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- 1. Copyright 2013 PearsonAll Rights Reserved. Chapter 11: Stress, Violence, & Abuse in Marriages & Families
- 2. Copyright 2013 PearsonAll Rights Reserved. Get the Topic What Are Different Stressors That Can Lead to Violence & Abuse? Stress • Family Stress – a real or imagined imbalance between the demands of the family & the family’s ability to meet those demands • Crisis – an unstable condition in which there is a lack of sufficient resources to manage the situation • Cope – manage & confront stress • Types of Stressors
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- 5. Copyright 2013 PearsonAll Rights Reserved. Get the Topic Stressors from Outside the Family • Include things like difficult economic times, disasters, school bullying, & violence in the community • Managing Stress • Resiliency – The ability of an individual or family to function within familiar patterns or to create new patterns in the face of adversity or crisis – Elasticity – the ability to recover from trauma or crisis – Buoyancy – the ability of a family to keep afloat during adversity – Recovery Factors – qualities or characteristics of a family that assist recuperation from stress or a crisis
- 6. Copyright 2013 PearsonAll Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Managing Stress Continued • Be Productive – Hayhoe’s 5 R’s ○ Rethink goals ○ Reorganize priorities ○ Reduce the number of activities ○ Release through physical activity ○ Relax • Theories of Stress & Coping – Hill’s ABC-X Model
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- 8. Copyright 2013 PearsonAll Rights Reserved. Get the Topic What Are Violence & Abuse? • Family Violence – intentional abusive behavior against a family member that includes intimidation & physical & sexual assault • Domestic Violence – intentional abusive behavior against an intimate partner that includes intimidation & physical & sexual assault • Is a continual cycle of violence – Tension leads to Battering leads to Apology • Why do victims stay? – Love, Fear, Threats, Lack of Resources, Learned Helplessness
- 9. Copyright 2013 PearsonAll Rights Reserved. Get the Topic Types of Violence & Abuse • Intimate Partner Violence • Intentional physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, or intimidation via threats of physical or sexual abuse, typically between partners or spouses, but including other intimate family relations • Dominance & Control are defining characteristics of these relationships
- 10. Copyright 2013 PearsonAll Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Intimate Partner Violence Continued • Female Victims – More likely to be the victims – Wife Rape – forced sex on a female spouse by a male spouse • Male Victims – More Likely to be the victims in dating violence • Abuse in Homosexual Couples • Rate is similar to that in heterosexual relationships • Dominance & Control is again the defining characteristics of the relationships
- 11. Copyright 2013 PearsonAll Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Abuse in Homosexual Couples Continued • Cycle Patterns are similar, though some differences – Threats can including “outing” the victim – Generally is not mutual • Lesbian-to-Lesbian Abuse & Violence – Abusers tend to have similar personality traits as heterosexual male abusers – Fusion makes abuse more likely ○ Fusion – extreme emotional connection & interdependence between intimate partners • Gay-to-Gay Abuse & Violence – Same predictors as in heterosexual relationships
- 12. Copyright 2013 PearsonAll Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Sibling-To-Sibling Abuse • Distinct from Sibling Rivalry • Decisive factors include parental instability, favoritism, & inequality in household fairness • Linked to families with economic issues • Children’s personality tends to be a greater factor than anything else • Parental disciplinary processes & loss of temper also predict
- 13. Copyright 2013 PearsonAll Rights Reserved. Get the Topic Sibling-To-Sibling Sexual Abuse • Most common sexual abuse in families • Families with heightened or suppressive attitudes toward sex show an increase in sibling-to-sibling sexual abuse • Parent-To-Child Abuse & Violence • Children experience more long-term effects of abuse & violence • Social Learning Theory – violence & abusive behavior is learned • Social Cognition Theory – a child’s interpretation of a certain situation may not be as hostile or aggressive as he/she may perceive – Changing children’s impressions may help them overcome abusive situations
- 14. Copyright 2013 PearsonAll Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Parent-To-Child Abuse & Violence Continued • Family Systems Theory – different traits & coping mechanisms are passed through generation to generation within a family • Trauma Theory – how a traumatic event is handled determines the extent of trauma that a victim experiences • Parent-to-Child Sexual Abuse & Violence – Female perpetrators tend to be primary caregivers – Male perpetrators tend to not be primary caregivers – Somatization – the manifestation of physical symptoms from psychological problems – Personal Resilience – an individual’s ability to cope with & manage stress or a crisis
- 15. Copyright 2013 PearsonAll Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Child-To-Parent Violence & Abuse • Small percentage • Childhood violence patterns put adolescents at risk to commit acts of aggression toward their fathers & mothers • Children are more likely to commit acts of child-to- parent aggression • The higher in “parent demandingness” toward a child, the more likely the child is to commit an act of domestic violence toward the parent • Adolescent violence toward the parent is often a survival response
- 16. Copyright 2013 PearsonAll Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Elder Abuse • Can be physical, emotional, or sexual • Neglect or denying basic care & freedom are also considered forms of elder abuse • Often takes place at the hands of a caregiver or service provider in an institutional setting • Majority of perpetrators are related to the victim • Limited conclusive research to date
- 17. Copyright 2013 PearsonAll Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Teen Dating Violence & Abuse • Can be physical, emotional, or sexual • 25% of teens dating have experienced some form of dating violence – 10% of this is physical • Perpetrators most likely suffers from low self-esteem & depression – Tend to resolve conflict through violence, lacks anger management & communication skills – Often lacks parental supervision & is either the witness, victim, or perpetrator of abuse at home
- 18. Copyright 2013 PearsonAll Rights Reserved. Get the Topic Managing & Preventing Violence & Abuse • Protecting Yourself • Create a personal safety plan • If abuser attempts to victimize you at work, notify appropriate people & request confidentiality • Seek support (crisis intervention, legal assistance, medical personnel) • If planning to leave make sure you develop a safety plan before leaving with money & a designated physically safe place • If possible, urge abuser to seek help • Seek help from appropriate law enforcement authorities, doctors, hospitals, legal representation or advocacy groups
- 19. Copyright 2013 PearsonAll Rights Reserved. Think Marriages & Families What Are Some Theories That Can Explain Violence & Abuse?
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- 23. Copyright 2013 PearsonAll Rights Reserved. Discover Marriages & Families in Action How Can Subjectivity Enhance Data Collection on Domestic Violence? • Researcher Menon found that being attuned to certain non-objective aspects of research was helpful in gathering valuable information • This kind of subjective information can help contextualize the participants’ experience