2. Quantitative data analysis
simply means analyzing data
that is numbers-based – or
data that can be easily
“converted” into numbers
without losing any meaning.
Quantitative Data Analysis
3. For example, category-based
variables like gender,
ethnicity, or native language
could all be “converted” into
numbers without losing meaning
– for example, English could
equal 1, French 2, etc.
5. Quantitative analysis is
generally used for three
purposes.
•Firstly, it’s used to
measure differences between
groups.
For example, the popularity of
different clothing colors or
6. •Secondly, it’s used to
assess relationships between
variables. For example, the
relationship between weather
temperature and voter turnout.
•And third, it’s used to test
hypotheses in a scientifically
rigorous way. For example, a
hypothesis about the impact of a
8. Statistical analysis methods
form the engine that powers
quantitative analysis, and these
methods can vary from
pretty basic calculations (for
example, averages and medians)
to more sophisticated analyses
(for example, correlations and
regressions).
9. There are two main “branches”
of statistical methods that are
used –
descriptive statistics and inf
erential statistics.
11. Descriptive statistics serve
a simple but critically
important role in your
research – to describe your
data set – hence the name.
12. So, what kind of
statistics are usually
covered in this section?
13. Some common statistical tests used in
this branch include the following:
•Mean – this is simply the mathematical
average of a range of numbers.
14.
15. Some common statistical tests used in
this branch include the following:
•Median – this is the midpoint in a range of
numbers when the numbers are arranged in
numerical order. If the data set makes up an
odd number, then the median is the number
right in the middle of the set. If the data
set makes up an even number, then the median
is the midpoint between the two middle
numbers.
16.
17.
18. •Mode – this is simply the most
commonly occurring number in the
data set.
19.
20.
21.
22. •Standard deviation – this metric
indicates how dispersed a range of
numbers is. In other words, how
close all the numbers are to the
mean (the average).
23.
24.
25. •Skewness. As the name
suggests, skewness indicates
how symmetrical a range of
numbers is. In other words,
do they tend to cluster into
a smooth bell curve shape in
the middle of the graph, or
do they skew to the left or
28. inferential statistics aim
to make inferences about
the population. In other
words, you’ll use
inferential statistics to
make predictions about what
you’d expect to find in the
full population.
29. What kind of predictions, you ask?
Well, there are two common types
of predictions that researchers try
to make using inferential stats:
30. •Firstly, predictions about differences
between groups – for example, height
differences between children grouped by
their favorite meal or gender.
•And secondly, relationships between
variables – for example, the
relationship between body weight and
the number of hours a week a person
does yoga.
31. In other words, inferential statistics
(when done correctly), allow you to
connect the dots
and make predictions about what you
expect to see in the real world
population, based on what you observe
in your sample data. For this reason,
inferential statistics are used
for hypothesis testing – in other
words, to test hypotheses that predict
32. For example, if your population of
interest is a mix of 50%
male and 50% female, but your
sample is 80% male, you can’t make
inferences about the population
based on your sample, since it’s
not representative. This area of
statistics is called sampling,
35. First up are T-Tests.
T-tests compare the means (the
averages) of two groups of data
to assess whether they’re
statistically significantly
different.
36. In other words, do they have
significantly different means,
standard deviations and
skewness. This type of testing
is very useful for understanding
just how similar or different
two groups of data are.
37. For example, you might want to
compare the mean blood pressure
between two groups of people –
one that has taken a new
medication and one that hasn’t
– to assess whether they are
significantly different.
38. ANOVA, which stands
for “analysis of
variance”
This test is similar to a T-test in that it
compares the means of various groups,
but ANOVA allows you to analyse
multiple groups, not just two groups So
it’s basically a t-test on steroids
39. Next, we have correlation
analysis. This type of analysis
assesses the relationship
between two variables. In other
words, if one variable
increases, does the other
variable also increase, decrease
or stay the same.
40. For example, if the average
temperature goes up, do average
ice creams sales increase too?
We’d expect some sort of
relationship between these two
variables intuitively, but
correlation analysis allows us
to measure that relationship
scientifically.
41. Lastly, we have regression
analysis – this is quite similar
to correlation in that it
assesses the relationship
between variables, but it goes a
step further to understand cause
and effect between variables,
not just whether they move
together.
42. In other words, does the one
variable actually cause the other
one to move, or do they just
happen to move together naturally
thanks to another force? Just
because two variables correlate
doesn’t necessarily mean that one
causes the other.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58. TABLE OF CONTENTS
01
GRAMMAR RULES
Describe the topic of the section
02
DIAGRAM SENTENCES
Describe the topic of the section
03
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
Describe the topic of the section
04
PARTICIPLE PHRASES
Describe the topic of the section
59. INTRODUCTION
Here you can give a brief description of the topic you
want to talk about. For example, if you want to talk about
Mercury, you can say that it’s the smallest planet in the
entire Solar System
61. PUNCTUATION RULES
Rule 1
Every sentence must end with a
full stop
Rule 5
Don’t link independent clauses
with commas
Rule 2
Proper nouns (places, brands)
must always be capitalized
Rule 6
Quotation marks are when
quoting or sometimes to convey
irony, not for emphasis
Rule 3
When you use opening quotation
marks, use closing quotation
marks at the end
Rule 7
Punctuation marks that are not
part of a quoted section of text
must be placed outside the
quotation marks
Rule 4
Don’t use an apostrophe when you
are pluralizing a word
Rule 8
Use comma after the introductory
element of a sentence providing
background
62. CAPITALIZATION RULES
● Capitalize days, months, and
holidays, but not seasons
● Capitalize most words in titles
● Capitalize cities, countries,
nationalities, and languages
● Capitalize time periods and
events (Sometimes)
● Capitalize first word of a
Sentence
● Capitalize names and other
Nouns
● Don’t capitalize after a colon
(Usually)
● Capitalize the first word of a
quote (Sometimes)
63. RULES FOR PLURALS
ADD -S
Venus is the
second planet from
the Sun
ADD -ES
Despite being red,
Mars is actually a
cold place
ADD -IES
Mercury is the
closest planet to the
Sun
ADD -VES
Neptune is the
farthest planet from
the Sun
64. Do you know what helps you make your point clear?
Lists like this one:
1. They’re simple
2. You can organize your ideas clearly
3. You’ll never forget to buy milk!
And the most important thing: the audience won’t miss the point
of your presentation
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
65. POSSESSIVE NOUNS
MY
Neptune is the fourth-
largest planet
YOUR
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
HIS/HER
Mercury is the
smallest planet
ITS
Mars is actually a very
cold place
OUR
Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all
THEIR
Saturn is a gas giant
and has several rings
67. VERB TENSES
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
Past Simple Present Simple Future Simple
Past Perfect Present Perfect Future Perfect
I ___ _______
English
I ____ _______ English
I ____ ____ _______
English
I _______ English I _____ English I ____ _____ English
72. PARTS OF A SENTENCE
VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE
Identify the words in bold and write what they are
Sarah loves chocolate ice-cream _________________________________
Spiders build sticky webs _________________________________
Because the horrible dinner was cold,
they ate more dessert
_________________________________
_________________________________
73. 9h 55m 23s
333,000.000
Earths is the Sun’s mass
386,000 km
Distance between Earth and Moon
Is Jupiter's rotation period
74. PARTS OF SPEECH ACTIVITY
NOUN
ADVERB
PRONOUN
CONJUNCTION
VERB
PREPOSITION
ADJECTIVE
INTERJECTION
Identify the underlined words with parts of speech
1. Jenna wore a bright sweater
2. My dad planted yellow flowers
3. Thank you for coming to see me
4. My house is where I feel happy
5. Ouch, that hurts! Be careful, please
1. Verb _______ _______
2. _______ ________ _______
3. _______ ________ _______
4. _______ ________ _______
5. _______ ________ _______
75. —SOMEONE FAMOUS
“This is a quote, words full of wisdom
that someone important said and can
make the reader get inspired.”
76. PARTS OF A SENTENCE
The old, tired man was sitting under a tree and waiting for his son to arrive
A AD N V PR C V
PR P
A Article
AD Adjective
N Noun
V Verb
PR Preposition C Conjunction
P Pronoun
82. C D
B
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Two subjects joined by “and” are
plural. Exception: Bacon and eggs
is my favorite dish
Words and phrases with “with”, “as
well as”, “together with”, “along
with” are not part of the subject
With collective nouns, the verb
might be singular or plural (UK),
depending on meaning
A
At first, the subject and verb must
agree in number (They visit us
every other week)
83. SUBJUNCTIVE
MOOD FORMS
WISHES
Expressions of desire: I
really wish he were here
with me
COUNTERFACTUAL
Statements contrary to
fact: If he were here, we
can play tennis
IMPERATIVE
Commands and
demands: I demanded
that she walk away
1
2
3
84. 4
5 6
SUBJUNCTIVE
MOOD FORMS
SUPPOSITION
Possibility: “If I were to
accept the position, I’d
have to relocate
NECESSITY
Requirement: It is
necessary that she fill out
the form first
PROPOSITION
Proposals and
suggestions: We
proposed that they play
85. THIS IS A GRAPH
NEPTUNE
Neptune is the fourth-
largest planet
38%
VENUS
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
12%
MARS
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
JUPITER
Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all
24%
24%
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
86. EDITING VS REVISING
EDITING REVISING
● Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
● Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
● Mars is actually a very
cold place
● Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all
87. FIND YOUR FOCUS ADD SUBSTANCE
CONTENT FLOW
STEPS FOR REVISING
1
What is the essence of
your message?
2
Content should take
readers on a journey
3
A process of expansion
and shrinkage
88. OUR TEAM
JENNA DOE
You can talk a bit about
this person here
TIMMY JIMMY
You can talk a bit about
this person here
89. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo,
including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik
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+91 620 421 838
yourcompany.com
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