StrAuto is an automated structural design and optimization software. It provides an iterative design process to generate and evaluate thousands of design alternatives to find the optimal solution that meets design targets like lowest cost. It was used to optimize the design of several large-scale building projects. For one project, a super tall tower, StrAuto optimized the outrigger levels, concrete strengths, and core wall thicknesses, analyzing over 4,600 design variations to minimize weight and lateral drift within limits. This led to a 7.8% reduction in weight from the initial design.

1. StrAuto

2. StrAuto

3. King Abdullah Stadium

4. Changing Alternatives

5. Default Section Original Alt2 Alt3 Alt4 Alt5
Volume (㎥) 772.242 838.796 760.489 767.217 763.797
Max Displacement (mm) 78.1 47.8 80.2 80.1 79.9
Optimization
Volume (㎥)
658.650 579.663 656.333 663.061 659.641
-14.71% -24.94% -15.01% -14.14% -14.58%
Max Displacement (mm) 80.3 73.6 80.9 80.6 81

6. - In a complex shaped or large-scale building project
such as a super-tall building and a long span spatial structure,
the impact of various design parameters on the final performance can be unpredictable,
and optimizing their performance was difficult or impossible before.
- StrAuto provides an automated iterative design process
to generate and evaluate thousands of alternatives
and find the fittest solution to the intended target
which is usually the lowest cost.
Automated Iterative Design and Optimization
Parametric
Geometry
Model
Parametric
Structural
Model
Automated
Analysis
Automated
Evaluation
Generation
of New
Design
Variables

7. Moscow City Garden Plot 17-18 Towers

8. Parametric Structural Model
Changing section properties
You can change the structural properties with parameters as well as geometry.
Finding proper density of structural elements

9. Multi Local Solver managers On Worker Systems
• 1 min X 10,000 times
• 167 hours
• 7 nights & days
1 pro
• 1 min X 10,000 times / 30 processors
• 6 hours
• 1 night
30 pro

10. Project Experiences

12. Lotte Super Tower
Project Summary
- 123 stories / 555 m high
- Concrete core + 3 outriggers
Design Parameters
- Outrigger levels
- Concrete strengths
- Core wall thicknesses
Optimization
- Keeping lateral drift below 1005 ㎜
- Minimizing concrete weights
- Iterative analysis of 4,600 alternatives
auto-generated with Genetic Algorithm for 12 hours

13. Lotte Super Tower

14. Lotte Super Tower
Optimization of
Core Wall Thickness
Reduced 7.8% of Weight
Design Parameters
- Outrigger levels
- Concrete strengths
- Core wall thicknesses

16. Doha Convention Tower
Project Summary
- 112 stories / 551m high
- Concrete core + 4 outriggers
Design Parameters
- Outrigger levels
- Concrete strengths
- Core wall thicknesses
Optimization
- Keeping lateral drift below 1230 ㎜
- Minimizing concrete weights and costs

17. Doha Convention Tower
Development of Import Component
- Importing elements and properties from original structural analysis model

19. 37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
1.186
1.188
1.190
1.192
1.194
1.196
1.198
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

20. 64 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
15 -1.194020 -1.193135 -1.192607 -1.192438 -1.192625 -1.193166 -1.194055 -1.195288 -1.196858
16 -1.193295 -1.192305 -1.191670 -1.191391 -1.191466 -1.191889 -1.192658 -1.193765 -1.195206
17 -1.192780 -1.191689 -1.190953 -1.190569 -1.190535 -1.190846 -1.191498 -1.192484 -1.193800
18 -1.192473 -1.191288 -1.190454 -1.189969 -1.189831 -1.190034 -1.190573 -1.191443 -1.192638
19 -1.192378 -1.191099 -1.190172 -1.189591 -1.189353 -1.189452 -1.189884 -1.190642 -1.191720
20 -1.192499 -1.191123 -1.190107 -1.189435 -1.189101 -1.189101 -1.189429 -1.190078 -1.191045
21 -1.192801 -1.191358 -1.190259 -1.189499 -1.189074 -1.188979 -1.189207 -1.189754 -1.190612
22 -1.193326 -1.191805 -1.190626 -1.189783 -1.189272 -1.189086 -1.189219 -1.189667 -1.190421
23 -1.194058 -1.192465 -1.191210 -1.190288 -1.189694 -1.189422 -1.189465 -1.189817 -1.190473
24 -1.194999 -1.193337 -1.192011 -1.191014 -1.190342 -1.189987 -1.189944 -1.190206 -1.190766
25 -1.196150 -1.194424 -1.193030 -1.191962 -1.191216 -1.190782 -1.190657 -1.190832 -1.191302

21. Process of Optimization
 Step 1
: Finding Outrigger Location for Minimum Displacement
 Step 2
: Iterative Combination of Concrete Strength and Core Wall Thickness
: Finding Optimized Combination for Minimum Cost
 Step 3
: Feedback to Change Parameters and Return to Step 2
Songdo M1 Tower

22. Location of Outrigger
 Parameter : 20th ~ 50th floor
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
X_Displacement
Y_Displacement

23. Location of Outrigger
 Parameter : 20th ~ 50th floor
 Fixing Outrigger Location as 39th floor
Location (floor) dX (m) dY (m) Cost (M)
25 0.327814 0.370185 1,999.2
37 0.296747 0.336975 1,999.3
38 0.296426 0.336383 1,999.3
39 0.296404 0.336084 1,999.4
40 0.296679 0.336112 1,999.3
Songdo M1 Tower

24. Zoning of Concrete Strength & Wall Thickness
 Str A : 5th ~ 13th floor
 Str B : 15th ~ 33th floor
 Str C : 35th ~ 60th floor
 Thk A : 6th ~ 15th floor
 Thk B : 21st ~ 60th floor
Str A Str B Str C Thk A Thk B dX (m) dY (m) Cost (M)
26 43 56 - - 0.296404 0.336084 1,999.4
9 15 35 7 21 0.323486 0.369721 1.569.8
7 15 35 8 21 0.323794 0.369972 1.569.8
10 15 35 6 22 0.323455 0.369819 1.570.6
8 15 35 7 22 0.32368 0.369961 1.570.7
6 15 35 9 21 0.323727 0.369769 1.570.9
C30
Str C
C40
Str B
C49
Str A
C60
400㎜
Thk B
600㎜
Thk A
800㎜
Songdo M1 Tower
Feedback

25. Zoning of Concrete Strength & Wall Thickness
Outrigger Str A Str B Str C Thk A Thk B dX (m) dY (m) Cost (M) ratio
25 26 43 56 - - 0.327814 0.370185 1,999.2 100.00%
39 26 43 56 - - 0.296404 0.336084 1,999.4 100.01%
39 7 27 42 - - 0.304197 0.345058 1,849.5 92.51%
39 7 27 42 11 41 0.313900 0.357785 1,686.7 84.37%
39 9 15 35 7 21 0.323486 0.369721 1,569.8 78.52%
Songdo M1 Tower
Result

27. No. of diagrids 5 6 7 8 9 10
X (wind) 2.738 2.408 2.143 1.967 1.760 1.630
Y (wind) 2.752 2.420 2.153 1.980 1.768 1.636
Qnty (m3) 1,681 2,017 2,353 2,689 3,026 3,362

28. Dia. Original (25) Radius (26) Radius (27) Radius (28) Radius (29) Radius (30)
Disp. (Y) 2.153 2.030 1.918 1.815 1.722 1.635

31. Weights Comparison
Originally Estimated Optimized
120,000 ton 36,623 ton

32. Weights Comparison
Originally Estimated Optimized
120,000 ton 26,999 ton

33. Weights Comparison
Originally Estimated Optimized
120,000 ton 39,608 ton

36. Brace CODE WD 100 X (m) Volume of Braces (㎥) Volume of Beams (㎥)
6666666666 0.665219 1900.79 1296
333366666666 0.659010 2072.09 1512
44466666666 0.665911 1981.11 1404
5556666777 0.670072 1904.14 1296
7776666555 0.672076 1904.14 1296
55555566666 0.662917 1976.69 1404
66666555555 0.664580 1976.69 1404
4455667788 0.674236 1912.13 1296
8877665544 0.677412 1912.13 1296
555555555555 0.662286 2052.60 1512
444444444444444 0.664465 2302.39 1836

37. Brace CODE Type A Type C(a) Type B Type C(b)
6666666666 0.665219 0.654205 0.636299 0.629573
333366666666 0.659010 0.647271 0.624678 0.618263
44466666666 0.665911 0.654679 0.634778 0.628395
5556666777 0.670072 0.659083 0.638559 0.632062
7776666555 0.672076 0.660954 0.641227 0.634210
55555566666 0.662917 0.651921 0.633131 0.626635
66666555555 0.664580 0.653558 0.634978 0.628250
4455667788 0.674236 0.663032 0.642245 0.635847
8877665544 0.677412 0.666154 0.647613 0.640305
555555555555 0.662286 0.651282 0.631911 0.625414
444444444444444 0.664465 0.653144 0.629892 0.623501

39. Moscow City Garden Plot 17-18 Towers

40. Moscow City Garden Plot 17-18 Towers
Project Summary
- 2 towers of 278m high
- Office / Residence
Design Parameters
- Column section
- Concrete strength
- Core wall thickness
Optimization
- Regrouping columns
- Section Optimization

41. Moscow City Garden Plot 17-18 Towers
Column Optimization Result
Floors
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
As-is VE As-is VE As-is VE As-is VE As-is VE
L57-RF
900 X 900
700 X 700
900 X 900
700 X 700
900 X 900
700 X 700
900 X 900
700 X 700
900 X 900
700 X 700
L54-L56
900 X 900L45-L53 800 X 800 800 X 800 800 X 800 800 X 800
L41-L44
900 X 900 900 X 900 900 X 900 900 X 900
L34-L40 1000 X 1000
L27-L33
1200 X 1500
1200 X 1200
1200 X 1500
1200 X 1200
1200 X 1500
1200 X 1200
1400 X 1400
1200 X 1200
1400 X 1400 1400 X 1400
L15-L26 1200 X 1500 1200 X 1500 1200 X 1500 1400 X 1400
L09-L14
1200 X 2500
1200 X 1900
1200 X 2500
1200 X 2000
1200 X 2500
1200 X 2000
1800 X 1800
1500 X 1500
1800 X 1800
1700 X 1700
L04-L08 1200 X 2100 1200 X 2200 1200 X 2200 1600 X 1600
1800 X 1800L00-L03 1200 X 2300 1200 X 2400 1200 X 2400
1700 X 1700
BASE-B1 1200 X 2400 1200 X 2500 1200 X 2500

42. Strength B80 B70 B60 B50 B40
Reinforcement Ratio 4% 5% 8% NG

43. Strength B80 B70 B60 B50 B40
Reinforcement Ratio 4% 5% 8% NG
Floor Original Design B80 B70 B60 B50 B40
L61 C900X900B60 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700
L60 C900X900B60 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700
L59 C900X900B60 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700
L58 C900X900B60 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700
L57 C900X900B60 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700
L56 C900X900B60 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700
L55 C900X900B60 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700
L54 C900X900B60 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700
L53 C900X900B60 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700
L52 C900X900B60 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700
L51 C900X900B60 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-800/800
L50 C900X900B60 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-800/800
L49 C900X900B60 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-800/800
L48 C900X900B60 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-900/900
L47 C900X900B60 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-900/900
L46 C900X900B60 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-900/900
L45 C900X900B60 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-1000/1000
L44 C900X900B60 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-1000/1000
L43 C900X900B60 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-1000/1000
L42 C900X900B60 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-1000/1000
L41 C900X900B60 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-1100/1100
L40 C900X900B60 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-1100/1100
L39 C900X900B60 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-1100/1100
L38 C900X900B70 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-1100/1100 C123_R-1200/1200
L37 C900X900B70 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-1100/1100 C123_R-1200/1200
L36 C900X900B70 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-1100/1100 C123_R-1200/1200
L35 C900X900B70 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-1100/1100 C123_R-1100/1100 C123_R-1200/1300
L34 C900X900B70 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-1100/1100 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1200/1300
L33 C1500X1200B70 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-700/700 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-800/800 C123_R-900/900 C123_R-900/900
L32 C1500X1200B70 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1000/1000 C123_R-1100/1100 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1200/1300 C123_R-1200/1600
L31 C1500X1200B70 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1100/1100 C123_R-1100/1100 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1200/1400 C123_R-1200/1700
L30 C1500X1200B70 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1100/1100 C123_R-1100/1100 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1200/1400 C123_R-1200/1800
L29 C1500X1200B70 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1100/1100 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1800
L28 C1500X1200B70 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1100/1100 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1200/1300 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1900
L27 C1500X1200B70 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1100/1100 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1200/1300 C123_R-1200/1600 C123_R-1200/1900
L26 C1500X1200B70 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1200/1400 C123_R-1200/1700 C123_R-1200/2000
L25 C1500X1200B70 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1200/1400 C123_R-1200/1700 C123_R-1200/2100
L24 C1500X1200B70 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1200/1300 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1800 C123_R-1200/2100
L23 C1500X1200B70 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1200/1300 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1800 C123_R-1200/2200
L22 C1500X1200B70 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1200/1400 C123_R-1200/1600 C123_R-1200/1900 C123_R-1200/2200
L21 C1500X1200B70 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1200/1400 C123_R-1200/1600 C123_R-1200/1900 C123_R-1200/2300
L20 C1500X1200B70 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1300 C123_R-1200/1400 C123_R-1200/1700 C123_R-1200/2000 C123_R-1200/2400
L19 C1500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1300 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1700 C123_R-1200/2000 C123_R-1200/2400
L18 C1500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1300 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1800 C123_R-1200/2100 C123_R-1200/2500
L17 C1500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1400 C123_R-1200/1600 C123_R-1200/1800 C123_R-1200/2100 C123_R-1200/2500
L16 C1500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1400 C123_R-1200/1600 C123_R-1200/1900 C123_R-1200/2200 C123_R-1200/2600
L15 C1500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1500 C123_R-1200/1700 C123_R-1200/1900 C123_R-1200/2200 None(failed)
L14 C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/1900 C123_R-1100/1100 C123_R-1100/1100 C123_R-1200/1200 C123_R-1200/1300 C123_R-1200/1700
L13 C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/1900 C123_R-1200/1800 C123_R-1200/2000 C123_R-1200/2300 C123_R-1200/2600 None(failed)
L12 C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/1900 C123_R-1200/1800 C123_R-1200/2000 C123_R-1200/2300 None(failed) None(failed)
L11 C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/1900 C123_R-1200/1900 C123_R-1200/2100 C123_R-1200/2400 None(failed) None(failed)
L10 C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/1900 C123_R-1200/1900 C123_R-1200/2100 C123_R-1200/2400 None(failed) None(failed)
L09 C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/1900 C123_R-1200/1900 C123_R-1200/2200 C123_R-1200/2500 None(failed) None(failed)
L08 C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/2100 C123_R-1200/2000 C123_R-1200/2200 C123_R-1200/2500 None(failed) None(failed)
L07 C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/2100 C123_R-1200/2000 C123_R-1200/2300 C123_R-1200/2600 None(failed) None(failed)
L06 C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/2100 C123_R-1200/2100 C123_R-1200/2300 C123_R-1200/2600 None(failed) None(failed)
L05 C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/2100 C123_R-1200/2100 C123_R-1200/2400 None(failed) None(failed) None(failed)
L04 C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/2100 C123_R-1200/2200 C123_R-1200/2400 None(failed) None(failed) None(failed)
L03 C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/2300 C123_R-1200/2200 C123_R-1200/2500 None(failed) None(failed) None(failed)
L02 C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/2300 C123_R-1200/2200 C123_R-1200/2500 None(failed) None(failed) None(failed)
L0M C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/2300 C123_R-1200/2300 C123_R-1200/2600 None(failed) None(failed) None(failed)
L00 C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/2300 C123_R-1200/2300 C123_R-1200/2600 None(failed) None(failed) None(failed)
B1M C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/2500 C123_R-1200/2400 None(failed) None(failed) None(failed) None(failed)
B01 C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/2500 C123_R-1200/2400 None(failed) None(failed) None(failed) None(failed)
B02 C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/2500 C123_R-1200/2400 None(failed) None(failed) None(failed) None(failed)
BASE C2500X1200B80 C123_R-1200/2500 C123_R-1200/2500 None(failed) None(failed) None(failed) None(failed)

44. International Bidding Project
- Making 3-D digital models in a short time
- Testing structural alternatives
- Optimizing truss sections to minimize steel cost
King Abdullah Stadium

45. What We Did
- Made highly accurate parametric structural models based on roof geometry
- Tried and optimized 7 structural alternatives in 2 weeks
King Abdullah Stadium

46. Default Section Original Alt2 Alt3 Alt4 Alt5
Volume (㎥) 772.242 838.796 760.489 767.217 763.797
Max Displacement (mm) 78.1 47.8 80.2 80.1 79.9
Optimization
Volume (㎥)
658.650 579.663 656.333 663.061 659.641
-14.71% -24.94% -15.01% -14.14% -14.58%
Max Displacement (mm) 80.3 73.6 80.9 80.6 81
King Abdullah Stadium
Optimization Results
- Manipulated more than 40 section groups at the same time
- Tested 1500~2500 variations for 5 alternatives each

47. Qatar National Museum
Building Complexity
- Comprising a series of interlocking discs of varying dimensions and curvatures
- 57 roof discs, 153 vertical discs, 27 façade discs
Quantity Estimation
- Estimating Steel Quantity correctly (carried through converting digital model to parametric model)
Multilateral Attempts
- Making parametric model possible to vary dimensions for different disks
- Converting read-only BIM file to editable digital file
- Making secondary steel structures below cladding for correct estimation

48. Qatar National Museum
Converting Steel Structural Elements

49. Qatar National Museum
Generating Each Disc from Parametric Model

50. Qatar National Museum
Making Sub-Structures expressed only in Drawings

53. Truss Depth Original A16 SET A12 SET A10 SET A8 SET A6 SET
3.0 3,003,947 2,801,090 2,630,358 2,512,618 2,409,097 2,319,706
3.1 3,005,806 2,802,543 2,631,466 2,513,383 2,409,685 2,320,112
3.2 3,007,688 2,804,013 2,632,589 2,514,158 2,410,282 2,320,524
3.3 3,009,590 2,805,500 2,633,725 2,514,945 2,410,888 2,320,944
3.4 3,011,513 2,807,003 2,634,874 2,515,741 2,411,503 2,321,371
3.5 3,013,454 2,808,522 2,636,037 2,516,547 2,412,126 2,321,805
3.6 3,015,415 2,810,056 2,637,211 2,517,363 2,412,756 2,322,245
3.7 3,017,393 2,811,604 2,638,398 2,518,188 2,413,394 2,322,691
3.8 3,019,389 2,813,167 2,639,596 2,519,022 2,414,040 2,323,144
3.9 3,021,401 2,814,743 2,640,805 2,519,865 2,414,693 2,323,602
4.0 3,023,430 2,816,332 2,642,025 2,520,716 2,415,353 2,324,066
Truss Depth Deflection Steel Quantity
2.0 m -0.104870 m 2,986,757 kg
Original