The document provides information about various British traditions, holidays, and cultural facts. It discusses celebrations such as Guy Fawkes Night on November 5th, St. George's Day on April 23rd, May Day celebrations in early May, and Halloween traditions of trick-or-treating and the origins of orange and black costumes. It also mentions Christmas traditions like the first Christmas card sent in 1840 and the Queen sending telegrams to British citizens on their 100th birthday. Additionally, it provides brief histories on institutions like the House of Lords, Windsor Castle, and the evolution of the English language from Old to Middle to Modern English.
Non-verbal communication in England is summarized as follows:
1) Hand gestures are particularly popular in England for conveying meaning and understanding emotions. Common gestures include the V sign, thumbs up/down, finger snapping, and the "OK" gesture.
2) The V sign signifies victory or triumph. Thumbs up means things are okay, while thumbs down denotes rejection or disapproval. Finger snapping means just remembering something.
3) Understanding the customary non-verbal codes in England can help avoid unpleasant situations and earn respect from locals, as gestures can have different cultural meanings between countries.
Non verbal communication russia, japan and chinadragon888
This is a presentation about non-verbal communication in Russia, Japan and China. It was made as an assignment about intercultural communication for a business English module at Hochschule Bremen, Germany
This document provides information about the present perfect tense in English. It begins by listing the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms of the present perfect for different subjects. It then discusses some key uses of the present perfect tense, including to denote an action that occurred at an unspecified time in the past but is still relevant to the present, and to refer to periods of time that are not finished like "today" or "this year." It provides examples of adverbs and expressions that are frequently used with the present perfect tense, such as "yet," "already," and "this year." The document concludes by discussing the specific uses of some adverbs like "still," "already," and "yet" in affirmative, negative,
The document provides information about various British traditions, holidays, and cultural facts. It discusses celebrations such as Guy Fawkes Night on November 5th, St. George's Day on April 23rd, May Day celebrations in early May, and Halloween traditions of trick-or-treating and the origins of orange and black costumes. It also mentions Christmas traditions like the first Christmas card sent in 1840 and the Queen sending telegrams to British citizens on their 100th birthday. Additionally, it provides brief histories on institutions like the House of Lords, Windsor Castle, and the evolution of the English language from Old to Middle to Modern English.
Non-verbal communication in England is summarized as follows:
1) Hand gestures are particularly popular in England for conveying meaning and understanding emotions. Common gestures include the V sign, thumbs up/down, finger snapping, and the "OK" gesture.
2) The V sign signifies victory or triumph. Thumbs up means things are okay, while thumbs down denotes rejection or disapproval. Finger snapping means just remembering something.
3) Understanding the customary non-verbal codes in England can help avoid unpleasant situations and earn respect from locals, as gestures can have different cultural meanings between countries.
Non verbal communication russia, japan and chinadragon888
This is a presentation about non-verbal communication in Russia, Japan and China. It was made as an assignment about intercultural communication for a business English module at Hochschule Bremen, Germany
This document provides information about the present perfect tense in English. It begins by listing the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms of the present perfect for different subjects. It then discusses some key uses of the present perfect tense, including to denote an action that occurred at an unspecified time in the past but is still relevant to the present, and to refer to periods of time that are not finished like "today" or "this year." It provides examples of adverbs and expressions that are frequently used with the present perfect tense, such as "yet," "already," and "this year." The document concludes by discussing the specific uses of some adverbs like "still," "already," and "yet" in affirmative, negative,
This document discusses gerunds in English grammar. It defines a gerund as the -ing form of a verb that can function as a noun, subject, or object. Examples are given like "smoking is prohibited" and "my son loves playing video games." Some common verbs that can be followed by gerunds are listed, such as enjoy, hate, like, love, miss. The document also discusses how some verbs are followed by a preposition and gerund, such as "complain about" or "insist on." Finally, it briefly introduces the passive gerund formed with "being" and examples of its use.
This document provides context and analysis of Shakespeare's famous Sonnet 18. It begins with the full text of the sonnet, which compares the subject's beauty to a summer's day. The document then explains that a sonnet has 14 lines that typically presents a problem resolved at the end. For Sonnet 18, the theme is that the subject's beauty will not fade with time and will live on eternally through the poem. Evidence for this is found in lines that say her beauty and summer will not fade and the poem will give her life as long as it is read.
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is important for long-term well-being. Some key things one can do to stay healthy include having an active lifestyle through daily exercise like walking, swimming, or yoga; eating a nutritious diet focused on fruits and vegetables while limiting fast food and excess eating; avoiding unhealthy habits like smoking, drinking alcohol, or overeating; keeping a regular sleep schedule of 7-9 hours per night; and visiting the doctor regularly to monitor one's health. Overall happiness is also important for overall wellness.
Rainforests are dense, warm, wet forests that are home to millions of plant and animal species. They generate much of the Earth's oxygen and contain many important resources for medicine. Rainforests are located near the equator in South America, Central America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australia. They have high rainfall and temperatures that do not freeze or become too hot. Rainforests are important ecosystems but are increasingly endangered due to deforestation.
In the 1950s, men's fashion included bright colored tight trousers and long jackets, while women wore blouses, wide skirts, and short socks. The 1960s saw the rise of the mini skirt and long boots for women, and the Beatles popularized long hair for men. The late 1960s and early 1970s were dominated by loose, colorful hippie styles including maxi dresses and skirts for women and long hair for both sexes. Punk fashion emerged in the late 1970s with colorful hairstyles and makeup. By the late 1980s, casual, loose clothing like baggy pants and sweatshirts along with baseball caps and tracksuits became trendy.
The document discusses fashion trends throughout the 20th century. Before WWI, men wore dark suits with short hair and moustaches, while women wore long dresses with narrow waists and long hair. In the 1920s, dresses and hair became shorter as hemlines rose and styles became more liberated. The 1930s-40s saw longer hems and hair again, as well as moustaches falling out of fashion. The 1950s brought brighter colors, tighter fits, and pointed shoes for both sexes. The 1960s are known for the miniskirt and long boots as well as men growing their hair long. The late 1960s-early 70s featured loose, colorful hippie styles.
Advertising has evolved significantly from its early beginnings. It started as oral announcements promoting goods and services, and developed into painted signs and notices. Over time, advertising expanded its reach through various media like newspapers, radio, television and the internet. Modern advertising is a major worldwide industry that aims to influence consumer purchases. It works by notifying people of new products and services, and creating associations to satisfy human needs and desires.
Advertising has existed for thousands of years, starting with wall paintings in ancient Egypt and Rome used to promote goods and political ideas. In the 18th century, printed advertisements began appearing in newspapers to promote books and medicines. The development of radio in the 1920s led to the first radio advertisements, with early radio stations providing programming in exchange for brief promotions of sponsors. This model was later adopted for the new medium of television in the 1950s, establishing the ongoing practice of multiple short advertisements spaced throughout commercial programming.
Digital technology uses electronics, devices, and equipment that operate using binary logic and discrete signals. Examples include computers, digital cameras, MP3 players, mobile phones, and other devices that store and process digital information. A computer takes in information as input, processes it, and produces new output. Digital cameras store photos digitally on memory cards instead of film. MP3 players allow users to listen to music files in a portable format. Mobile phones allow wireless communication over long distances by connecting to nearby cell towers and handing off calls between cells as the user moves around. Many modern mobile phones are smartphones that provide additional functions beyond calls like email, apps, internet access, and cameras.
Advertising is a way for companies to encourage people to buy goods, services, or ideas through various media sponsored by an identified company. Advertisers use many techniques to get people's attention, such as shocking images, and then try to appeal to consumers' emotions or sense of humor to promote their brand. The history of advertising dates back thousands of years to ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where messages were painted on walls and posters to promote commercial products. One of the first well-known modern advertisers was Thomas J. Barratt, who created effective advertising campaigns for Pears Soap in the 19th century that involved slogans, images, and targeted messaging.
Oasis of the Seas is the world's largest passenger ship with 16 decks containing various zones and activities for passengers. Some areas include the Royal Promenade shopping and dining zone, Central Park living park without a roof, and zones for pools, sports, fitness classes, and entertainment. Passengers have many options to shop, eat, relax, exercise, and be entertained during their voyage.
The document summarizes several of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It describes the Great Pyramid of Giza as the oldest and only remaining wonder, originally built as a tomb for King Khufu. It discusses the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, constructed by King Nebuchadnezzar II to please his wife, but later destroyed by floods. It also mentions the Temple of Artemis, rebuilt multiple times after being damaged by floods and attacks, and the Statue of Zeus at Olympia designed by Phidias and decorated with gold and ivory but later destroyed.
Christmas is celebrated on December 25th in Great Britain. Prior to Christmas, people send greeting cards to friends and family. Christmas trees are decorated with lights, toys and colored balls. Children put stockings by their beds hoping Father Christmas will fill them with presents overnight. On Christmas day, families gather for a meal that traditionally includes turkey, potatoes, vegetables and Christmas pudding cake.
This document contains summaries of several articles about threats facing different animal species and environmental pollution issues:
- Sumatran rhinoceros populations have been reduced to only 6 groups due to illegal poaching for their horns in traditional Chinese medicine.
- The American manatee's habitat has been reduced by human development in coastal areas, and many are killed by motorboat propellers or ingesting fishing gear.
- Elephant seals were hunted for food by sailors, with over 10,000 taken from the Galapagos islands in just 36 years, driving the species near extinction.
Journalism has evolved over centuries from word of mouth to early written reports in ancient empires like Rome and Egypt. In 1456, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, enabling wider distribution of publications. The first regular newspaper, the Oxford Gazette, began in 1665 in England. In the US, the first printer was Stephen Day in 1638 and the first newspaper was Benjamin Harris's Publick Occurrences in 1690, though it was shut down after one issue. The development of newspapers continued through the 1700s and 1800s with important publications like the New York Herald establishing the modern newspaper model in 1835. Radio broadcasting began in the early 1900s and further expanded journalism. The internet brought another change with the first
Photojournalism involves accurately capturing current events in photographs to illustrate news stories. Great photojournalism uses images to tell the story before the text. While maintaining objectivity and integrity, powerful photojournalism engages viewers emotionally and makes them want to learn more about the event. A code of ethics prohibits altering images, as even subtle manipulation can damage credibility. Formal training is often required for photojournalism careers, though some self-taught photographers still succeed. Iconic examples like 9/11 photos continue to impact viewers long after the words are forgotten.
The document discusses different structures for news stories, including the inverted pyramid, narrative, and hourglass structures. The inverted pyramid is the most popular as it places the most important information at the beginning. However, narrative and hourglass structures allow for more character and story development. Regardless of structure, news stories should focus the information around the key details in the lead paragraph.
Sensationalism has existed in news media since humans began sharing stories, often focusing on sex and violence. While some see sensationalism as undermining quality journalism, others argue it fulfills important cultural functions by spreading information and strengthening social bonds. Sensational stories attract large audiences, putting pressure on journalists to produce sensational content to please advertisers, yet risk providing an uninformed public. To avoid sensationalism, freelance writers must distinguish objective journalism from attention-grabbing stories lacking full context or accuracy, and use representative anecdotes to support statistical claims rather than outlier examples.
This document discusses reading and writing skills. It explains that reading involves recognizing letters, words, meanings and understanding connections between sentences through grammar, vocabulary and world knowledge. Writing is a productive skill that involves producing letters, words, sentences and texts. The document outlines key concepts and stages of reading such as pre-reading, during reading and post reading activities. It also discusses writing subskills like accuracy and communicating a message as well as the stages of writing such as brainstorming, drafting and editing. The document notes that reading and writing skills develop differently depending on a learner's age and level.
This document discusses gerunds in English grammar. It defines a gerund as the -ing form of a verb that can function as a noun, subject, or object. Examples are given like "smoking is prohibited" and "my son loves playing video games." Some common verbs that can be followed by gerunds are listed, such as enjoy, hate, like, love, miss. The document also discusses how some verbs are followed by a preposition and gerund, such as "complain about" or "insist on." Finally, it briefly introduces the passive gerund formed with "being" and examples of its use.
This document provides context and analysis of Shakespeare's famous Sonnet 18. It begins with the full text of the sonnet, which compares the subject's beauty to a summer's day. The document then explains that a sonnet has 14 lines that typically presents a problem resolved at the end. For Sonnet 18, the theme is that the subject's beauty will not fade with time and will live on eternally through the poem. Evidence for this is found in lines that say her beauty and summer will not fade and the poem will give her life as long as it is read.
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is important for long-term well-being. Some key things one can do to stay healthy include having an active lifestyle through daily exercise like walking, swimming, or yoga; eating a nutritious diet focused on fruits and vegetables while limiting fast food and excess eating; avoiding unhealthy habits like smoking, drinking alcohol, or overeating; keeping a regular sleep schedule of 7-9 hours per night; and visiting the doctor regularly to monitor one's health. Overall happiness is also important for overall wellness.
Rainforests are dense, warm, wet forests that are home to millions of plant and animal species. They generate much of the Earth's oxygen and contain many important resources for medicine. Rainforests are located near the equator in South America, Central America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australia. They have high rainfall and temperatures that do not freeze or become too hot. Rainforests are important ecosystems but are increasingly endangered due to deforestation.
In the 1950s, men's fashion included bright colored tight trousers and long jackets, while women wore blouses, wide skirts, and short socks. The 1960s saw the rise of the mini skirt and long boots for women, and the Beatles popularized long hair for men. The late 1960s and early 1970s were dominated by loose, colorful hippie styles including maxi dresses and skirts for women and long hair for both sexes. Punk fashion emerged in the late 1970s with colorful hairstyles and makeup. By the late 1980s, casual, loose clothing like baggy pants and sweatshirts along with baseball caps and tracksuits became trendy.
The document discusses fashion trends throughout the 20th century. Before WWI, men wore dark suits with short hair and moustaches, while women wore long dresses with narrow waists and long hair. In the 1920s, dresses and hair became shorter as hemlines rose and styles became more liberated. The 1930s-40s saw longer hems and hair again, as well as moustaches falling out of fashion. The 1950s brought brighter colors, tighter fits, and pointed shoes for both sexes. The 1960s are known for the miniskirt and long boots as well as men growing their hair long. The late 1960s-early 70s featured loose, colorful hippie styles.
Advertising has evolved significantly from its early beginnings. It started as oral announcements promoting goods and services, and developed into painted signs and notices. Over time, advertising expanded its reach through various media like newspapers, radio, television and the internet. Modern advertising is a major worldwide industry that aims to influence consumer purchases. It works by notifying people of new products and services, and creating associations to satisfy human needs and desires.
Advertising has existed for thousands of years, starting with wall paintings in ancient Egypt and Rome used to promote goods and political ideas. In the 18th century, printed advertisements began appearing in newspapers to promote books and medicines. The development of radio in the 1920s led to the first radio advertisements, with early radio stations providing programming in exchange for brief promotions of sponsors. This model was later adopted for the new medium of television in the 1950s, establishing the ongoing practice of multiple short advertisements spaced throughout commercial programming.
Digital technology uses electronics, devices, and equipment that operate using binary logic and discrete signals. Examples include computers, digital cameras, MP3 players, mobile phones, and other devices that store and process digital information. A computer takes in information as input, processes it, and produces new output. Digital cameras store photos digitally on memory cards instead of film. MP3 players allow users to listen to music files in a portable format. Mobile phones allow wireless communication over long distances by connecting to nearby cell towers and handing off calls between cells as the user moves around. Many modern mobile phones are smartphones that provide additional functions beyond calls like email, apps, internet access, and cameras.
Advertising is a way for companies to encourage people to buy goods, services, or ideas through various media sponsored by an identified company. Advertisers use many techniques to get people's attention, such as shocking images, and then try to appeal to consumers' emotions or sense of humor to promote their brand. The history of advertising dates back thousands of years to ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where messages were painted on walls and posters to promote commercial products. One of the first well-known modern advertisers was Thomas J. Barratt, who created effective advertising campaigns for Pears Soap in the 19th century that involved slogans, images, and targeted messaging.
Oasis of the Seas is the world's largest passenger ship with 16 decks containing various zones and activities for passengers. Some areas include the Royal Promenade shopping and dining zone, Central Park living park without a roof, and zones for pools, sports, fitness classes, and entertainment. Passengers have many options to shop, eat, relax, exercise, and be entertained during their voyage.
The document summarizes several of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It describes the Great Pyramid of Giza as the oldest and only remaining wonder, originally built as a tomb for King Khufu. It discusses the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, constructed by King Nebuchadnezzar II to please his wife, but later destroyed by floods. It also mentions the Temple of Artemis, rebuilt multiple times after being damaged by floods and attacks, and the Statue of Zeus at Olympia designed by Phidias and decorated with gold and ivory but later destroyed.
Christmas is celebrated on December 25th in Great Britain. Prior to Christmas, people send greeting cards to friends and family. Christmas trees are decorated with lights, toys and colored balls. Children put stockings by their beds hoping Father Christmas will fill them with presents overnight. On Christmas day, families gather for a meal that traditionally includes turkey, potatoes, vegetables and Christmas pudding cake.
This document contains summaries of several articles about threats facing different animal species and environmental pollution issues:
- Sumatran rhinoceros populations have been reduced to only 6 groups due to illegal poaching for their horns in traditional Chinese medicine.
- The American manatee's habitat has been reduced by human development in coastal areas, and many are killed by motorboat propellers or ingesting fishing gear.
- Elephant seals were hunted for food by sailors, with over 10,000 taken from the Galapagos islands in just 36 years, driving the species near extinction.
Journalism has evolved over centuries from word of mouth to early written reports in ancient empires like Rome and Egypt. In 1456, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, enabling wider distribution of publications. The first regular newspaper, the Oxford Gazette, began in 1665 in England. In the US, the first printer was Stephen Day in 1638 and the first newspaper was Benjamin Harris's Publick Occurrences in 1690, though it was shut down after one issue. The development of newspapers continued through the 1700s and 1800s with important publications like the New York Herald establishing the modern newspaper model in 1835. Radio broadcasting began in the early 1900s and further expanded journalism. The internet brought another change with the first
Photojournalism involves accurately capturing current events in photographs to illustrate news stories. Great photojournalism uses images to tell the story before the text. While maintaining objectivity and integrity, powerful photojournalism engages viewers emotionally and makes them want to learn more about the event. A code of ethics prohibits altering images, as even subtle manipulation can damage credibility. Formal training is often required for photojournalism careers, though some self-taught photographers still succeed. Iconic examples like 9/11 photos continue to impact viewers long after the words are forgotten.
The document discusses different structures for news stories, including the inverted pyramid, narrative, and hourglass structures. The inverted pyramid is the most popular as it places the most important information at the beginning. However, narrative and hourglass structures allow for more character and story development. Regardless of structure, news stories should focus the information around the key details in the lead paragraph.
Sensationalism has existed in news media since humans began sharing stories, often focusing on sex and violence. While some see sensationalism as undermining quality journalism, others argue it fulfills important cultural functions by spreading information and strengthening social bonds. Sensational stories attract large audiences, putting pressure on journalists to produce sensational content to please advertisers, yet risk providing an uninformed public. To avoid sensationalism, freelance writers must distinguish objective journalism from attention-grabbing stories lacking full context or accuracy, and use representative anecdotes to support statistical claims rather than outlier examples.
This document discusses reading and writing skills. It explains that reading involves recognizing letters, words, meanings and understanding connections between sentences through grammar, vocabulary and world knowledge. Writing is a productive skill that involves producing letters, words, sentences and texts. The document outlines key concepts and stages of reading such as pre-reading, during reading and post reading activities. It also discusses writing subskills like accuracy and communicating a message as well as the stages of writing such as brainstorming, drafting and editing. The document notes that reading and writing skills develop differently depending on a learner's age and level.
1. КОММУНИКАТИВНОЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ
АМЕРИКАНЦЕВ
Автор: студентка 2-го курса
экономического факультета
Тувалѐва Татьяна Андреевна,
Научный руководитель:
Григорьева Евгения
Геннадьевна,
кандидат педагогических наук
2. ЦЕЛЬ И ЗАДАЧИ
Цель работы – выделить и описать основные
особенности американского
коммуникативного поведения.
Для достижения данной цели следует
решить следующие задачи:
1) изучить литературу по проблеме;
2) раскрыть характерные черты
коммуникативного поведения американцев;
3) сравнить коммуникативное поведение
русских и американцев.
3. НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ АМЕРИКАНСКОГО
КОММУНИКАТИВНОГО ПОВЕДЕНИЯ
Американцы искренне верят в то, что они
знают себя достаточно хорошо
Знаменитый девиз американцев Proud to be
American [Горжусь, что я американец]
Культ святынь и символов
Американцы отличаются своей вежливостью
и обходительностью
Доминантные черты характера:
независимость, предприимчивость,
практичность, законопослушность, приоритет
деловых отношений над личными
5. АМЕРИКАНСКОЕ НЕВЕРБАЛЬНОЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ
Рукопожатие
Личное пространство
Физический контакт при общении
Улыбка в общении
Положение тела при общении
Контакт взглядом
Американские жесты
6. СРАВНЕНИЕ КОММУНИКАТИВНОГО
ПОВЕДЕНИЯ РУССКИХ И АМЕРИКАНЦЕВ
В русской коммуникативной культуре
средством установления контакта может
стать практически любая фраза
Допустимые в американском общении темы
обычно не приняты в русском общении
Американцы извиняются за возможные
неудобства, а не только за уже
доставленные
В Америке студенты ведут достаточно
изолированную друг от друга жизнь,
стараются обходиться без помощи
товарищей по учебе
Американцы намного больше улыбаются в
8. ВЕДЕНИЕ ДИАЛОГА
Американский диалог идет быстро, в нем
мало развернутых фраз, реплики краткие,
не принято долго говорить одному.
В обычной американской беседе
происходит частая смена ролей
(говорящий - слушающий), реплики
состоят только из нескольких
предложений.
9. РЕАКЦИЯ НА СЛОВА СОБЕСЕДНИКА
Американцы реагируют на слова
собеседника достаточно эмоционально
Если человек обиделся, но не объяснил
почему, некоторые американцы посчитают
это детским поведением
Американцы предпочитают вербально
реагировать на то, что они слышат
Американцы считают невозможным
перебить говорящего собеседника
10. ОБЩЕНИЕ С ИНОСТРАНЦАМИ
Американцы общаются с иностранцами
достаточно доброжелательно, но
снисходительно.
Америка - страна эмигрантов, и у
американцев нет гипергостеприимства по
отношению к иностранцам, как, например,
в России
Обычными темами для разговора с
иностранцем являются политика, семья,
пища, способы проведения досуга, спорт
11. КОММУНИКАТИВНЫЕ ТАБУ
Существует фактическая табуированность
обсуждения политических и религиозных проблем
в личном общении (к примеру, на вечеринке, за
столом и т. д.)
Не принято возражать гостям, и тем более
спорить с ними
Не принято высказывать негативные отзывы о
чернокожих людях в общественных местах или в
семье
Если возникает атмосфера несогласия, то обычно
вежливо констатируется расхождение во взглядах
и разговор переводится на другую тему.
12. РУКОПОЖАТИЕ
В обычных ситуациях, когда два человека
встречаются, они нередко пожимают друг
другу руки, но это не обязательно.
В Америке даже близкие друзья обычно не
обмениваются рукопожатием, за
исключением тех случаев, если они слишком
долго не виделись или хотят поздравить друг
друга.
Рукопожатие возможно при первом
знакомстве и расставании.
13. ЛИЧНОЕ ПРОСТРАНСТВО
Личное пространство является
важнейшим компонентом американской
культуры.
В закрытую комнату, даже к собственному
ребенку, американцы обычно стучат и не
входят без разрешения или приглашения
В ресторанах и кафе не принято
подсаживаться за чей-либо столик или
приглашать незнакомых людей к своему
14. ФИЗИЧЕСКИЙ КОНТАКТ ПРИ ОБЩЕНИИ
Американцы не относятся к контактным
культурам
Контакт осуществляется крайне редко:
действует правило Keep your hands to
yourself (держи руки при себе).
Только мужчинам допустимо похлопать
друг друга по плечу при приветствии
15. УЛЫБКА В ОБЩЕНИИ
Основными функциями американской улыбки
являются:
• демонстрация доброжелательности к собеседнику;
• демонстрация вежливости в общении: улыбка в
Америке - основа обслуживания клиентов;
• демонстрация личного преуспевания («Я в полном
порядке»); даже если дела идут неважно, американцы
улыбаются (keep smiling), чтобы не выглядеть
«неудачниками»; улыбка - это демонстрация
американцем стойкости, жизнеспособности;
• демонстрация благодарности.
Необходимо подчеркнуть также, что громкий смех в
Америке - признак расположения к собеседнику.
16. ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ ТЕЛА ПРИ ОБЩЕНИИ
Для американцев в большей степени, чем
для русских, свойственна прямая осанка
при сидении
Американцы могут сидеть в транспорте и
офисе, положив ногу лодыжкой на колено
другой ноги (поза «четверка»), эта поза
считается допустимой.
Можно в определенных ситуациях класть
ноги на стол.
17. КОНТАКТ ВЗГЛЯДОМ
У американцев не принято смотреть
на незнакомых людей, но если
американец случайно встретился
взглядом с незнакомым, он должен
ему улыбнуться в знак
установления контакта.
18. АМЕРИКАНСКИЕ ЖЕСТЫ
Некоторые специфически американские жесты:
1) О-кей - указательный и большой палец соединены в
кольцо, это наиболее известный в мире
американский жест
2) Чтобы поймать такси, американцы, стоя на обочине
дороги или на тротуаре, обычно вытягивают вперед
руку с поднятым вверх большим пальцем
3) Чтобы выразить облегчение, американцы в качестве
сопровождающего жеста вытирают рукой лоб
4) Чтобы показать, что кто-то сошел с ума, американцы
проводят возле виска круг рукой.
5) Покачивание ладонью служит в американском
общении выражением сомнения