) Starting points for Production Analysis - The Song, Arrangement and Track
3) Immanent Analysis -Analytical Priorities of the Elements of Music
This document outlines copyright restrictions regarding the author's thesis. It states that the thesis can only be used under normal conditions of fair dealing for research, criticism or review, and that no results or conclusions should be extracted or the work closely paraphrased without written consent. It also notes that under Australian copyright law, the author owns copyright to any unpublished work, and that copyright is infringed if an unauthorized person reproduces or authorizes reproduction of the work. Certain exceptions for fair use by libraries are also outlined.
This lecture provides an overview of musicology and how it relates to the analysis of popular music. It discusses the history of musicology focusing originally on art music, and how it has expanded to include popular music. The goals of the module are introduced as analyzing popular music forms, developing critical skills, and improving writing and presentation abilities. An overview of the course schedule is given along with details on assessments, which include a group presentation and written essay. Various analytical tools and layers involved in analyzing songs, arrangements, and recorded tracks are defined and examples are discussed.
This document provides an overview of Southeast Asian music and culture. It begins by listing the learning objectives, which are to identify and appreciate the variety of music from Southeast Asian countries and explain how it relates to the history and culture of the region.
The document then names the 11 countries that make up Southeast Asia and provides examples of musical elements and forms. It discusses the classification of musical instruments and how stories from religious texts influenced the development of songs. Specific musical traditions from countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand are also mentioned.
Overall, the document aims to educate students on the diverse musical traditions of Southeast Asia and how music was shaped by and reflected the various cultures in the region. It provides foundational knowledge on the
Music(MUS101) 1- How did composers vary the standard structure of the.docxmaximapikvu8
Music(MUS101)
1. How did composers vary the standard structure of the symphony?
2. How is the virtuostic ability of the performer displayed in the Classical concerto?
3. What is unusual about the form of Beethoven\'s \"Moonlight\" Sonata?
(Need Cited and Reference; No PLAGIARISM)
Solution
1. How did composers vary the standard structure of the symphony?
ans)
The Classical masters established the orchestra as we know it today: as an ensemble of the four instrumental families.
The heart of the orchestra was the string family.
Woodwinds provided varying colors and assisted the strings, often doubling them.
The brass sustained the harmonies and contributed body to the sound mass, while the timpani supplied rhythmic life and vitality.
2. How is the virtuostic ability of the performer displayed in the Classical concerto?
ans)
The Classical concerto form has three movements, alternating fast-slow-fast.
The first movement is the longest and most complex, combining elements of Baroque ritornello procedure and sonata-allegro form , resulting in first-movement concerto form .
3. What is unusual about the form of Beethoven\'s \"Moonlight\" Sonata?
ans)
When Beethoven composed the sonata in 1801 (at the end of his first style period), he was already enamored of his young pupil, Countess Giuletta Guicciardi.
The sonata is dedicated to her, but since this dedication seems to have been a last-minute decision, the work is probably not a programmatic statement of his love.
This sonata, one of a set from Op. 27, breaks the formal molds
.
This document provides a revision guide for GCSE Music. It covers the key areas of study including rhythm and metre, harmony and tonality, texture and melody, timbre and dynamics, and structure and form. It defines important musical terminology and provides example questions. It also includes a listening guide with examples of music from different genres and cultures to support learning. Websites are listed that provide audio examples of musical elements and terms to aid revision.
Discovering music: small-scale, web-scale, facets, and beyond-BelfordNASIG
Many libraries are implementing or developing web-scale discovery interfaces or other faceted browsing interfaces. There is exciting potential for new discovery interfaces to ease the difficulties users face when searching for music materials. However, the specialized discovery needs arising from unique characteristics of music materials are often overlooked. This session will examine how to meet the special demands for music discovery while improving access to materials that pose similar challenges, such as law, literature and religious studies, and video collections. The session will provide an overview of the topic, based on the Music Library Association’s Music Discovery Requirements document, and explore aspects of music discovery as realized through specific interfaces.
Rebecca Belford
Music Cataloger/Reference Librarian, University at Buffalo
Buffalo, NY
See accompanying presentation by
Tracey Snyder
Cornell University
http://www.slideshare.net/NASIG/discovering-music-smallscale-webscale-facets-and-beyond
First Essay Opera and OratorioCompare and contrast oratorio an.docxMorganLudwig40
First Essay:
Opera and Oratorio
Compare and contrast oratorio and opera. Your opinion is valuable. Please expand on what you have read here and elsewhere. Paraphrase the comparison and refer to the listening examples to help make your point. Remember, this lesson extends into the Viennese and Romantic periods. In your answer, consider whether the later operas follow the traditions of the early opera by Monteverdi.
Second Essay:
Sonata Allegro Form
After reading the lectures for this lesson on the Viennese and the Romantic periods and completing the Listening Workshop, describe the sonata-allegro form. Where in a multi-movement work is this form most often used? What musical form preceded this form, and is the sonata-allegro form still being used today? This form is often considered dramatic and rewarding. In what way is this so and why? Please expand on what you read in the student guide, on the Internet, or in other sources. Refer to the listening examples to help make your point.
Third Essay:
Choose three 20th century selections and compare
Wozzeck, Excerpt from Act III, by Berg
Ritual Melodies by Harvey Sextet by Reich
General William Booth Enters Into Heaven by Ives
Pavanne by Gabriel Fauré, arr. Ogerman (Bill Evans)
Concerto Grosso 1985 by Zwilich
The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra by Britten
Choose three of these seven listening selections above and compare their compositional techniques. Why do they sound so different from each other and yet are still from the same time period? Of the three you discuss, which do you like the most? Why?
Fourth Essay:
The Concerto
The meaning of the term
concerto
has changed at least three times in the history of music. What are the major elements of the concerto? Is there always a soloist? Is there a traditional musical form? Refer to the listening examples in the Special Focus (Concertos) to support your conclusions.
Fifth Essay:
String Quartets
Briefly describe the development of the string quartet. How would you relate this chamber ensemble to modern performing groups such as the jazz quartet? Or to a rock ensemble? What are some of the similarities and differences? Refer to the listening examples in the Special Focus to support your conclusions.
Sixth Essay:
World Music
Why do you think that the world's musics can impact cultures so differently? Listen to the examples of traditional musical sounds from different cultures and try to identify a common similarity. While it is easy to point out what is different, you should compare them to find shared elements. Remember that the music may serve different functions; that is, performance or to accompany a social or spiritual event.
.
Pythagoras viewed music as a branch of mathematics and discovered relationships between the pitch of notes and string lengths. He developed one of the first mathematical scales based on octave and fifth intervals. Mathematics is involved in many aspects of music including frequency, duration, time signatures, rhythm, intervals, chords, counting, conducting, and contemporary music forms like 12-tone music which are based on mathematical matrices. Fractions represent note values in musical notation and show the relationship between notes and rhythmic movement in music.
This document provides an excerpt of a music theory syllabus, including assignments and topics for research. The syllabus is intended to guide students in developing knowledge and skills in music fundamentals through analyzing, listening to, singing, and playing examples from various periods in musical history, from Gregorian chant to the present day. The research topics cover foundational music theorists like Guido d'Arezzo and the Pythagoreans, as well as modern applications of music theory in fields like mathematics, engineering, psychology, and education for children with autism.
The ancient Greeks, particularly Pythagoras, were the first to analyze music mathematically rather than just appreciating it as art. Pythagoras discovered that the pitch of a note was related to the length of the string producing it, and that this depended on how the string vibrated. This led to the science of acoustics. Pythagoras also developed one of the first mathematical musical scales by considering intervals of octaves and fifths. Later, it was shown that every musical pitch has a distinct frequency and wavelength that can be represented mathematically. Rhythm, tempo, note duration, and other elements of music also have mathematical representations involving fractions, ratios, and other relationships.
Southeast Asian Music (Cambodia Music) Q1.pptxDonitaInmenzo1
This document discusses Cambodian music and the Pinpeat ensemble. It explains that Cambodian court music was influenced by ancient and Hindu forms. The Pinpeat ensemble usually accompanies royal and temple music and includes instruments like the skorthom, oneat, kong vong, chhing and samphor. It is important to Cambodia's historical, geographical and cultural background. The document also provides a quiz to assess understanding.
Southeast Asian Music (Cambodia Music) Q1.pptxDonitaInmenzo1
This document discusses Cambodian music and the Pinpeat ensemble. It explains that Cambodian court music was influenced by ancient and Hindu forms. The Pinpeat ensemble usually accompanies royal and temple music and includes instruments like the skorthom, oneat, kong vong, chhing and samphor. It is important to Cambodia's historical, geographical and cultural background. The document also provides a quiz on Cambodian music and culture.
Session 3 - UET VII 74: Re-Tuning/Modulation Instructions for the Sammú - Ha...Dylan Lawrence Gibson
The following PowerPoint presentation (slides) contains information that was used as part of an online "Text-in-Translation Reading Group" (Seminar) led by Dylan Lawrence Gibson and hosted by Save Ancient Studies Alliance (SASA). It was funded by a grant from the Society for Classical Studies (Ancient Worlds, Modern Communities).
This was the final session from a series of 3 dedicated to discussing Ancient Near-Eastern music 'theory' cuneiform tablets:
Full Series Title: "An Introduction to Ancient Near-Eastern Music ‘Theory’: Understanding Musical Inscriptions"
Session 3 Title: "UET VII 74: Re-Tuning/Modulation Instructions for the Sammú (Harp Instrument)"
This is ideal for students interested in the field of Archaeo-Musicology.
The document discusses various elements of music including rhythm, tonality, melody, texture, harmony, dynamics, and structure. It provides definitions and examples of key concepts related to rhythm such as beat, pulse, meter, tempo, and syncopation. It also discusses tonality and defines scales such as major, minor, modes, pentatonic, blues, and chromatic. Melody is defined as a sequence of single notes that form the main musical line. Phrasing, contour, sequence, and motive are discussed as key melodic concepts.
The document provides an overview of music including its history, elements, production, and opportunities. It discusses how music developed among prehistoric humans and ancient cultures. The core elements of music like melody, pitch, scales, rhythm, harmony, and dynamics are explained. Musical forms, composition, notation, and improvisation involved in music production are covered. Finally, it briefly mentions music instruments, personalities, reality shows, courses, and career opportunities in the field of music.
This document provides an overview of music, including its history, importance, elements, genres, and classification of instruments. It discusses that music gives life and connects people. The primary roles of music are in art and human life. It then explains the key elements of music like harmony, melody, rhythm, and tempo. It also outlines the essentials of songwriting and different music genres like classical, folk, jazz. Finally, it classifies musical instruments into categories like soprano, alto, tenor, bass based on their vocal range.
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in rhythm and musical notation. It defines note values from whole notes to thirty-second notes and their corresponding rests. It explains tempo markings, time signatures, dots, ties, bars, and accents. Artificial note groups like triplets and tuplets are also described. The text aims to equip students and teachers with a basic understanding of rhythmic notation and terminology.
Similar to STRUCTURAL SET THEORY IN AFRICAN MUSIC (20)
2. Statement of the Problem
The Structural Set Theory is a convincing
and fascinating document capable of
solving outstanding issues raised by earlier
scholars in African rhythm, but the theory
not known to many.
There is a body of knowledge about African
music, but the question is still often asked:
“What is African music?”
“What makes a music African?” …
No one has tested the theory with African
Art music.
3. Research Questions
1. Are the rhythmic structures used in African Art
music compositions really set based?
2. Is the structural set theory relevant for analysing
other music than drum ensemble music?
3. Which aspects of the theory are functional in
African Art music, and which are not?
4. Are there any peculiarity in rhythm with one
composer to the other?
5. Are there structural differences and similarities
between African drum ensemble music and African
Art music.
6. Are there any rhythmic ideas and other attributes
peculiar to art composers differently from drum
music performers?
4. Objectives
To verify whether the rhythmic structures
used in African Art music compositions
are set based.
To identify the aspects of the theory that
are functional in Art music and those
which are not.
To find out if the structural set theory is
relevant for analyzing African Art music.
To demystify the theory for common
knowledge and use.
6. The Theoretical Framework
Elaborately expatiate on the SST
Use the under-listed SST components to
analyze the Research Samples:
1. Sets and its properties
2. Ostinato and Ostinato Background
3. Extrapolations: Successive sets, Masking, Subsets &
Supersets
4. Master drummer’s Role in the Art music compositions
5. Interpolations
6. Bridge Procedures
7. Cross Sets
8. Regulative Time Point (RTP)
9. Total Organizational Inference
10. Codification and Formulae
11. Linear and Circular Analysis
7. Importance of the Study
The study will help expand knowledge of the
Structural set theory.
The research findings will be an important
contribution to the theoretical sources for music
analysis.
The research will be a useful reference material
for comparative study and appreciation in high
music institutions of learning in ethno-
musicological research but especially for the
study of music across Africa.
It will accelerate the theory’s becoming a universal
tool for analyzing, understanding and explaining
rhythm in African music.
8. Review Of Related Literature
1. The writings of some historians on
African music, and that of ethno-
musicologists have been studied:
E.g. Jones A. M, Kauffman, Koetting James,
Kubik Gerhard, Rahn John, Agordoh A. A,
Agawu Kofi, Nketia JHK, Ward Williams,
Hombostel, John Blacking and others
2. Apart from the author Willie Anku, these
persons did a study on the theory:
Dr.Kongo Zabana,
Paddy J.N. Moonlit, and
Entsua-Mensah Theodora
9. METHODOLOGY
(Research Design)
Data collection
By the Delimitation, one choral composition
and an instrumental piece (piano), each from
the scope
Compilation and transcription of the pieces on
computer using finale
Descriptive
General conventional overview of the pieces
and the profile of the composers, and
Hypothesis
10. HYPOTHESIS
Explanatory
Critical study and comprehensive
presentation and explanation of the theory
in simplest terms with few original and
new simpler examples.
Analytical
Analysis of the pieces using the Structural
set theory.
11. DISCUSSIONS
African beliefs and the theory
Music – Exhibit of culture
Beliefs –
Communalism
Supreme God
Duality
Spiritual guide (Fetish priest)
Circular concept of life
12. Principles of the theory
1. Time line or Time cycle
2. Regulative Beat/Regulative Time Point (RTP)
3. Master drum/Ostinato
Background relationship
13. Properties of the Set
4 BEATS SPAN -Time line or Time cycle
2 SYMETRICAL HALVES
REGULATIVE TIME POINT (RTP)
14. Three Set Types
1. 16-Set
Semiquaver grids -
2. 12-Set
Quaver grids –
3. Cross Set Ye υ e
1. Akpi
16. MASTER DRUM
Set manipulation procedures
A. Isostructure and Multi-structures
B. Successive sets:- Dual representation of sets
C. Extrapolation:- Repetition, Masking, Subsets
and Supersets
D. Staggered Rhythms
E. Interpolation and Nested Interpolations
F. Waiting Patterns
G. Bridges (Transitional patterns)
18. BRIDGES
Intervals created when changing from one
rhythmic orientation (RTP) to another
2 types – Normal and Idiomatic bridge
19. Codification and Formulae
There are 5 Attributes of the CODE (Formular)
1. SET-TYPE - 16 or 12 set
2. Number of ATTACK POINTS - How many strokes
3. Rearrangement in PRIME FORM - Rearrangement in Magnitude
4. ROTATION NUMBER - Arrangement back, from Prime F.
5. RTP
Example 1: Borborbor subsidiary time line
4 4 4 (4)
16/3[4 4 4 (4)] RTP9, R0
20. Example 2: Borborbor/Kpalogo time line
16/5[2 4 3 3 2 (2)] RTP1,R2
NOTE: The 1st prime form number is always =0.
Count; [2º 4¹ 3² 3 2 (2)] (3² was the Original Start) =R0
21. Codification-Formula in Reverse
To reverse from the formula (CODE):
You may start from the rotation (R2).
E.g. The formula 16/5[2 4 3 3 2 (2)] RTP1 R2,
R2 gives us [2º 4¹ 3² 3 2 (2)]
The RTP always show the bar line position. E.g.
Additive form
Original form
22. ANALYSIS DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
Pentanata I
•OPENING BAR 1-6: Tertiary structure
Bar 1-2: Complete set, RTP1; Isostructure,
Formular:12/4 [1211(1)(6)]RPT1 RO
Pattern:
Set type: Flexible set (Not named by Anku’s) Set with a
definite beginning, “a call” open to any suitable response to
complete. E.g. Tomekume --- ---
23. Bar 8-9: Complete set, RTP7; Pattern:
Set type: Transitive set (Not named by Anku’s) Set with
shifting RTP.
Bar 7-12: Master drum role appears taken by LH.
Bar 20-25: Double Interpolation: 2 successive sets within an
interpolation.
Bar 26-29: Master drum role appears changed to RH.
Bar 30-37: Successive sets in BH
Bar 38: Bridge to a restatement of the theme in BH with RTP1.
Bar 39-52: Extrapolations in BH.
Bar 53-60: Master drum role shared by both hands consecutively by
Imitation.
25. Monkanfo No
•OPENING BAR 1-4: RTP1, Dual structure; Flexible and
complimentary sets,
Bar 3-5: Complete set, RTP1; Alteration set,
Formular:12/5 [122216]RPT8 R0
Pattern:
26. Bar 5-6: Soprano Alto share Master drum role
by imitation. Flexible transitive set: They form
a set of same cells symmetrically Kongo
describes as dimorphic.
Bar 9-12: Successive sets, modified
Bar 13-21: Successive sets,
Bar 22: Bridge to RTP1
Bar 23-47: Successive sets with contrapuntal entries.
Bar 47-76: No new development SST-wise.
27. CONCLUSION
Part 1 – General Research Findings
1. The rhythmic structures used in
African Art music compositions are
set base.
2. The analysis made in this study
was solely based on the structural
set theory. This is how releant,
the theory is for analysing other
music than drum ensemble music
3. All aspects of the theory are
functional in African Art music.
4. There are peculiarity in
rhythm with one composer to the
other based on their life
background and experience. For
example Migli shows the eidence
of maximum use of extrapolation
and staggering of sub and
supersets, interpolations and nested
interpolations to achiee high
leel of drum-mastership; Perhaps
28. Part 2 - Structural Similarities/Peculiarities
1. Both African Art music and drum ensemble music are set
based.
2. African beliefs have great influence on the music.
3. The five principles of the structural set theory: timeline,
regulative beat, ostinato background/master drum and
the set of four equidistant beat span divisible into two
symmetrical halves apply to both African art music and
drum music.
4. All set manipulations apply to both types of music.
5. The master drum and ostinato background relationship
is not favourable for homophonic music.
6. Some African art compositions need modification of
length with structural bridges of a bar rest to fit timeline.
29. RECOMMENDATIONS
• Further research should be conducted into
the theory for possible more revelations.
• Funds should be made available for the
repackaging of the structural Set Theory to
be taught under music and cultural studies
in the basic schools.
• The set theory should be made a core
subject in the university music curriculum
to promote and enhance creativity in
African music studies.
Editor's Notes
Koetting said “What is needed is a comprehensive analysis that can encompass similarities and differences as components of the whole.... A deeper probe of the music – involving such details as the precise beginning of master drum patterns, possible verbal meanings in subgroup or individual supporting patterns, and dance associations would have to be made before any trustworthy conclusions could be reached.” (Koetting, 1970: 139)
Jones, Kauffman and Koetting agreed that there was a need for a convincing way of explaining African music.
Supported by Laz Ekweme
William Ward –RTP; This deep booming regular beat is the fundamental beat of the piece, and it sets the time for the other rhythms and instruments. The other rhythms may have no similarity to it and no connection whatever, but on the first beat of the big drum all must coincide. Ward (1927:217)
Nketia also acknowledged the presence of the RTP.
A performer must learn to keep the initial pulse of the time span- the regulative beat or the basic pulse-subjectively, while playing divisive and additive rhythms in phrases of different lengths. Nketia (1974: 131)
Nzewi noted: Time line
... the rhythmic figure so termed “time line” or “bell pattern” Is often played not by the bell in some African ensembles, and sometimes the bell assumes the role of a master instrument. Nzewi (1997: 35)
I Pa Ti
II pa ta
The master drummer in performance thinks in terms of structures: He could use a single set pattern (Isostructure), two sets pattern (dual structure) or more working hand in hand with the timeline or time cycle. Isostructure:- It is a rhythmic statement made within a single set span for example, “Tomekume, minie” Dual structure & Tertiary structures.
Waiting patterns are short units taken out of the main pattern and repeated several times in sequence to wait for the dancer to take off, or change a style according to the dance sequence programmed or agreed between the dancer(s) and the master drummer
Waiting patterns are short units taken out of the main pattern and repeated several times in sequence to wait for the dancer to take off, or change a style according to the dance sequence programmed or agreed between the dancer(s) and the master drummer
Original RTP 15 is (Gazegi_tegitegi_). New RTP 11 is (Jijijijaji_jaja)
This will ensure that there is continuity in pottery.