This document provides background information on a research study about factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in Iwambi Ward, Mbeya City, Tanzania. The study aims to examine the relationship between teenage pregnancy and knowledge of correct condom use, family economic status, parents'/guardians' education level, and peer pressure. It involved a survey of 100 teenagers in the area. The findings of the study will help address the problem of teenage pregnancy in the region.

1. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO TEENAGE PREGNANCY
A CASE OF IWAMBI WARD, MBEYA CITY
By
SALIM MSALILWA

2. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO TEENAGE PREGNANCY
A CASE OF IWAMBI WARD, MBEYA CITY
By
SALIM MSALILWA
(REG. 1303054/T.13)
A Research Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Award of Bachelor Degree of Science in Applied Statistics of Mzumbe University
MAY, 2016

3. CERTIFICATION
The undersigned certify that have read and hereby recommend for acceptance by
Mzumbe University, a research report entitled “Factors contributing to teenage
pregnancy” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor degree
of Science in Applied Statistics of Mzumbe University.
Major supervisor
Name: Mr. MBIGILI, L. J
Signature: __________________
Date : ____ / ____ / 2016
Internal Examiner:
Name: __________________
Signature: ______________
Date: ____ / ____ / 2016

4. iv
DECLARATION
AND
COPYRIGHT
I, Salim Msalilwa, declare that this research paper is my own work and it has not been
submitted to any university for similar or any other degree award.
Signature_____________________
Date________________________
This research report is a copyright material protected under the Berne Convention, the
Copyright Act 1999 and other international and national enactments, in that behalf, on
intellectual property. It may not be reproduced by any means in full or in part, except for
short extracts in fair dealings, for research or private study, critical scholarly review or
discourse with an acknowledgement, without the written permission of Mzumbe
University, on behalf of the author.
Msalilwa, Salim.
© All rights Reserved, 2016

5. v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It has not been easy coming up with this piece of paper; hence it is to my deepest
appreciation that I have to mention those who made this work complete. First, I thank
the Almighty God, to whom I owe my life and success. Second, I would like to thank
my major supervisor Mr. Lussungu Julius for his guidance, assistance and
encouragement throughout the period of research. I would also like to thank all my
classmates at Bsc.AS 3 for great support and encouragement they gave me throughout
the course.
I would also like to thank management and staff of National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)
Mbeya for their acceptance, assistance and their contributions towards attaining this
research work. Last but not least, I would like to thank and appreciate the support of my
family that encouraged me throughout the program especially my parents and friends for
their resources and moral supports for the entire research work.

6. vi
DEDICATION
This research report is dedicated to the Almighty God for His grace, mercy and
protection throughout the study period and to my parents for all the encouragement and
support they gave me.

7. vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
BEST Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania.
MMC Modern methods of contraception
STD Sexual Transmitted Diseases.
TAMWA Tanzania Media Women’s Association.
THIMS Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indictor Survey
UNICEF The United Nations Children's Emergency Fund
USA United States of America
WHO World Health Organization
WLUML Women living under Muslim Law
TDHS Tanzania Demographic Health Survey.

8. viii
ABSTRACT
The study sought to examine how the knowledge of correct use of Condoms, Peer
pressure, Parents’/guardians’ education level and family economic status influence
teenage pregnancy at iwambi ward in Mbeya city. It adopted a cross- sectional Survey
design methodology. It involved a total of 100 respondents consisting of teenagers who
have ever been pregnant and those who have not been pregnant.
The respondents were selected through simple random sampling techniques. Data were
collected using self- administered questionnaires and were analyzed using SPSS version
16 and Microsoft Excel 2007. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used to
investigate the relationship among variables. The findings revealed that knowledge of
correct use of Condoms, peer pressure and family economic status were statistically
significant related to teenage pregnancy. Likewise, the findings revealed that most of
respondents had high knowledge about condoms, but they did not have sufficient or
adequate knowledge of correct use of condoms.
Based on these study findings, it was recommended that the problem of teenage
pregnancy could be reduced through provision of satisfactory knowledge of correct use
of condoms to teenagers. The parents/ guardians should participate in monitoring their
children behaviors and to tell them about the consequences of early pregnancy. The
government and other stakeholders and policy makers should introduce the youth health
education to the lower levels of education system to enable young girls and boys acquire
skills and knowledge about their health aspect and escape from unnecessary youth
pregnancies. Finally, it is recommended that Government should increase the youth-
friendly health services throughout the district.

9. ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION ......................................................................................................iii
DECLARATION........................................................................................................iv
AND............................................................................................................................iv
COPYRIGHT .............................................................................................................iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................... v
DEDICATION............................................................................................................vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................vii
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................viii
LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................xi
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER ONE.........................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1
1.0 Background of the problem ..................................................................................1
1.1 Statement of the problem......................................................................................3
1.2 Objectives of the study .........................................................................................4
1.2.1 General objective ...............................................................................................4
1.2.2 Specific objectives .............................................................................................4
1.3 Research questions................................................................................................4
1.5 Limitation of this study.........................................................................................5
1.6 Significance of the study ......................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................6
LITERATURE REVIEW ...........................................................................................6
2.0 Theoretical literature review.................................................................................6

10. x
2.0.1 Operational definitions of the concepts/terms ...................................................6
2.0.3 Theories towards teenage pregnancy prevention...............................................8
2.1 Empirical literature review ...................................................................................9
2.2 Conceptual framework........................................................................................10
2.3 Hypotheses of the Study.....................................................................................11
CHAPTER THREE ..................................................................................................12
RESEARCH METHODOLY ...................................................................................12
3.0 Research design ..................................................................................................12
3.1 Area of the study.................................................................................................12
3.2 Target population................................................................................................12
3.3 Sampling techniques and sample size.................................................................13
3.3.1 Sampling techniques........................................................................................13
3.3.1.1 Simple random sampling ..............................................................................13
3.3.2 Sample size ......................................................................................................13
3.5.2 Data collection methods ..................................................................................15
3.5.2.1 Questionnaire................................................................................................15
3.6 Data analysis and Interpretation. ........................................................................15
CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................17
DATA PRESENTATION, DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION............................17
4.0 Response rate ......................................................................................................17
4.1 Social demographic characteristics of the respondents ......................................17
4.1.1 Age of respondents ..........................................................................................17
4.1.1 Education level of respondents........................................................................18
4.2 Ever heard about Condoms.................................................................................18

11. xi
4.3 Source of information about Condoms...............................................................19
4.4.1 Association between teenage pregnancy and knowledge of correct use of
condoms....................................................................................................................20
4.4.2 Association between teenage pregnancy and family economic status ............21
4.4.4 Association between teenage pregnancy and peer pressure ............................22
4.5 Binary logistic regression analysis .....................................................................23
4.5.1 Results of the logistic regression model..........................................................24
4.5.2 Hosmer-lemeshow test.....................................................................................24
4.5.3 Classification table...........................................................................................25
Table: 4.9 Classification table ..................................................................................25
4.5.4 Estimated Logistic Regression Equation of the Teenage Pregnancy and
Explanatory Variables ..............................................................................................26
4.6 Discussion of Findings .......................................................................................27
CHAPTER FIVE ......................................................................................................30
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...............................30
5.0 Summary.............................................................................................................30
5.1 Conclusions.........................................................................................................30
5.2 Recommendations...............................................................................................31
5.3 Areas for further research...................................................................................32
REFERENCES .........................................................................................................33
APPENDIX...............................................................................................................36
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Distriution of respondents about ever heard about Condoms..........................18

12. xii
Table 4.4: Teenage pregnancy and knowledge of correct use of Condoms ...................20
Table 4.5: Teenage pregnancy and family economic status cross tabulation ..................21
Table 4.6: Teenage pregnacy and parents’/guardians’ education level cross
tabulation………………………………………………………………………………..21
Table 4.7: Teenage pregnancy and peer pressure cross tabulation..................................22
Table 4.8: Hosmer- lemeshow test...................................................................................25
Table 4.9: Classification table .........................................................................................25
Table 4.9: Logistic regression results .............................................................................26
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Conceptual framework……………………………………………….......... 10

13. xiii
Figure 4.1: Percentage distribution of respondents by age……………………………...17
Figure 4.2: Percentage distribution of respondents by education level………..…..........18
Figure 4.1: Distribution of respondents on source of information about Condom..,,..…19

14. CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of the problem
Teenage pregnancy is a public concern in both developed and developing countries (A
charva et .al 2010). Globally 16 million girls aged between 15 and 19 face pregnancy
problem, and out of them 1 million give birth every year. According to WHO statistical
data (2014) the most affected area was low and middle economic countries which
contribute larger percent to the global level. (Teffers, 2003) stated that teenage
pregnancy in industrialized and developing countries has clearly different birth rates. In
developed countries like United States, it has highest rate of teenage pregnancy and birth
rates, costing a minimum of 75 billion dollars every year to finger the problem. In
southern Asia, the rate of teen pregnancies is decreasing except for Bangladesh and
Indonesia, which have the same trend like India. In India teen age pregnancy contributes
26 to 37% of death among female adolescents while in Bangladesh the death toll due to
teenage pregnancy was 38% (WHO, 2004). In 2002 the United States rate was 75
pregnancies per 1000 teen girls, which was higher than the rates for many Western
European countries, the births rate was 14 to 23 pregnancies per 1000 teen girls (Abma
et. al, 2004).
In Canada the highest teen pregnancy rates occur in small towns located in rural parts of
Peninsular and Ontario (Dybugh, 2000). Therefore, Europe has lowest rate of teen age
pregnancies compared to other continents. A report of WHO (2002) stated that Italy has
the lowest teen pregnancy rate among the European countries with the rate of 3.3 percent
per 1000 births aged between 15 and 19, while United Kingdom has the rate of 10.4
percent per 1000 young girls between the same age group.
In Sub Saharan Africa, teenage pregnancy is the familiar problem and about 27 percent
of women aged between 15 and 19 either are pregnant or already have a child (fathi,
2003:1). (Locoh, 2000) stated that the country of Niger in 1992 had 47% of women aged

15. 2
20 to 24 who were married before age of 15 and 87% before age of 18 and 18.35% of
those surveyed also had given birth before they reached 18 years old. A report of WHO
(2005) indicated Africa has 53% of women who gave birth before the age of 18. In
addition, most of teen births occur in Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, and Nigeria.
Teenage pregnancy led to maternal deaths due to complications during delivery. Babies
having babies (BBC, 2013) reported that 182 female school students became pregnant
every year in south Africa and die due to complications during delivery. Global statistics
reported by WHO (2004) showed that, 3 million out of 12 million of STDs cases were
teenagers. In Tanzania girls aged between 15 and19 years old who were already mothers
and those who are currently pregnant constitute of 23 percent of national population,
where by 17 percent were mothers and 6 percent were still carrying their first pregnancy
(TDHS, 2010:64)
In Tanzania teenage pregnancy is the problem that is common almost in the whole
country but in some regions the situation looked to be a big problem compared to other
regions. The report by TAMWA (2013) showed that 42 out 228 pregnancy cases are
teenagers the teen girls who have either pregnant or already mother between aged 17 and
18 constitute 30 percent. Mtwara region has been facing the problem of teenage
pregnancy in higher rate compared to the other regions. According to THIMS (2008)
mtwara region faced 400 cases of school dropout due to pregnancies between the year
2006 and 2008. In addition, TAMWA (2012) reported that Tarime, Sengerema, Newale,
Mbulu, Bunda, Nkasi, Babati, Chunya, Bariadi, Busega and Singida also face the
problem of teenage pregnancy.
Reports by BEST (2006) shows that the number of pupils’ dropout from school has
increased from 32469 to 441772 in 2006 as well as 7734 secondary school girls have
abandoned school in 2006 due to pregnancy compared to 6912 in 2005.
Since most of teen pregnancy was not planned, so contributed to unsafe abortions
whereas it was estimated that abortions by teen girls each year accounts to 4.4 million

16. 3
worldwide (Silberschmidt and Rasch, 2001: P.1815). Silberschmidt and Rasch’s study
on teen girls and illegal abortion in Dar es Salaam, cited that 41.3% of teenagers aged
17 years or under were admitted with complications from illegal abortions in Dar es
Salaam alone, and that in 1990’s, 54 percent of women hospitalized due to abortion
related complications in Muhimbili National Hospital were teenagers (Silberschmidt, and
Rasch, V.2001:1816). Therefore, the number of street children and orphans have been
increased, 22 percent of girls are at risk of becoming teen mothers themselves later in
life because they were born with teen mothers WLUML (2007)
1.1 Statement of the problem
Since independence, great efforts have been made in Tanzania to reduce the problem of
teenage pregnancy (TAMWA, 2012). The government has implemented different
policies and strategies toward teenage pregnancy prevention. Also, it has provided
education about family planning such as using contraceptives and importance of visiting
clinics. In addition, it has provided education about side effects of teenage pregnancy
such as complications during delivery, low birth weight and gender gap in education. On
the other hand, the government has increased the number of girl’s enrolment at both
primary and secondary schools (BEST, 2005).
Despite these efforts are less advantages, because the gender gap in education is still
advancing. This is due to the fact that the teenage pregnancy is an acceleration factor.
Moreover, this problem may lead to poverty, maternal deaths, street children and
illiteracy rate in society.
Recently teenage pregnancy in Tanzania has increased (TAMWA, 2012). However,
there are various researches carried out countrywide and most of them were based on
social and cultural factors, like traditional ceremonies and also used descriptive statistics
(Makundi, 2010). In this study, the inferential statistics used to measure the factors that
contribute to teenage pregnancy and then focuses on factors such as peer pressure,
family economic status, knowledge of correct use of Condoms and Parents’/guardians’
education level.

17. 4
1.2 Objectives of the study
1.2.1 General objective
The main objective of the study was to investigate factors contributing to teenage
pregnancy.
1.2.2 Specific objectives
The specific objectives of the research study were as follows:-
i. To measure the relationship between knowledge of correct use of condoms and
teenage pregnancy.
ii. To examine the statistical relationship between family economic status and
teenage pregnancy.
iii. To measure the statistical relationship between Parents’/guardians’ education
level and teenage pregnancy.
iv. To examine the statistical relationship between peer pressure and teenage
pregnancy.
1.3 Research questions
The research was guided by the following research questions:-
i. Is there any relationship between teenage pregnancy and knowledge of correct
use of Condom?
ii. Is there any relationship between family economic status and teenage pregnancy?
iii. Is there any statistical relationship between Parents’/guardians’ education level
and teenage pregnancy?
iv. Is there any relationship between peers pressure and teenage pregnancy?

18. 5
1.5 Limitation of this study
-Time constraint: The time for conducting this study was only 8 weeks which is not
truly sufficient enough to conduct a very extensive particularly on this study problem
- Financial constraint: it is limited and hence, it gives a hardship condition on
completing this study at specified period.
- Inadequacy of some information: respondents were ashamed to provide information
such as the use of contraceptives.
1.6 Significance of the study
-The study will contribute to teen pregnancy prevention and to avoid unnecessary
teenage pregnancy.
-Also the study will add new knowledge about the teenage pregnancy as well as
knowledge concerned family planning.
-The government and non-governmental organizations will use the information to
eradicate teenage pregnancies, through implementation of different strategies and
various policies toward the problem.
-The study will provide information to donors and other interested stakeholders who will
intend to involve themselves in prevention or eradication programs.
-Moreover, the findings of this study may give information to the government about the
rights of teenage parents to continue with school after delivery.
-Therefore, the results of this study also, may help parents to take their duties or
responsibilities in order to prevent teenage pregnancy.

19. 6
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Theoretical literature review
This part covers the theoretical reviews of the subject, which involving numerous
theories about teenagers as well as operational definitions of the concepts used.
2.0.1 Operational definitions of the concepts/terms
Teenager is an individual in the transitional stage of development between childhood
and full adulthood, representing the period of time during which a person is biologically
adult but emotionally not fully matured (concise oxford dictionary, 2005). Accordingly
to UNIFEC (2008) defined as a teenager is a female or male person aged between 13-19
years.
Pregnancy can be referred to as a process whereby a female carries a live offspring
from the time of conception to childbirth or is the state in which a fetus develops in the
uterus of a woman of childbearing age during the period from conception to birth
(concise Oxford Dictionary, 2005).Also, pregnancy refers to the state of carrying a
developing embryo or fetus within the female body (National Department of Education,
2009).
Teenage pregnancy is defined as a teenaged or under aged girl (usually within the ages
of 13–19) becomes pregnant (The National Strategic Plan on HIV & AIDS and Sexually
Transmitted Infections, 2007 – 2011)

20. 7
2.0.2 Policy issues
The debate on school teenage pregnancy policies in sub-Saharan Africa has been going
on. Several countries have evaluated, revised and reformed their policies and practices
for pregnant school girls after delivery whether to continue with studies. In Madagascar,
teenage mothers are allowed go back to school without delay after delivery. This young
mother after she is delivered then she is allowed to go back to school to continue with
her studies, while leaving her baby in the hands of her relatives to take care while she at
school. Moreover, in Namibia a pregnant student is allowed to continue with their
studies until she is about to deliver, after delivered the relatives are responsible to care a
baby. (Namibia, 2001). Kenya also has allowed teen mother to resume with studies after
delivery (Nyambura, 2000). Since independence the United Republic of Tanzanian
expulsion students who got pregnant. The convention child human rights go against that
policy, they believed that united republic of Tanzania violated human rights (Media
Global, 2010).
Currently, in Tanzania there is no policy which permits a pregnant student or pupils to
continue with the studies until she is about to deliver or to go back to school after she
has delivered. This is a challenge and need to be addressed immediately otherwise many
girls will be closing down their career opportunities due to pregnancy. Minister of
education and vocational training (2009) said that all students in standard seven, form
four and form six girls who become pregnant after registration for the final exams
would be allowed to sit for the exams (Media Global, 2009). Also they imposed
guidelines that would aid or assist teenagers to return to school after delivery
(Nyambura, 2000). In addition, the ministry of education made regulations to punish
those who impregnate or assist in marrying school girl, 30 years in prison.

21. 8
2.0.3 Theories towards teenage pregnancy prevention
Development assets theory, Is the theory which identifies two components to be
emphasized in order to control teenage pregnancy or reduce the factor risks. Internal
development assets that involved empowerment, expectations and opportunities that
guide them to make sensible choices and behave in healthy ways. The assets released by
various persons and social institutions and external development assets include values,
skills and self-perception. Teenagers must be taught, encouraged and nurtured in order
guide to their behaviors and choices in positive ways (Benson & Sesma, 2003)
Social Ecology Theory Is the theory revealed that there two key elements to get
emphasized in order to control teenage pregnancy. First, it is important to integrate
health promotion interventions across multiple life domains, such as the home (family
members practice open communication about values related to education), the school
(family members practice open communication about sexual activity, values related to
education and personal responsibility), the community (health services that are
affordable and accessible in the community), and in political settings (including
legislation addressing poverty issues). The second key element, opportunities for
enhancing community well-being, could be realized through cultural change. For
example, through transformation of norms, values and policies about the need to invest
in young people, (Wingood & Diclemente, 2002)
Protective Motivation Theory This theory reveals that teenagers are capable of
controlling the unplanned pregnancy. If they believe there is a good chance of becoming
pregnant (or impregnating someone), and they protect themselves (either by abstaining
or using an effective method of birth control). Also they argued that perception of
consequences of teenage pregnancy and external rewards counseling teenagers should be
emphasized (Rogers, 1975).

22. 9
2.1 Empirical literature review
The demographic health survey in Tanzania revealed that most of the young women
aged between 15 and 19 years are aware of Condoms, 98 percent of the teenagers (girls)
were aware of condoms. Since the report on awareness of Condoms is high, it does not
necessarily signify that there is a better deep understanding and knowledge on the proper
use of condoms (National Survey of Adolescents, 2004). A study conducted in Uganda
about the knowledge of correct use of condoms, revealed that only 8.8% of the whole
young girls have satisfactory knowledge of correct use of Condoms (National Survey of
Adolescents, 2004).
Bongaarts and cohen (1998) opined that parents who are not educated or have less
education were not likely going to speak to their child on his/her reproductive life, since
they have no understanding of the risks and problem of teenage pregnancy. Low
educational expectations have pinpointed as a contributing factor. The risk of teenage
pregnancy was greater among adolescents whose parents have no formal education
(Muchuruza, 2000).
Peer association has been indicated as one of the strongest predictors of teenage
pregnancy (Di Blasio & Benda, 1994). Youth that do not engage in sex tend to have
friends who also abstain. Those that are sexually active tend to believe that their friends
are sexually active as well, women particularly those over 16years, reported more
pressure from partners (Guggino & Ponzetti, 1997). Furthermore, Udry (1985) reported
that the sexual activity of girls influenced to a greater extent by their friends, in contrast
to boys whose sexual activity was more related to biological factors. Peer pressure plays
a role in initiating sexual activity which often ends in teenage pregnancy (Ikamba &
Quedraogo, 2003).

23. 10
A study conducted by Matthau (1998) revealed that due to economic problems, teenage
girls lack information and services ending up becoming pregnant. Also, a study
conducted in Uganda by (Akwikirize et.al, 2010) revealed that, family economic status
and teenage pregnancy were statistically difference at 5 percent of significance level.
Therefore, a study conducted by (Moore et. al, 1992) revealed that teenagers growing up
in a high-risk environment are eight times more likely to become pregnant.
2.2 Conceptual framework
Is the process of giving literal as well as scientific meaning of research concepts and
exploring how these concepts relate to each other. Conceptual framework is a set of
research concepts combined with variable together and with their logical relationship
(Ndunguru, 2007).
Figure: 2.1 Conceptual framework
Source: Researcher’s construction, 2016.
knowledge of correct use of
condoms
family economic status
Teenage pregnancy
Peer pressure
Parents’/guardians’ education level

24. 11
2.3 Hypotheses of the Study
The study was guided by the following hypotheses:-
H01: There is no significant relationship between knowledge of correct use of condoms
and teenage pregnancy.
H02: There is no significant relationship between family economic status and teenage
pregnancy.
H03: There is no significant relationship between Parents’/guardians’ education level and
teenage pregnancy.
H04: There is no significant relationship between peer pressure and teenage pregnancy

25. 12
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLY
3.0 Researchdesign
The study adopted a cross sectional design for the aim of assessing the influence of
family economic status, knowledge of correct use of Condoms, peer pressure and
parents’/guardians’ education level on teenage pregnancy. It was convenient to gather
data from a sample of a population at a particular time and is also convenient in
determining relationships between variables as shown in the objectives of this study
(Amin, 2005).
3.1 Area of the study
In this study, iwambi ward in mbeya city was considered as a case study. Mbeya city has
36 administrative wards. It is located between 8〫50' to 8〫57' latitudes, south of the
equator and between 33〫30' to 35〫35' longitudes, east of the Greenwich meridian.
It has a total area of 214 sq. Mbeya town is also the head-quarter of mbeya region and
has a population of 385,279 People (2012 Population and Housing Census). Therefore,
Iwambi ward is the one of 36 administrative wards that found in Mbeya city council.
Iwambi ward has a population of 12,387 persons; Male and female were 6,005 and 6,382
respectively and has 7 streets such as utulivu, lumbila, ilembo, kandete, ndege,
mayombo, ivwanga (Population and Housing Census, 2012).
3.2 Target population
The population of this study was all teenage girls (both who have ever been pregnant
and who have never been pregnant) aged between 14 – 19 years within Iwambi ward in
Mbeya city.

26. 13
3.3 Sampling techniques and sample size
3.3.1 Sampling techniques
Refers to the technique or procedure would be adopted for selecting respondents in the
study (Kothari, 2004). The study adopted probability sampling for data collection, such
as simple random sampling. The techniques were used due to nature of the research aims
and it was easily to get the required number of subject within the limited time in which
the study had to be completed.
3.3.1.1 Simple random sampling
Simple random sampling technique was used to obtain respondents who not yet pregnant
and who ever been pregnant. In this study one public secondary school out of six schools
in iwambi ward was selected. Stella farm secondary school was selected and then, the
numbers of respondents were selected randomly. At that moment, the study selected
teenagers who ever been pregnant in ward. First, the study selected five streets (utulivu,
lumbila, kandete, ndenje and mayombo) out of seven streets randomly. After that, 8
teenagers who ever been pregnant were selected from selected streets randomly and they
must be single. In summary, 60 respondents who not yet pregnant and 40 respondents
who ever been pregnant were selected.
3.3.2 Sample size
Kothari (2004) suggests that a viable sample must contain a minimum of 30 individuals
to be included in the sample for a correct statistical analysis. (Kothari, 2004) explained
that in determining the size of the sample when population is infinite. In this study
precision rate and confidence interval approach was used, because it was more reliable
and convenience. Simple size obtained by using the formula developed by (Cochran,
1963). Therefore, the estimated sample size is given by:





 

n
pp
Zp
)1(

27. 14
Parameter ± (Test statistics) (Standards deviation).
Z test was used because the study intended to employ sample size (n>30)
Where Margin error (e) = (Test statistics) (Standard deviation)
Thus derivation of sample size is based on desired precision (e)





 

n
PP
Ze
)1(2

n
PP
Ze
)1(22 
  2
2
)1(
e
PPZ
n

 
Where
n = Size of the sample
z = The value of the standard variant at a given confidence level (to be decided, and read
from the table giving the area under normal curve i.e. 1.96 or 95% or 5% confidence
level)
e = Acceptable error (the desired precision), under this case is e =0.07
p = Sample proportion, to be taken as p = 0.14, Then q = 1 – p. where q = 0.89
(prevalence of teen pregnancy in eastern highland of Tanzania)
1007.97
)07.0(
89.0*14.0*)96.1(
2
2
n
3.5 Data types and data collection methods
3.6 3.5.1 Primary data
Primary data are first hand information collected directly from a respondent and has not
undergone any statistical processing or manipulation. In this study primary data were
used because primary data have fewer disadvantages compared to secondary data.

28. 15
3.5.2 Data collection methods
Since, this study used primary data, because technique for primary data collection was
employed. Normally primary data collection employs various techniques such as
interview, observation, questionnaire and focus group discussion. However, in this study
only administrative questionnaires were employed.
3.5.2.1 Questionnaire
A questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed or typed in a definite order on
a form or set of forms (Kothari, 2004). Data was collected by use of self administered
questionnaire, which was strictly confidential. No name was required since the study
involved personal, intimate questions. Hence respondents were free to give answers.
Therefore, the self administrative questionnaires were distributed to the selected
respondents (teen girls).
3.6 Data analysis and Interpretation.
According to (Kothari, 2004) data analysis refers to the computation of certain measures
along with searching for patterns of the relationship that exist among data groups. In this
study after collecting administering questionnaires, data were analyzed by using
statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 16 and Microsoft Excel 2007. Data
were presented using percentage and frequency in form of tables and figures.
Chi square test (or χ²) was used to test the hypotheses. This was because a relationship
between a naturally dichotomy and categorical independent variables (non-continuous
variable) is best analyzed using Chi square tests (or χ²). In doing this the following
formula applied:-
 
2
1 12
ij
r
i
c
j ijij
e
eo  



29. 16
Where, ijo = the observed frequency, ije = the expected frequency, r = the number of
categories of the dependent variables, 𝑐 = the number of categories of the independent
variables.
Binary logistic regression was used to test the relative importance of the independent
variables or simultaneously effects of the independent variables. This model was chosen
because the dependent variable is dichotomous. The model estimates the probability of
falling into any of the two dichotomous values of the dependent variable given the
effects of the independent variables. The logistic regression model for several variables
is represented as follows:-
Z
Z
e
e
1
Where, P = Probability of being pregnant, Z = the linear combination of independent
variables and is expressed as:-
PPXXZ   ......22110
𝑋𝑖=The independent variable and
𝛽′ 𝑖
𝑠
= the regression parameter estimate

30. 17
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.0 Response rate refers to the number of respondents who responded to the call to
participate in filling the questionnaires divide by the total number of expected
respondents in the sample who were eligible to participate times 100. The response rate
was found to be 94% which was quite satisfactory and guaranteed further steps of data
analysis.
4.1 Social demographic characteristics of the respondents
4.1.1 Age of respondents
The figure 4.1 below gives distribution of respondents according to age, which is
presented in age groups. Teenagers aged between 14 and 15 years constitute were 23
(24%), 16 and 17years 41 (44%) and 18-19 years 30 (32%). Therefore, teenagers aged
between 16 and 17 were active participants in this study rather than teenagers aged
between 14-15 and 18-19.
Figure: 4.1 Distribution of respondents by Age
Source: Field study

31. 18
4.1.1 Education level of respondents
The figure 4.2 below shows that, out of 94 respondents 64 (68%) have secondary
education, followed primary education, 28 (30%) and then college/university education
2 (2%).
Figure 4.2 Percentage distribution of the respondents by education level
Source: Field study.
4.2 Ever heard about Condoms
The results in table 4.1 below shows that, 98.9 percent of respondents have ever heard
about condoms, but only 1.1% of the respondents have never heard about this method.
Therefore, the awareness about condoms was high. It does not necessarily signify that
there is a better deep understanding and knowledge on the proper use of condoms.
Table: 4.1 Distribution of respondents who ever heard about condoms
Ever heard about Condoms Frequency Percentage
Yes 93 98.9
No 1 1.1
Total 94 100
Source:Field study, 2016

32. 19
4.3 Source of information about Condoms
The results displayed in figure 4.3 below indicates that, most popular source of
information was Radio which makes 37 (39.36%), followed by News paper/magazine
which makes 30 (31.9%) and then followed by Friends who make 15 (15.9%).
Therefore, Television and Other sources make 9 and 4 percent respectively.
Figure: 4.3 Distribution of respondents on source of information about Condoms
Source: Field study, 2016
4.4 Association between dependent (dichotomous) variable and independent
variables
The independent variables such as knowledge of correct use of Condoms,
parents’/guardians’ education level, peer pressure and family economic status were cross
tabulated with dependent variable (teenage pregnancy) so as to investigate any
relationship/ association between them. Pearson chi-square test was used to measure the
degree of relationship/association between the dependent and independent variables.

33. 20
4.4.1 Association between teenage pregnancy and knowledge of correct use of
condoms
Table 4.4 Teenage pregnancy and knowledge of correct use of Condom Cross
tabulation
Knowledge of correct use of Condoms. Total χ²,P-value
Ever been pregnant Inadequate Adequate
Yes 13 22 35 4.847,(0.028*)
No 10 49 59
Total 21 73 94
Source: Field study, 2016 * means statistically significant (P< 0.05)
The table 4.4 above shows that, 13 respondents who have ever been pregnant agreed
that, they have inadequate/insufficient knowledge of correct use of condoms and 22
respondents said that, they have adequate/sufficient knowledge of correct use of
condoms. On the other side, 10 respondents who have never been pregnant declared that
they have inadequate/insufficient knowledge of correct use of condoms. Therefore, 49
respondents who not yet pregnant have adequate knowledge of correct use of condoms.
The chi-square test result indicated that, there was statistically difference between
knowledge of correct use of condoms and teenage pregnancy, where χ²=4.847 with a
significant p - value= 0.028 less than 0.05. Therefore, the findings revealed that the
probability for a teenager to get pregnant depends upon the knowledge of correct use of
condoms.

34. 21
4.4.2 Association between teenage pregnancy and family economic status
Table 4.5 Teenage pregnancy and family economic status Cross tabulation
Family economic status. Total χ²,P-value
Ever been pregnant High Low
Yes 7 28 35 11.603,(0.001*)
No 33 26 59
Total 40 54 94
Source: Field study, 2016 * means statistically significant (P< 0.05)
The table 4.5 above indicates that, 7 respondents who have ever been pregnant their
family’s economic statuses were high and 28 respondents their family’s economic
statuses were low. On the other hand, 33 respondents who not yet pregnant agreed that
their family’s economic statuses were high and 26 respondents their family economic
statuses were low.
The chi-squire tests showed that, there was statistically difference between teenage
pregnancy and family economic status, where, χ²=11.603 with a significant p - value
0.001 was less than 0.05. Therefore, this findings meant that the probability of teenagers
to get pregnant is elevated for those who are living in poor economic condition (low
income level) compared to teenagers who are living in good or better economic
environment.
4.4.3 Association between teenage pregnancy and parents’/guardians’ education level
Table 4.6 Teenage pregnancy and Education level Cross tabulation
Parent/guardian education level attained
Total
χ2,P-value
Ever been
pregnant
Primary
education
No formal
education
Adult
Education
Secondary/post
education
Yes 14 6 7 8 35 3.017,(0.389#
)No 23 13 5 18 59
Total 37 19 12 26 94

35. 22
Source: Field study, 2016 # means not statistically significant (P< 0.05)
The table 4.6 above shows that, 14 out of 35 respondents who have ever been pregnant,
their parents/guardians attained primary education and 6 respondents their
parents/guardians attained no formal education and 7 respondents their parents/guardians
attained adult education. Therefore, 8 out of 35 respondents who have ever been
pregnant, their parents/guardians attained secondary/post education. On the other hand,
23 out of 59 respondents who have never been pregnant their parents/guardians attained
primary education, 23 respondents their parents/guardians attained no formal education,
and 5 respondents said that her parents/guardians have adult education. Hence, 18 out of
59 respondents who have never been pregnant their parents/guardians have
secondary/post education.
The chi-squire tests indicated that there was no statistically difference between
parents’/guardians’ education level and teenage pregnancy, where χ²=3.017 with a
significant p - value= 0.389 was not less than 0.05. Therefore, the parents’/guardians’
education level attained is not related to teenage pregnancy in this study.
4.4.4 Association between teenage pregnancy and peer pressure
Table 4.7 Teenage pregnancy and peer pressure Cross tabulation
Peer pressure Total χ²,P-value
Ever been pregnant Yes No
Yes 24 11 35 4.605(0.032*)
No 27 32 59
Total 51 43 94
Source: Field study, 2016 * means statistically significant (P< 0.05)
The table 4.7 above shows that, 24 out of 35 respondents who ever been pregnant
declared that, they reinforced/pressured by peer groups to get involved in sexual
intercourse and 11 respondents were not pressured by peer groups. On the other side, 27
out of 35 respondents who not yet pregnant said that peer groups forced them to get

36. 23
involved in sexual intercourse. Therefore, 32 respondents who have never been pregnant
said that peer groups not yet forced them to involve in sexual intercourse.
The chi-squire test indicates that there was a statistically difference between peer
pressure and teenage pregnancy, where χ²=4.605 with a significant p - value= 0.032 was
not less than 0.05. Therefore, the explanatory variable peer pressure was related to
teenage pregnancy in this study.
4.5 Binary logistic regression analysis
In this study, binary logistic regression analysis was the best procedure to present
interactions of the factors that influence teenage pregnancy. The parents’/guardians’
education level was not statistically significant under chi-square test, but the rest are
being statistically significant under chi-square test, they still have to be subjected to
logistic regression analysis for reasonable prediction purposes. The dependent
(dichotomous) variable was pregnant (teenage pregnancy). It contains two distinct valid
values i.e. 0=Never been pregnant (No) and 1= Ever been pregnant (Yes), and
independent (predictors) variables were knowledge of correct use of Condoms, peer
pressure and family economic status. The effect of each independent variable was
indicated by the odds ratio for each of the variable relative to the reference category. The
odds for an event refer to the ratio of the probability of an event occurring to the
probability of the event not occurring. It gives the relative amount by which the odds of
the outcome increase (odds ratio greater than 1) or decrease (odds ratio less than 1) when
the value of the predictor value is increased by a unit. The odds for an event are defined
p
p
1
(Mbukwa, J. 2013)
For the current study the odd ratios were used to interpret the relative risk of each
independent variable relative to a reference category for a categorical variable. These
variables included the knowledge of correct use of condoms, peer pressure and family
economic status.

37. 24
The variables in the equation give us information about the contribution or importance
of each of our predictor variables. The Wald statistic was used as a measure of
importance of the variables in the study. The higher the value the more the important it
is. For each of the odds ratios, Exp (B), shown in the table there is a 95 per cent
confidence interval (95.0% CI for Exp (B)) displayed, giving a lower value and an upper
value. In simple terms this is the range of values that we can be 95 per cent confident
that it encompasses the true value of the odds ratio.
4.5.1 Results of the logistic regression model
The major primary concern in this study was to use the logistic model to predict the
outcome for any new observation. In order to check whether the model is well fitted to
the data or not, the Hosmer-lemeshow and classification table were used.
4.5.2 Hosmer-lemeshow test
H0: predictions made by the model fit perfectly with observed group members.
The Hosmer and Lemeshow Goodness-of-Fit Test divides subjects into deciles based on
predicted probabilities, and then computes a chi-square from observed and expected
frequencies. The valuep  =0.814, is computed from the chi-square distribution with 7
degrees of freedom and indicates that the logistic model is a (barely) good fit. That is, if
the Hosmer and Lemeshow Goodness-of-Fit test statistic is .05 or less, we reject the null
hypothesis that there is no difference between the observed and predicted values of the
dependent; if it is greater, as we want, we fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is
no difference, implying that the model's estimates fit the data at an acceptable level. As
here, this does not mean that the model explains well in the dependent variable, only that
it does so to a significant level.

38. 25
Table: 4.8 Hosmer-lemeshow test
Step Chi-square Df Sig
1 1.494 7 0.814
Source: Field study, 2016
4.5.3 Classification table
A classification table shows the number and percentage of observed cases that are
correctly or incorrectly classified. The assessment of how good the model is for the
prediction of teenage pregnancy is given in the table below.
Table: 4.9 Classification table
Observed Predicted
Have you ever been pregnant? Percent correct
No Yes
Have you ever been pregnant? No 47 12 79.7
Yes 13 22 62.9
Over all percentage 73.4
Source: Field study, 2016
The table 4.9 indicates that, the prediction analysis showed the overall percentage
(overall success rate) of the model to predict teenage pregnancy correctly seems
moderately good at 73.4%. The probability/percentage of occurrence (ever been
pregnant) correctly predicted (sensitivity) is (22/35=62.9%).The probability/percentage
of non-occurrence (never been pregnant) correctly predicted (specificity) was
(47/59=79.7%). The percentage of predicted occurrence (ever been pregnant) which are
incorrect known as false positive rate) was (12/34=35.2%). Hence, the percentage of
predicted non-occurrence (never been pregnant) which are not incorrect known as false
negative rate was (13/6 0=22%). Therefore, the probability error rate model
classification was 100%-73.4%=26.6%

39. 26
4.5.4 Estimated Logistic Regression Equation of the Teenage Pregnancy and
Explanatory Variables
bl Table: 5.0 Logistic regression results
Variables Β S.E. Wald Df Sig. Exp(B)
Step 1a B(1) -1.082 .554 3.818 1 .041 .339
C(1) 1.887 .548 11.860 1 .001 6.602
D(1) -1.335 .517 6.669 1 .010 .263
Constant -.344 .597 .333 1 .564 .709
Variable(s) entered on step 1: B1, C1, and D1.
Source: Field study, 2016
Note: B= Knowledge of correct use of condoms (Not adequate/insufficient =reference
category), C= Family economic status (high economic status=category reference) and
D= Peer pressure (No=category reference)
The findings revealed that knowledge of correct use of Condoms was statistically
significantly related to teenage pregnancy. The results showed that the teenagers who
have adequate knowledge of correct use of condoms were 0.339 times less likely to be
pregnant compared to those teenagers who were not adequate/insufficient knowledge of
correct use of condoms (reference category), p - value= 0.041 less than 0.05 .This
means that, the early pregnancy sometimes contributed by inadequate knowledge of
correct use of condoms.
The results showed that the family economic status was statistically significantly related
to teenage pregnancy. Thus, the teenagers who live in low economic condition were
6.602 times more likely to be pregnant compared to those teenagers who live in high
(good) economic condition (category reference). Hence, low family economic status was
statistically significant at α=5% and ( p - value = 0.027) .This means that, the early or
teen pregnant often occurs to teenagers who were experiencing the problem of financial
crisis.

40. 27
The study findings revealed that, the peer pressure was significantly difference related to
teenage pregnancy. The results showed that, the teenagers who were not
pressured/reinforced by peer groups to engage in sexual intercourse were 0.263 times
less likely to be pregnant compared to those teenagers who were pressured/reinforced by
peer groups valuep  = 0.010). This means that, the peer pressure is the one of the risk
factor that contributes to teen rate pregnancy.
4.6 Discussion of Findings
The study findings revealed that 98.9 percent of the respondents have ever heard about
condoms, but only 1.1 percent of the respondents have never heard about condoms. This
result was empirically supported by findings obtained from the study conducted in
Tanzania by (DHS, 2010). The study revealed, 92 percent of the respondents (teen girls)
had ever heard about condoms, but only 8 percent of the whole respondents had never
heard about condoms. In addition, this result supported by (Adian, 2013) who found out
that, 88% of the teenagers ever heard about Condoms and 12% of the whole respondents
had never heard about condoms.
The relationship between knowledge on correct use of condoms and teenage pregnancy,
chi-square statistic was used, there was significantly relationship between knowledge of
correct use of condoms and teenage pregnancy ( 𝜒2
= 4.847 and p - value= 0.028) less
than significant level α=5%, this findings empirically supported by study conducted by
(National Survey of Adolescents, 2004). It revealed that unintended pregnancy was
associated with knowledge of correct use of Condoms.
The relationship between family economic status and teenage pregnancy, though chi-
square test, the study findings revealed that, there was significantly relationship between
family economic status and teenage pregnancy (𝜒2
= 11.603, and p -value=0.001 less
than 5%. Thus, these findings were empirically supported by Matthau (1998) who found
out that due to economic problems teenage girls may lack information and services
about reproductive and ultimately becoming pregnant. Besides, empirically supported by

41. 28
(Atwikirize et el, 2010) who found out that teenage pregnancy and family economic
status was correlated at significant level of 5 percent.
The relationship between peer pressure and teenage pregnancy, by chi-square test the
study findings revealed that, there was significantly difference between peer pressure
and teenage pregnancy (𝜒2
= 4.605, and p -value=0.032). The finding of this study was
similar to the study conducted by (Guggino&Ponzetti, 1997) who found out that
teenagers that engage in sex tend to have friends who also sexually active as well,
females particularly those over 16years, reported more pressure from friends and
partners.
The relationship between Parents’/guardians’ education level and teenage pregnancy,
though chi-square test the study findings revealed that, there is no significantly
difference between Parents’/guardians’ education level and teenage pregnancy 𝜒2
=
4.035 and valuep  =0.113. This finding empirically was not in favor of the finding that
obtained with Bongaarts and Cohen (1998), they revealed that parents who are not
educated or have less education level attained are not likely going to speak to their child
on his/her reproductive life, since they no understanding the risks and problems of
teenage pregnancy. Hence, the situations are increasing the probability of teenagers to
get pregnant.
By using the binary regression analysis, knowledge of correct use of Condoms, family
economic status and peer pressure were used as predictors of teenage pregnancy in the
logistic model, in order to measure the simultaneously effects of independent variables.
The findings revealed that, knowledge of correct use of condoms was predictor of
teenage pregnancy because, knowledge of correct use of condoms was statistically
significant related to teenage pregnancy ( valuep  =0.041 less than 0.05) .Hence,
teenagers who were adequate/sufficient knowledge of correct use of Condoms were
0.339 times less likely to be pregnant compared to those teenagers who were inadequate
knowledge of correct use of condoms, this result supported by National survey of

42. 29
Adolescents, 2004) revealed that the insufficient knowledge of use this modern method
leads to teenage pregnancy.
The findings revealed that peer pressure was the predictor of teenage pregnancy, because
peer pressure is statistically significant related to teenage pregnancy (p-value= less than
0.05). Hence, teenagers who were not pressured by peers to involve in romantic issues
were 0.263 times less likely to be pregnant compared to those teenagers who were
pressured by peers. This finding empirically supported by (DiBlasio & Benda, 1994)
who were found out that, Peer pressure was indicated as one of the strongest predictors
of teenage pregnancy. Also, in this study the finding is similar to finding that obtained
by (Ikamba & Quedraogo, 2003) who found out that, in Tanzania teenagers were forced to
get involves in sexual intercourse by peers or friends (Ikamba & Quedraogo, 2003).
Moreover, the findings revealed that family economic status was the predictor of teenage
pregnancy, it was the powerfully predictor shown by the largest Wald test whose value
is 11.860. It was statistically significant related to teenage pregnancy ( valuep  = 0.027
less than 0.05). Thus, the teenagers how were lived in low economic condition were
6.602 times more likely to be pregnant compared to those teenagers who were lived in
high (better) economic condition or status. This finding empirically supported by
(Atwikirize, 2011) who found out that, family economic status were statistically
predictors of teenage pregnancy. In addition, the finding was supported by (Kukunda,
1990) who found out that economic hardships force girls to be submissive which makes
them to resort to men for assistance but unfortunately find themselves pregnant in the
due course.

43. 30
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Summary
This research report was organized into five chapters. Chapter one is about introduction
which contains background of the study, statement of the problem, research objective,
research hypothesis to be tested, limitation of the study and significance of the study.
Chapter two covers the literature review and the conceptual framework. Chapter three
consist of research methodology which explain the method used in data collection. Data
analysis and discussion of finding are given in chapter four. The last chapter which is
chapter five includes the summary, conclusion and recommendation given out by the
researcher
5.1 Conclusions
The general objective of this research was to investigate factors contributing to teenage
pregnancy. It bases on the factors such as knowledge of correct use of Condom, peer
pressure, family economic status and parents’/guardians’ education level to establish
whether there is relationship with teenage pregnancy. Even though, knowledge of
correct use of Condoms, peer pressure and family economic status were related to
teenage pregnancy in Bivariate level while the parents’/guardians’ education level is not
related to teenage pregnancy in that level.
The knowledge of correct use of Condoms was statistically significant related to teenage
pregnancy. Thus, utilization of condoms was depending on the knowledge of correct use
of Condoms. Despite, their numerous factors that determines the utilization of modern
methods of contraception. Therefore, teenage pregnancy sometimes influenced by
incorrect use of modern methods such as condoms.

44. 31
Moreover, the study revealed that, family economic status was statistically relationship
with teenage pregnancy. A teenager who has lived in poor economic condition, has a
great chance to get early pregnant.
Also, the revealed that peer pressure, was statistically significant related to teenage
pregnancy. Having sexually active friends is also strongly associated with the earlier
onset of sexual activity at a young age and most likely ends to teenage pregnancy.
5.2 Recommendations
Based on study researcher recommends that, the government and non-government
should be continued to keep effort, on creating employment opportunities, in order to
reduce the low income level for households. If the parents will earn more from their
activities, it easy for them to provide basic necessities to their children, in addition, the
parents are advised to diversify their economic activities in order to increase the income
level.
The parents are advised to spend his free time with their children, because the children
who are spending a lot of time with their peers or friends, they will adopt the friends
behavior, for instance, if their friends are sexually active. So she would be sexually
active too.
Moreover, the stakeholders are advised to keep more effort in providing, the
adequate/sufficient knowledge of correct use of condoms use to the teenagers. Some of
teenagers were using condoms while they have inadequate/insufficient knowledge of
correct use of modern methods of contraception.
Government is advised to increase the youth-friendly health services throughout the
district. These facilities should offer a non-judgmental, supportive environment where
young people feel comfortable and confident about expressing their concerns and are
able to receive guidance in language that fits their experience and stage of development.

45. 32
Also, the teenagers are advised to be aware of the consequences of unwanted pregnancy,
and to learn about how to prevent unwanted pregnancy and to share the correct
information with their friends.
5.3 Areas for further research
Regarding this study the following areas are suggested for further studies
-future researchers should find new ways of protecting teenagers from pregnancy by
observing the attitudes of teenagers to reproductive health care workers
-In future research it is important to study the influence of parents’/guardians’ behavior
in teenage pregnancy.
-Also, in the future research it is important to investigate the factors such as knowledge
of correct use of condoms, peer pressure, parents’/guardians’ education level and family
economic status through different scientific methods and in different places across the
enter country.

46. 33
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49. 36
APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGNED FOR RESPONDENTS
INTRODUCTION Questionnaire
No…….
Dear respondent,
My name is SALIM MSALILWA. I am a student at Mzumbe University pursuing a
Bachelor degree of Science in Applied Statistics (Bsc.AS). I am conducting a study on
“factors contributing to teenage pregnancy: A case of Mbeya Urban district”
The study is purely for academic purposes and all information collected will be handled
in confidential. Could you kindly spare about ten minutes of your time to give me your
valuable option on the subject.
In case you do not understand the question, please feel free to communicate with me. I
would value your contribution toward the success of my study.
I thank you in anticipation

50. 37
Answer the questions by circling the most appropriate alternative.
Section A.
Social demographic characteristics
14-15
16-17
18-19
Q1. Your Age
Primary Education
Secondary
Education
Q2.Your Education level
College/ University
1
2
3
1
2
3
No formal
Education
Q3. Your parent’s/guardian's
Education level
Adult Education
2
3
Primary Education
1
Secondary/Post
Education 4

51. 38
Section B.
Knowledge of correct use of condoms
No
Yes
Q4. Have you ever been
pregnant?
01
Yes
No
Q5. Have you ever heard about
condom?
1
2
Friends
Radio
Q6. From whom did you hear /
know this modern method?
1
2
Newspapers
Television
Others
3
4
5
Adequate/sufficient
Inadequate/insufficient
Q7 Do you have adequate/
sufficient knowledge to use this
modern method correctly?
1
2
2

52. 39
Section C.
Family economic status
The response scale of four items 4=Always, 3= Frequently 2=sometimes and =
Never
(Tick against the answer of your choice)
Section D
Q.9 family economic status Level of
response
Items/statement 1 2 3 4
1 My parents provide me with essential needs √
2 My parents give me enough food
4 My parents provide me with essential commodities like
clothes.
5 My parents take concern to ask me physical needs and they
really meet them
High economic status
Low economic status
Q8 what is your family
economic status?
1
2

53. 40
Peer pressure
1=strongly agree, 2= slightly agree, 3=undecided, 4=slightly disagree,
5=strongly disagree
(Tick against the answer of your choice)
Q.12 Mention any factors that leading to teenage pregnancy
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
Q.13 Suggest the measures to be taken in order to control the problem of teenage
pregnancy (explain)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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Q11 Peer pressure Level of response
Items/statements 1 2 3 4 5
1 I give into peer pressured easily √
2 My friends could push me to involve in sexual intercourse
Yes
No
Q10 Have you ever been reinforced or
pressured by peer groups to involve in
sexual intercourse?
1
2