Stadiums as widespan Structures in Cameroon. Case study Ahmadou Ahidjio stadiums and Olembe Paul Biya stadium .

1. Stadiums as Wide Span
Structures in
Cameroon.
Erna-audrey Mangaleu Toukam
20520787
Case Study: Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium and
Olembe Paul Biya stadium.

2. Thesis supervisor ; Assist. Prof. Dr. Öznem Şahali Kovanci
Jury Members ; Prof. Dr. Yonca Hürol
Assist. Prof. Dr. Sertac Ilter

3. • Problem statement
• Aims and objectives
• Problem statement
• Significance of the
research
• limitations
• Research
Methodology
Introduction
Literature review
Evoution of stadiums
Case studies
01
02
03
Criteria selection
Recommendation
1
3
4
Discussion
Conclusion
Case 1-
Ahmadou
Ahidjo
stadium
Case 2
2
• Gap of the literature review
• Key theories – widespan,
Stadiums
• Stadium requirements
• FIFA requirements and recommendations
• Technical guidelines
• Stadium design principles
• Future stadium design
4
Figure 1.1 flow of the thesis

4. •This thesis examines
stadiums widespan structures
in Cameroonian stadiums,
focusing on the structural
system , roofs , façade and
design requirements
Thesis overview

5. •The research covers the evolution of stadium design, cultural
significance of widespan constructions, and their impact on
Cameroon's architectural landscape.
•The findings provide valuable technical insights and guidelines for
architects and builders to create visually beautiful and long-lasting
stadiums.
•The research contributes to the stadium design body of knowledge
and serves as a global reference for future infrastructure projects.
Keywords: Widespan Constructions, Structural System, Roof Structure, Stadiums, Technological
Advancements, Construction, Technical Guidelines, Cost-effectiveness, Architectural Flexibility,
Stadium Design

6. moses mabhida stadium section view image courtesy gmp architekten
• Problem statement
• Aims and objectives
• Problem statement
• Significance of the
research
• limitations
• Research
Methodology
Introduction
1

7. Introduction
1
Aims & objectives
• Examine the historical development
of stadium design and construction, from
ancient civilizations to modern worldwide
standards, with a specific focus on
technical improvements.
•Thoroughly explore two case studies of
Cameroonian stadiums, focusing on their
structural systems and architectural features,
particularly the roof systems.

8. Introduction
1
Problem statement
The absence of structured guidelines
and insights into the integration of
widespan structures in stadium
development projects in Cameroon
limited documentation and analysis
of existing Cameroonian stadiums'
architectural and structural
evolution hinder the identification

9. Introduction
1
Significance of the research
• Contributions to the
body of knowledge on
widespan structures,
• provides valuable
insights for both the
engineering and
architectural
communities.
• potential to provide
with insight into the
novel directions that
stadium architecture

10. Introduction
1
Research Question
•What are the essential structural and architectural
components of Cameroonian stadium widespan structures,
with a concentration on roof systems?
•How has stadium design and construction evolved over
time, both internationally and in the Cameroonian context,
and what technical developments have played a significant
role in this evolution?
•What cultural relevance do widespan constructions have in
Cameroonian stadium design, and how do these structures
adapt to and reflect local cultural and contextual factors?
•What is the significance of contemporary widespan
structures and their impacts on the architecture of
Cameroon?
•Can a detailed examination of five notable Cameroonian
stadiums provide useful technical insights and
recommendations for future stadium construction,

11. Introduction
1
Limitations
•The thesis focuses on the analysis of stadiums as
widespan structures, specifically their
structural systems.
•The classification of structural systems used in the
study is based on a specific methodology, which
may limit the perspective of structural systems.
•FIFA and UEFA design requirements will be
considered in the research.

12. •The case studies chosen for the research are the
Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium and the Olembe Paul
Biya Stadium, representing different categories of
stadiums.
•The findings may not be applicable to stadiums
outside these categories or with different historical
contexts.
•Previous studies have examined the general
architecture and evolution of stadiums, while this
thesis will focus on stadium structure, roof, and
façade.

13. •The study primarily focuses on stadiums with
varying capacities, and the findings may not apply
to stadiums with significantly different seating
capacities.
•The selected study area is the City of Yaoundé due
to time constraints in data collection, and the
structures in this area have similar characteristics
but serve different architectural and functional
purposes.

14. 1
Qualitative
approach
Case
study
approach
Analytical
Research Methodology
Introduction

15. Literature review
2
study on the concept of structural
systems, their major
• components,
• features,
• functions,
• classification techniques, and their
unique significance to stadium
design and widespan structures

16. Structural systems

17. Structural systems are important for the stability, integrity, and functionality of large
structures like stadiums. These systems have been used throughout history and
prehistory in the construction of buildings.
In the context of construction, the term "structure" refers to the arrangement and
coordination of different components that make up a building or any engineered
construction. It includes the underlying framework or skeletal structure of the
construction, which provides essential support, stability, and the ability to bear loads.
Structural systems are crucial in ensuring the stability of widespan structures like
stadiums.
These systems are responsible for distributing the loads and forces acting on the
structure, such as the weight of the roof, the force of wind, and the vibrations caused by
the movement of people. By efficiently distributing these loads, structural systems
prevent excessive stress and deformation, ensuring the safety and longevity of the
structure.

18. Structural systems can vary depending on the specific requirements of the structure and the
materials used.
Common structural systems include trusses, arches, beams, and frames. These systems are
designed to efficiently transfer the loads to the foundation and provide the necessary support and
stability.
The configuration and coordination of the components in a structural system are crucial for its
effectiveness. The design of the system must consider factors such as the type of loads, the
materials used, and the desired functionality of the structure. Engineers and architects work
together to design and optimize the structural system to meet these requirements.

19. Characteristics of structural systems
• Load bearing capacity
• Stiffness
• Flexibility
• Durability
• Constructability

20. KEY COMPONENTS

21. KEY COMPONENTS OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
LOAD BEARING COMPONENTS Walls
Beam
Columns
Foundation
Slabs
Braces
Trusses
CONNECTION SYSTEMS Rivited
Bolted
Welded
Pinned
SUPPORTS Roller
Pined
Fixed
Simple
Table 1.2 structural systems key components (Author)

22. - The term "Structural System classification" refers to the categorization and organization of
different types of structural systems used in architecture.
- It involves the identification and classification of various structural elements and their
arrangement within a building or structure.
- The purpose of structural system classification is to provide a framework for understanding
and analyzing the behavior and performance of different structural systems.
- It helps architects and engineers in the design and construction process by providing
guidelines and standards for selecting and implementing appropriate structural systems for
specific projects.
- Structural system classification takes into consideration factors such as material
properties, load-bearing capacity, structural stability, and architectural aesthetics.
Structural system classification

23. Table 1. 3 Classification of Structural systems ( updated form
Mısırlısoy,2011:p 26

24. Table 1. 3 structural systems classification in buildings(Engel, 1999)

25. Selection of Structural system
•The selection process involves evaluating
different structural options and choosing the
most suitable system based on various factors
such as the
•span length
•Material type
• load requirements
•architectural design
•cost, and construction feasibility.

26. Other Structural system classification

27. Advancement of structural systems
•The development of structural systems in engineering and construction is a continuous
and evolving process.
•This development is driven by various factors such as technological advancements,
changing needs, and sustainability concerns.
• Materials innovation has been a crucial advancement in structural engineering. This
includes the development of high-strength and lightweight materials such as concrete
mixes, steel alloys, and composite materials like fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs).
• Computational analysis has also played a significant role in revolutionizing structural
engineering. It allows engineers to perform complex simulations and analyze stress
under different loads and conditions.
• Building design has seen significant advancements, with the introduction of innovative
structural systems such as mega-columns, outrigger systems, and tuned mass dampers.

28. Widespan structures are
constructions that cover large
areas without the need
They require open spaces free of
structural components.
The choice of an
appropriate structural
system is crucial in
achieving the required
performance for
widespan structures

29. Application of widespan structure
Sports buildings Social building Industrial buildings
- Stadiums*
- Sports halls
- Olympic swimming
pools
- Ice tracks and
skating rinks
- Fair pavilions
- Congress halls
- Auditorium and theaters
- Open air activities
-multipurpose halls
- Hangars
-factories
- Warehouses
- Airport
terminals
- Waste
material
storage
Table 1 According to Majowiecki (2021), widespan structures

30. • Blending different structural forms and materials
• Application of prestressing technology
• Introducing innovative structural concepts and configurations
Novel widespan constructions

31. Evolution of Stadium
Evolution of stadiums
3

32. Origins of Stadium

33. Ancient
stadiums Urban mass
entertainme
nt
The dark
ages
The
Olympic
revival
19th century
Modern
stadiums
1940s—1970s
postwar
innovations
1980s
rethinking
roofs
2000s—
present
Modern
evolution
Multipurpo
se venues
Specialized
venues

35. Amphitheaters
Circus
Modern stadiums
Ancient Stadium
A. B.
A. rectangular stage with seating on
four sides . No corner seats
B. ectangular stage with continuous
seating arrangement
Central circular
Stage with seating
tiers surrounding
U elongated
shaped with
seating
around the
three sides
Simple flat
rectangular tracks
near hill for
spectators to have
view
''U'' shaped from
previous model with
the fourth side closed
by building
Evolution of stadium forms

36. The Colosseum remains one of the ancient
world's grandest and most spectacular
engineering achievements. It would become
the blueprint for stadiums throughout history,
not just the Roman Empire. (National
Geographic, 2007)

37. First generation
Second
generation
Third
generation
Fourth
generation
Fifth
generation
Emphasis on
spectator capacity
Athens olympic
stadium greece
Enhances support
facilities and comfort
Los angeles dodger
stadium
Emphasis on safety
and lowers
antisocial behaviors
Liverpool fc
stadium Liverpool
england
Multipurpose
stadiums Sports
Park Stozice,
slovania
Urban renewal catalyst
Wembley, london
Sheard (2005),
modern stadiums
may be divided
into five different
"generations,"
each
representing the
emergence of a
brand-new kind
during evolution.
Twentieth stadiums to date

38. Types of Stadiums
Stadiums based on their spatial forms
Stadium based on their geometric forms
Stadiums categorized according to Olympic sport

39. Stadium design
requirements
3

40. Stadium requirements and recommendations

41. FIFA Recommendations and Requirements for Stadiums
General
process
guidelines
Initiation and feasibility ● Stadium vision
● Climatic issues
● Site selection
● Project plan
● Multiuse
● Project team
Design
● Design
● Using technology
● Stadium orientation
● Stadium Bowl
● Turf and pitch
● Roof
● Facade
● Sustainability
● Accessibility
● Future plans
Construction
● Construction stages
● Construction provisions
Technical
guidelines
Stadium guidelines
● Precinct and perimeter
● Seating and standing
● Pitch dimensions
● Safety and security
● Technical details
Main users Group ● Main users Groups
● Complementary functions
Stadium Categories ● Categories 1-4

42. Design requirements that affect Structure of stadiums
Use of CAD/ BIM
Site and the location
The stadium orientation
The capacity of the stadium
The structure – Span, roof design and span, facade,
Seating arrangement
Safety measure
Circulation

44. Vertical circulation
Horizontal circulation
Figure 16.1 Head-of-stair barriers splitting spectator flows into stair channels
Source : (Football Stadiums Guidelines | FIFA Publications, n.d.)
Figure 16.2 Width of access route used by wheelchairs
Sightline
Sightline for disabled

45. ● Seat dimensions
● Stadium Bowl

46. ● Seat dimensions
● Stadium Bowl Turf and pitch

47. Visual concept
Historical – stage platform
Closed off stadium
Urban stadium

48. ● Lightning
● Roof
Table 3.3 Structural systems for roofs Classified according to (
improved According to Geraint et al., (2013),) nine principal
structural forms and classified

50. Construction stages

51. 1.technology
2. Security
3. Convenience
4.sustainabilty and no footprint
5. Social meeting places
Technological advancements / trends in
stadium construction

52. Project Details
Name: Stadium 974
Location: Ras Abu Aboud, Doha, Qatar

53. Project Details
Name: Al Janoub Stadium
Location: qatar
Preventing Hot Air Infiltration Spot Cooling
A B
Figure 17.8 Al Janoub Stadium Roof Deflecting the Outside Warm Air
Figure 17.9 Supply Vents Underneath the Stadium Seats

54. Stadiums Categories

55. Stadiums have evolved over the last 120 years, with
innovative materials and building processes improving the
spectator experience.
Ancient stadiums have influenced modern designs and
functions, with concepts from the Roman Empire still in use
today.
Advancements in technology and a focus on human comfort
have led to changes in stadium design, allowing for multiple
sports events and open or closed-roof stadiums.
Structural advancements, such as steel and composite
materials, have allowed for iconic roof systems and longer
spans without the need for columns.
The shift in stadium design and focus has been driven by the
increasing number of spectators, both in-person and through
television broadcasts.

56. Case studies
4
• Introduction
• Historical background
of football in Africa
• Types of widespan
structures in
Cameroon
01
02
03
Criteria selection
Case 1-
Ahmadou
Ahidjo
stadium
Case 2

57. Case studies
4
• Introduction
• Historical background
of football in Africa
• Types of widespan
structures in
Cameroon
01
02
03
Criteria selection
Case 1-
Ahmadou
Ahidjo
stadium
Case 2

58. Stadiums of Africa
These stadiums are historical
landmarks for the present, and
later, similarly recorded eras,
will undoubtedly be a source of
astonishment. The stadiums
range in size and style, but all
have the same general function
of bringing people from their
own nations, Africa, and the
rest of the globe together

60. 01
Criteria selection
Limitations

61. 01
Criteria selection
Methodology

62. Location
map of Cameroon and Yaoundé

63. 02
03
Case 1-
Ahmadou
Ahidjo
stadium
Case 2
Ahmadou
Ahidjo stadium

64. Ahmadou Ahidjo stadium

65. Overview
Built 1972
Renovated 1981, 2005, 2007 ,
2016 , 2019
Constructio
n cost
163 billion CFA
Architect Arab contractors(2016
Renovation)
Structural
engineer
n/a
Services
engineer
n/a
General
contractor
n/a
Roof spam Open roof covered
at 10%

66. design
Ahmadou Ahidjo stadium in the 70s
• open-air concept,
• allowing natural light and
ventilation to reach the
seating areas.
• except for the tribune
areaand the cantilevered
covered area there is no
covering over the seating
sections

67. Amenities and Facilities (4.6.3.1):
•Stadium capacity: 40,122, with a natural
grass playing field (105x68m) and an 8-
lane athletics track.
•Media Center and Media Tribune.
•Two training grounds meeting international
standards.
•Gymnasium with a seating capacity of
2,000.
•Parking lot with 1,580 spaces, including
145 for individuals with reduced mobility.
•Restaurant.
Design Philosophy and Historical
Context:
•Named after Ahmadou Ahidjo, the
first President of Cameroon.
•Opened in 1972 and played a vital
role in hosting diverse events.
•The stadium's circular design with
an open roof is emblematic of early
widespan structures in Cameroon.
•Renovations undertaken in the past
to improve facilities.
•The stadium's significance is
contextualized within the historical
and architectural evolution of
sporting infrastructure in Cameroon.

68. Accessibility
•Extensive automobile, pedestrian,
and disability access.
•Open spaces (parking) can be
utilized for various purposes when
the stadium is not in use.
•Ground-level stadium entrance, with
spectators easily accessing seats via
a circulation ring.
•Improved accessibility for people
with disabilities, featuring ramps,
wheelchair seating areas, and
accessible restrooms.

71. capacity
Stadium orientation
40,122

72. Siting arrangement
Seating Levels:
1.General Public: 40,000 seats.
2.Officials and VIPs: 3,000 seats.
3.Media Section: Accommodates 150
media tables.
Color and Material Concept:
•The seating is made of plastic material.
•Color-coded in green, red, yellow, and
white, representing the colors of the
Cameroonian flag.
Conceptual Design Influence:
•Colors and materials are used to represent
the national colors of green, red, and
yellow, creating a unique atmosphere for
each venue.
• stadium.

73. Field configuration

74. Structural analysis Structural Analysis:
The structural system of the Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium is characterized by
the predominant use of concrete as the primary building material. This
choice aligns with the contemporary trend of modern, functional, and large-
scale stadium designs, with concrete offering attributes such as durability,
strength, and construction versatility. The stadium has undergone
rehabilitation, resulting in improved structural performance.
Roof Structure
•The stadium's roof covers approximately 10% of the seating area.
•Two distinct structures include a cantilevered structure on the west and
another on the east.
•The cantilevered roof on the west serves as the sitting area for the upper
tier, accessible through ramps.
•A notable disadvantage of this roof design is that it obstructs the view for
fans seated at the back of the ground tier.

75. Structural analysis 2. Concrete Frame Structure
•Reinforced concrete frame structures support seating areas, entryways,
and other components.
•Provides necessary strength to withstand loads and forces.
3. Steel Truss System
•Steel trusses span large distances without additional support columns.
•Supports the roof and creates unobstructed views for spectators.
•Located on the east side, comprising a series of six curved horizontal 3D
trusses.
•Triangular design sustains vertical, horizontal, and inclined loads.

76. Roof
Cantilever
Structures
● Use a horizontal beam or slab that is
supported on only one end
● Can be used for long spans and unique
shapes
● Require precise engineering and construction
to ensure stability and proper load distribution
● Reinforced concrete Span
Membrane , Open roof and Cantilever cover roof

77. Roof

78. Façade

79. Façade
Case
study
System Principles Solution
Ahmadou
ahidjo
stadium
Panel
system
● Wall holder
● Load bearing
● Thermal bridge
● Flexible design
● Covering of
the existing
concrete
structure
● Thermal
insulation, in
which stored
heat from solar
radiation is
eliminated
directly.

80. FIFA Standards and Guidelines
The Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium has undergone significant upgrades over the years, transforming into a
multifunctional facility that aligns with various criteria, making it suitable for hosting a diverse range of events,
including athletic competitions. This evolution reflects a proactive approach to urban infrastructure planning and
sports venue design, with architectural enhancements playing a pivotal role.
Key Elements of Upgrades:
1. Adaptable Seating Configurations:
1. The stadium incorporates adaptable seating configurations that can be quickly adjusted to accommodate a
variety of activities.
2. This flexibility allows the venue to host not only sporting events but also cultural performances, concerts, and
other community activities.
3. Enhances the stadium's overall operation and ensures a dynamic and inclusive space for the community.
2. Integration of Technology and Amenities:
1. State-of-the-art technology and amenities have been integrated to meet the evolving expectations of modern
audiences.
2. Advanced lighting and sound systems, high-definition video displays, and cutting-edge communication
infrastructure contribute to a contemporary spectator experience.
3. The stadium becomes an attractive venue not only for sporting events but also for conferences, exhibitions,
and entertainment shows.

81. Structural Evaluation Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium: Roof Structure:
•Extent of Coverage: Roof covered at 10%.
•Climate Control Measures: Coverage of the
presidential tribune.
•Roofing Materials:
• Technological Integration:
• Integration of lighting systems.
• Sound systems.
• Electronic displays.
•Overall Integration with Stadium: Facade:
•Materials and Finishes: Not specified.
•Visual Impact
•Quality of Facade Materials:
•Coherence with Overall Stadium
Aesthetics:
Vector active structures and
section active

82. Olembe Stadium

83. Built 2018–2021
Opened 3 September 2021;
2 years ago
Construction cost 163 billion CFA
Architect Studio SHESA
architects - arch. Suarez
Structural engineer MJW structures
Services engineer Beta Progetti
General contractor Gruppo Piccini S.A.
Roof spam
Height
Semi- enclosed
300m x 245m highest
Highest point 46m
(Steel roof)
40m
Structural system Spoke wheel roof
upgrade

85. Analysis of Design Elements
Amenities and Facilities
•The complex includes a main stadium with a
substantial seating capacity of 60,000 spectators,
showcasing a commitment to hosting large-scale
events.
•Two training stadiums, each accommodating
1,000 seats, contribute to the versatility of the
complex.
•Additional facilities such as an omnisports
gymnasium, an Olympic swimming pool, an
outdoor sports center, a hotel, and a shopping
center with commercial spaces, cinema, and
conference rooms enhance the complex's appeal
and functionality.
•Successful completion of the main stadium and
training stadiums marks the accomplishment of
phase one in the complex's development.

86. Accessibility
•The Olembé sports complex is designed to
revitalize the Olembé district, contributing to
the overall development of the area.
•A significant parking area, typical for
stadiums, is provided for various events,
ensuring convenience for visitors.
• The circulation flow within the complex is
organized into two parts:
• Part A revolves around the stadium,
leading to drop-off zones for direct access
to entrance points, ensuring smooth entry
for visitors.
• Part B leads directly to parking areas and
remaining service facilities, optimizing
movement and access to various
amenities within the complex.

87. Spectator enter the two tiered stand from the middle
and from there take their seats via a circulation ring
above or belove
circulation

88. capacity
Stadium
orientation and
form
60,000

89. Seating
arrangements

90. Structural Analysis
Structural Concept:
•The structural concept of the Olembe Stadium is based on
equilibrium between external compression ring forces and
tensile forces in the inner ring.
•A mixed steel/concrete system is employed, incorporating
structural elements made from steel and reinforced or
prestressed concrete.
•The challenge lies in optimizing the capacities of these
materials, especially in compression strength for concrete and
tensile strength for steel.

91. Widespan application
Roof

92. Façade
Case study Organism Natural Principles Solution For
building Skin
Olembe
stadium
Pangolin ● Overlapping,
● flexible,
● sharp scale
Extra defense
Regulating the
temperature
● Allow to air
circulation
● Flexible
structure
● Movable
panels
● Responsiv
e skin
● Flexible
skin
materials

93. Structural Evaluation - Olembe
Stadium:
Structural Approach:
•The stadium's roof structure adopts a
cable structure with an inner tension
ring, inner tension-compression ring,
and perimeter compression truss ring.
•Compressed sub-vertical flying
masts connect the top compression
inner ring with lower cable groups.
•Radial hybrid string beams, stiffened
by lower cables and posts, support
radial beams at intervals of about
40m.

94. Materials:
•Steel: Utilized for the grandstands
in the West sector.
•Timber: none
•Reinforced Concrete (R.C.):
Used for grandstands in the North,
South, and East sectors.
•Other: The roof covering consists
of a fiberglass membrane coated
with PTFE, and the PVC
membrane is divided into 68
panels.

95. Connections:
 Riveted Connections: Not specified.​
 Bolted Connections: Not specified.​
 Welded Connections: Not specified.​
 Pinned/Hinged Connections: Not specified.​
Support:
 Roller Support: Not specified.​
 Pinned/Hinged Support: Not specified.​
 Fixed Support: Not specified.​
 Simple Support: Not specified.​
Roof Structure:
 Extent of Coverage: Semi-enclosed.​
 Climate Control Measures: Not specified.​
 Roofing Materials: Fiberglass membrane coated with PTFE.​
 Technological Integration:
 Integration of lighting systems.​
 Sound systems.​
 Electronic displays.​
 Overall Integration with Stadium: Not specified.​
Facade:
 Materials and Finishes: Colorful scale-like panels.​
 Visual Impact: Unique facade due to blended colors.​
 Quality of Facade Materials: Not specified.​
 Coherence with Overall Stadium Aesthetics: Not specified.​

96. • Engineering Design and Innovation:
• The primary structural system of the
Olembe Stadium's roof represents an
advancement of the "spoke wheel"
structural scheme, initially introduced in the
U.S. Pavilion at the World Expo in Brussels
in 1958 and later utilized in the Utica Arena
in New York in 1964. This evolution in
structural design demonstrates a
commitment to innovation and the
incorporation of proven architectural
elements.

97. Cultural and Architectural Significance:
The development of stadiums in Cameroon has led to the creation of
unique structures, establishing a distinct typology specific to this
context.
The recently completed Olembe Stadium serves as a symbol of
ongoing innovation in stadium design, integrating various features to
meet global stadium demands. As it enters its second phase,
the project has achieved significant milestones, with the main stadium
now fully operational.
Architecturally, the stadium reflects advancements in structural
innovation, showcasing Cameroon's architectural prowess in
undertaking ambitious constructions.​
Designed as one of the stadiums for AFCON 2021,
the Olembe Stadium represents a transition into a new era and stands
as a tangible testament to this historic moment in the evolution of
Cameroon's architectural and sporting landscape.​

98. Conclusion
Discussion
4

100. Conclusion
Discussion
4

104. - Stadium design depends on various parameters
like structure, roof, and facade, allowing designers
to create diverse forms.
- The evolution of stadium design in Cameroon,
specifically the Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium and
Olembe Paul Biya Stadium, showcases the use of
different structural systems and approaches.
- The stadiums in Cameroon serve as iconic
symbols of cities and hold cultural significance,
transforming the architectural landscape.
- Advanced technologies and innovative designs
have been incorporated into the stadiums, pushing
the evolution of stadium construction.

105. - The stadiums in Cameroon can serve as global
references for widespan stadium design, inspiring
future infrastructure projects worldwide.
- Context, including local climate and
environmental conditions, plays a crucial role in
the architectural decisions for stadium design.
- Widespan structures in Cameroon have a
profound impact on the country's architecture,
promoting innovation, celebrating culture, and
driving economic growth.

106. -Future research can focus on comparing Cameroonian stadiums with
similar ones globally, incorporating sustainable design principles, and
analyzing the cultural and architectural significance of the stadiums.
- Further research can also explore the technological advancements, and
future possibilities Trends in widespan stadium design.
- Exploration of new technologies and materials to improve functionality,
design, and sustainability of stadiums .
- Investigation into the incorporation of unique elements in stadium design
to create memorable and environmentally sensitive spaces .
- Study on the impact of widespan structures on factors such as
net capacity, sightlines, and viewing distances .

107. Q & A
Jury remarks
Conclusion and recommendation

108. References
Ali, M.M., Moon, K.S. (2007) ‘Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects’ Architectural Science Review, Vol. 50, No. 3: pp.205–223.
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