This document discusses fish diseases and their treatment. It provides guidelines for determining when and how to treat fish diseases, including only treating when necessary, accurately identifying the disease cause, and using the proper treatment method. It describes various treatment methods like oral medications through food, waterborne treatments like baths and dips, and injections. It emphasizes the importance of properly applying treatments, monitoring fish health during and after treatment, and preventing antibiotic resistance in aquaculture.
This document discusses pharmaceutical preparations used in aquaculture. It begins by noting that aquaculture is an important food sector but disease outbreaks can be disruptive, so antimicrobials are used. It then describes various forms preparations can take including solutions, powders, tablets, capsules, and more. Specific preparations are aqueous solutions, magmas, infusions, tinctures, and fluid extracts. The document provides details on each type of preparation and how they are used or administered.
1. The document discusses various intellectual property rights related to natural products, including patents, plant breeder's rights, farmer's rights, and bioprospecting.
2. It provides examples of patents granted on natural products like turmeric and neem that were challenged for lacking novelty, as the knowledge was pre-existing in traditional Indian medicine.
3. The turmeric case is highlighted as the first patent re-examination where rejection was based on presentation of traditional knowledge.
The human genome project, which has been under way for several years now, represents an attempt to build a complete genetic profile of the human race. Already researchers claim to have identified the gene responsible for a number of abnormalities, from cystic fibrosis to, most recently, aggression. Should this be regarded as an exciting enterprise that deserves the support of therapists of all persuasions? Or is it an extreme expression of hubris, a hazardous undertaking with unforeseeable and possibly disastrous consequences for human health and liberty. The result of this misperception is that, inevitably, genetic mapping will lead to genetic manipulation – indeed that is the avowed aim of geneticists. Whatever the good intentions of researchers, the medical -industrial establishment a tacit alliance of doctors, drug companies ,insurance, and other interested parties, influenced to varying degrees by consideration of money or power –will ensure that the pressures on ‘genetic defectives’ to undergo therapy will be irresistible. This will give rise to a society where the individual will relinquish all control over his or her own health, and where virtually everyone, from gestation onward, will become a “patient” under the control of the medical- industrial complex.
What does all this have to do with Phytotherapy(Herbal Medicine)? The natural therapies-among which the phytotherapy, in global terms, is paramount-in general reflect the philosophical view that nature in totality , is the expression of a universal harmony and equilibrium , the rupture of which gives rise to numerous ill effects, among them environmental devastation in the biosphere and ill-health in the individual.
Phytotherapy, by contrast, aims not to cure disease by a technological fix, but to bring about a restoration of homoeostasis through remedies that assist , but stop short of violence to, the organism’s intrinsic healing powers.
The eminent French doctor J.C Lapaz maintains that 90% of both common and serious illnesses could be treated with phytotherapy.It is therefore the lecturer believe that widening the scope of natural medicine in this way presents as worthy as a challenge to science as the human genome project, and one whose success would be crowned with immeasurably greater benefits to humanity and prevention of diseases.
Marine pharmacognosy is the study of naturally occurring substances derived from marine sources. The oceans cover over 70% of the earth's surface and are rich in fauna and flora that have potential medicinal uses. Some established marine-derived medicinal products include agar, alginic acid, carrageen, and cod and halibut liver oils. Marine sources have yielded compounds that may have applications as cardiovascular agents, anticancer agents, antimicrobials, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatories. Examples include eptatraetin from hogfish which is a cardiac stimulant, manoalide from sponges which is a neurotoxin and involved in prostaglandin synthesis, and tetrod
The document discusses herbal remedies used in aquaculture. It provides an introduction to herbal products and their advantages over chemical products, including fewer side effects. Several herbal plants and their properties are described, including neem, tulsi, garlic, and onion. The herbal plants have antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal properties. The document also discusses limitations of herbal plants and concludes that natural herbal products present a safer alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture.
This study analyzed two seaweed species, Acanthopora spicifera and Sargassum wightii, for their phytochemical content both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis found that petroleum ether and methanol extracts contained the highest number (8) of compounds for both species. Quantitative analysis revealed that S. wightii contained the highest levels of total phenols and flavonoids, while A. spicifera contained the highest tannin levels. Overall, the seaweeds demonstrated nutritional value from their variety of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and more. The study contributes to understanding these seaweeds' chemical compositions and potential applications.
This document discusses pesticide residues in food. It begins by defining pesticides and explaining how residues can occur in foods when pesticides are used during agricultural production. It notes that processing foods can help reduce residues. It then discusses groups vulnerable to pesticide effects like children. The document outlines pesticide risk assessment and various health effects of pesticide exposure. It concludes by discussing approaches for preventing and controlling pesticide residues like consumer education, legislation, research into alternatives, and promotion of integrated pest management.
1) The document presents a lab report analyzing the physical and chemical properties of Acacia Nilotica seeds. Parameters like moisture content, ash content, extract values, and phytochemical screening were tested and the results were compared to standard values.
2) The moisture content was slightly higher than standard. Ash content and tannin levels were also higher than standard. Extract values from cold ethanol were highest.
3) Phytochemical screening found saponins, tannins, and furanochromone present, but no alkaloids or anthraquinones. The analysis was to quality control the herbal preparation for traditional uses like treatment of diabetes and wounds.
This document discusses pharmaceutical preparations used in aquaculture. It begins by noting that aquaculture is an important food sector but disease outbreaks can be disruptive, so antimicrobials are used. It then describes various forms preparations can take including solutions, powders, tablets, capsules, and more. Specific preparations are aqueous solutions, magmas, infusions, tinctures, and fluid extracts. The document provides details on each type of preparation and how they are used or administered.
1. The document discusses various intellectual property rights related to natural products, including patents, plant breeder's rights, farmer's rights, and bioprospecting.
2. It provides examples of patents granted on natural products like turmeric and neem that were challenged for lacking novelty, as the knowledge was pre-existing in traditional Indian medicine.
3. The turmeric case is highlighted as the first patent re-examination where rejection was based on presentation of traditional knowledge.
The human genome project, which has been under way for several years now, represents an attempt to build a complete genetic profile of the human race. Already researchers claim to have identified the gene responsible for a number of abnormalities, from cystic fibrosis to, most recently, aggression. Should this be regarded as an exciting enterprise that deserves the support of therapists of all persuasions? Or is it an extreme expression of hubris, a hazardous undertaking with unforeseeable and possibly disastrous consequences for human health and liberty. The result of this misperception is that, inevitably, genetic mapping will lead to genetic manipulation – indeed that is the avowed aim of geneticists. Whatever the good intentions of researchers, the medical -industrial establishment a tacit alliance of doctors, drug companies ,insurance, and other interested parties, influenced to varying degrees by consideration of money or power –will ensure that the pressures on ‘genetic defectives’ to undergo therapy will be irresistible. This will give rise to a society where the individual will relinquish all control over his or her own health, and where virtually everyone, from gestation onward, will become a “patient” under the control of the medical- industrial complex.
What does all this have to do with Phytotherapy(Herbal Medicine)? The natural therapies-among which the phytotherapy, in global terms, is paramount-in general reflect the philosophical view that nature in totality , is the expression of a universal harmony and equilibrium , the rupture of which gives rise to numerous ill effects, among them environmental devastation in the biosphere and ill-health in the individual.
Phytotherapy, by contrast, aims not to cure disease by a technological fix, but to bring about a restoration of homoeostasis through remedies that assist , but stop short of violence to, the organism’s intrinsic healing powers.
The eminent French doctor J.C Lapaz maintains that 90% of both common and serious illnesses could be treated with phytotherapy.It is therefore the lecturer believe that widening the scope of natural medicine in this way presents as worthy as a challenge to science as the human genome project, and one whose success would be crowned with immeasurably greater benefits to humanity and prevention of diseases.
Marine pharmacognosy is the study of naturally occurring substances derived from marine sources. The oceans cover over 70% of the earth's surface and are rich in fauna and flora that have potential medicinal uses. Some established marine-derived medicinal products include agar, alginic acid, carrageen, and cod and halibut liver oils. Marine sources have yielded compounds that may have applications as cardiovascular agents, anticancer agents, antimicrobials, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatories. Examples include eptatraetin from hogfish which is a cardiac stimulant, manoalide from sponges which is a neurotoxin and involved in prostaglandin synthesis, and tetrod
The document discusses herbal remedies used in aquaculture. It provides an introduction to herbal products and their advantages over chemical products, including fewer side effects. Several herbal plants and their properties are described, including neem, tulsi, garlic, and onion. The herbal plants have antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal properties. The document also discusses limitations of herbal plants and concludes that natural herbal products present a safer alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture.
This study analyzed two seaweed species, Acanthopora spicifera and Sargassum wightii, for their phytochemical content both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis found that petroleum ether and methanol extracts contained the highest number (8) of compounds for both species. Quantitative analysis revealed that S. wightii contained the highest levels of total phenols and flavonoids, while A. spicifera contained the highest tannin levels. Overall, the seaweeds demonstrated nutritional value from their variety of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and more. The study contributes to understanding these seaweeds' chemical compositions and potential applications.
This document discusses pesticide residues in food. It begins by defining pesticides and explaining how residues can occur in foods when pesticides are used during agricultural production. It notes that processing foods can help reduce residues. It then discusses groups vulnerable to pesticide effects like children. The document outlines pesticide risk assessment and various health effects of pesticide exposure. It concludes by discussing approaches for preventing and controlling pesticide residues like consumer education, legislation, research into alternatives, and promotion of integrated pest management.
1) The document presents a lab report analyzing the physical and chemical properties of Acacia Nilotica seeds. Parameters like moisture content, ash content, extract values, and phytochemical screening were tested and the results were compared to standard values.
2) The moisture content was slightly higher than standard. Ash content and tannin levels were also higher than standard. Extract values from cold ethanol were highest.
3) Phytochemical screening found saponins, tannins, and furanochromone present, but no alkaloids or anthraquinones. The analysis was to quality control the herbal preparation for traditional uses like treatment of diabetes and wounds.
Pesticides classification and maximum residue limits in foodsherif Taha
This presentation describes main pesticide classification and illustrate how to obtain MRL for pesticide residue in EU, Codex alimentarius, USA, and Japan
Nursing care of patients undergoing chemotherapy requires thorough assessment, monitoring for side effects, and communication. Nurses must understand the treatment plan including drugs, dosages, and potential side effects. During chemotherapy, nurses monitor patient responses, document signs and symptoms, and inform the healthcare team. Chemotherapy administration requires careful preparation, administration through appropriate routes like intravenous, and safe disposal of supplies and unused drugs. Nurses must also properly manage any chemotherapy spills.
Pesticide residues can remain in crops after harvesting if the crops were treated with pesticides. Processing foods can help reduce pesticide residues. Washing, peeling, cooking, and other processing methods can lower pesticide levels by removing outer layers of foods and breaking down pesticides through actions like heating. Processed foods may have lower pesticide levels than fresh foods due to processing reducing residues and growers and processors aiming to minimize residues for consumer safety and demand.
PRESENTATION PESTICIDE RESIDUES SURVEILLANCE IN FOODJean Ling Ong
This document provides an overview of pesticide residue monitoring activities in Malaysia, which involves multiple agencies regulating pesticides and food safety. It discusses legislation governing pesticides and maximum residue levels in food. Laboratories accredited to international standards conduct screening and analysis of domestic and imported foods. A 2010 monitoring program found low rates of pesticide residue exceedances in foods from local markets in four Malaysian states.
This document outlines good farming practices for animal production food safety. It discusses six types of good practices: 1) general farm management, 2) animal health management, 3) veterinary medicines and biologicals, 4) animal feeding and watering, 5) environment and infrastructure, and 6) animal and product handling. For each type, it provides detailed guidelines on implementing practices that ensure hygiene, disease prevention, animal welfare, environmental protection, and food safety. The overarching goal is to manage all aspects of animal farming in a manner that protects animal and human health.
The document discusses oncology nursing and cancer treatment modalities. It defines the 7 cardinal signs of cancer and differentiates between benign and malignant tumors. The goals of cancer therapy are described as curative, control, or palliative. The major cancer treatment modalities - surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy - are explained along with associated nursing interventions. Toxic effects of treatment are outlined and nursing management of side effects is discussed.
Pesticide residues in foods can pose risks if present at unsafe levels. This document discusses pesticide residues, including definitions and classifications of different pesticide types. It also covers factors that influence residue formation, such as application rate and environmental conditions. Risk assessment and monitoring programs set maximum residue limits and estimate exposure and intake to ensure pesticide residues do not exceed safe levels. International and national organizations monitor residues and set limits to protect public health.
Fr antibiotic pesticide hormones & heavy metals fbabasahebkumbhar
This document discusses food safety and residues that can occur in animal products consumed by humans. It defines residues as substances from drugs, metals, or other sources that are transmitted to animal products and may harm human health. Acceptable daily intake and maximum residue limits for different substances are described. Common sources of residues include antibiotics, insecticides, hormones, and heavy metals. The document outlines potential health hazards to humans from residues, including allergic reactions, toxicity, and development of drug-resistant organisms. It emphasizes the need for controls and education to minimize residues entering the food supply.
This document discusses current trends in natural health products and research on natural products from garlic and perilla. It provides background on the history of using natural products for medicine beginning with Hippocrates prescribing garlic. Developments are discussed such as the discovery of antibiotics from microorganisms in the 1970s and shift to laboratory drug discovery in the 1980s. The presentation will cover organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology and synthetic analogs related to natural product research and development. Studies on garlic are summarized showing that consuming garlic may help lower blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides.
This document discusses pesticides and their residues in food. It defines pesticides as substances used to prevent, destroy, repel or attract pests during production, processing, storage, transport or packaging of food. Pesticide residue above maximum residue limits can pose health risks to humans. Several studies in India have found high percentages of vegetable and milk samples contaminated with pesticide residues like DDT and organochlorines. The document outlines various government organizations and regulations related to monitoring, setting limits, and restricting hazardous pesticides to ensure food safety.
This document outlines good farming practices for animal production food safety. It discusses six types of good farming practices: 1) general farm management, 2) animal health management, 3) veterinary medicines, 4) animal feeding and watering, 5) environment and infrastructure, and 6) animal and product handling. Under each type, it provides a list of common measures farmers should take to ensure hygiene and disease prevention, address biohazards, chemical hazards, and physical hazards. The overall goal is to protect animal and human health while following regulations.
Marine pharmacology is a promising field that investigates compounds from marine organisms for medical applications. Over 68% of anti-microbials and 63% of anti-cancer drugs are naturally derived. Six drugs of marine origin have been approved by the FDA to treat conditions like cancer, viral infections, and chronic pain. Many other compounds are in clinical trials. Slow-moving marine organisms produce unique chemical defenses with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-parasitic properties. India has potential to contribute but its marine pharmacology remains nascent. Sustainable supply is a challenge but can be addressed through mariculture, aquaculture, and hemi-synthesis.
This document discusses the potential for new drug discoveries from marine sources. It notes that oceans contain the most biodiversity and genetic diversity of any environment. Many existing drugs have been derived from marine sources, including the painkiller ziconotide from cone snails. The document outlines several compounds from marine sources that are under investigation for anti-cancer and anti-bacterial properties, including trabectedin from tunicates, bryostatin from bryozoans, and aplidin from tunicates. Marine pharmacology is a promising field for new drug developments given the vast, unexplored chemical diversity in the oceans.
This document discusses pharmacovigilance as it relates to herbal medications. It defines pharmacovigilance and outlines its goals of improving patient safety, public health, and risk assessment of medicines. It then discusses specific challenges in monitoring the safety of herbal medicines, including quality control issues due to their complex chemical profiles. Several methods for herbal pharmacovigilance are described, including spontaneous adverse event reporting, prescription event monitoring, and reporting by herbal practitioners. Some herbs with known safety risks are highlighted as examples.
The document discusses various types of food contamination including physical, chemical, and biological contaminants. Physical contaminants refer to foreign materials that enter food unintentionally, such as metal fragments. Chemical contaminants include heavy metals, pesticide residues, antibiotics, and other substances. Biological contaminants are microorganisms like bacteria that can cause foodborne illness. The document outlines strategies for preventing, detecting, and eliminating various contaminants to ensure food safety.
This document presents information on marine pharmacognosy. It defines marine pharmacognosy as the study of medicinally active natural substances obtained from marine species such as bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi and sponges. It provides examples of commercially used marine drugs and discusses the chemical diversity of compounds isolated from marine organisms. It also outlines proper procedures for collecting, handling, and storing marine organisms to prevent decomposition and chemical degradation.
Marine pharmacology By Dr. Harshad MalveHarshad Malve
Marine pharmacology deals with investigating medically important compounds from marine organisms. With oceans representing the most biodiverse environment, marine organisms provide a vast untapped resource for new drugs. Compounds have been isolated from sponges, tunicates, mollusks, and other marine sources. These include the painkiller ziconotide from cone snails, and anti-cancer compounds ecteinascidin 743 from tunicates and halichondrin B from sponges. Marine pharmacology continues to provide promising candidates for treating cancer, viruses, malaria and other diseases.
The document discusses residual toxicity on food commodities and its effects on human health. It notes that toxic residues enter the food supply through pesticides, industrial effluents, and growth hormones used in food production. Common food items like fruits, vegetables, grains, meat and dairy often contain hazardous residues that can cause acute or chronic health issues. Mitigation strategies discussed include following recommended pesticide usage, government regulations on residue limits, and promoting organic farming. Overall the rampant use of toxins in conventional food production poses a serious threat to human well-being.
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS AND METHOD OF APPLICATION TO FISHMr. Jayanta Tiple
direct route of drug administration. Parenteral methods like manual injection and automatic injectors can be used for small numbers of valuable fish. Drugs are typically injected intramuscularly into the epaxial musculature, intraperitoneally just below the vent, or into the dorso-median sinus of salmonids. Parenteral administration requires anesthetizing the fish first to prevent injury. It is suitable for vaccination or treatment of limited numbers of valuable fish when other administration routes cannot be used.
The document discusses disease control in aquaculture through environmental management. It emphasizes maintaining optimal environmental conditions like water quality to prevent disease spread. It notes that diseases can cause 10-15% production losses so ponds and hatcheries must be carefully managed. Poor management of things like water quality, overstocking, and unbalanced feed can lead to fish mortality. The document provides recommendations for best practices like liming, fertilizing, stocking density, and removing diseased/dead fish.
Pesticides classification and maximum residue limits in foodsherif Taha
This presentation describes main pesticide classification and illustrate how to obtain MRL for pesticide residue in EU, Codex alimentarius, USA, and Japan
Nursing care of patients undergoing chemotherapy requires thorough assessment, monitoring for side effects, and communication. Nurses must understand the treatment plan including drugs, dosages, and potential side effects. During chemotherapy, nurses monitor patient responses, document signs and symptoms, and inform the healthcare team. Chemotherapy administration requires careful preparation, administration through appropriate routes like intravenous, and safe disposal of supplies and unused drugs. Nurses must also properly manage any chemotherapy spills.
Pesticide residues can remain in crops after harvesting if the crops were treated with pesticides. Processing foods can help reduce pesticide residues. Washing, peeling, cooking, and other processing methods can lower pesticide levels by removing outer layers of foods and breaking down pesticides through actions like heating. Processed foods may have lower pesticide levels than fresh foods due to processing reducing residues and growers and processors aiming to minimize residues for consumer safety and demand.
PRESENTATION PESTICIDE RESIDUES SURVEILLANCE IN FOODJean Ling Ong
This document provides an overview of pesticide residue monitoring activities in Malaysia, which involves multiple agencies regulating pesticides and food safety. It discusses legislation governing pesticides and maximum residue levels in food. Laboratories accredited to international standards conduct screening and analysis of domestic and imported foods. A 2010 monitoring program found low rates of pesticide residue exceedances in foods from local markets in four Malaysian states.
This document outlines good farming practices for animal production food safety. It discusses six types of good practices: 1) general farm management, 2) animal health management, 3) veterinary medicines and biologicals, 4) animal feeding and watering, 5) environment and infrastructure, and 6) animal and product handling. For each type, it provides detailed guidelines on implementing practices that ensure hygiene, disease prevention, animal welfare, environmental protection, and food safety. The overarching goal is to manage all aspects of animal farming in a manner that protects animal and human health.
The document discusses oncology nursing and cancer treatment modalities. It defines the 7 cardinal signs of cancer and differentiates between benign and malignant tumors. The goals of cancer therapy are described as curative, control, or palliative. The major cancer treatment modalities - surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy - are explained along with associated nursing interventions. Toxic effects of treatment are outlined and nursing management of side effects is discussed.
Pesticide residues in foods can pose risks if present at unsafe levels. This document discusses pesticide residues, including definitions and classifications of different pesticide types. It also covers factors that influence residue formation, such as application rate and environmental conditions. Risk assessment and monitoring programs set maximum residue limits and estimate exposure and intake to ensure pesticide residues do not exceed safe levels. International and national organizations monitor residues and set limits to protect public health.
Fr antibiotic pesticide hormones & heavy metals fbabasahebkumbhar
This document discusses food safety and residues that can occur in animal products consumed by humans. It defines residues as substances from drugs, metals, or other sources that are transmitted to animal products and may harm human health. Acceptable daily intake and maximum residue limits for different substances are described. Common sources of residues include antibiotics, insecticides, hormones, and heavy metals. The document outlines potential health hazards to humans from residues, including allergic reactions, toxicity, and development of drug-resistant organisms. It emphasizes the need for controls and education to minimize residues entering the food supply.
This document discusses current trends in natural health products and research on natural products from garlic and perilla. It provides background on the history of using natural products for medicine beginning with Hippocrates prescribing garlic. Developments are discussed such as the discovery of antibiotics from microorganisms in the 1970s and shift to laboratory drug discovery in the 1980s. The presentation will cover organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology and synthetic analogs related to natural product research and development. Studies on garlic are summarized showing that consuming garlic may help lower blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides.
This document discusses pesticides and their residues in food. It defines pesticides as substances used to prevent, destroy, repel or attract pests during production, processing, storage, transport or packaging of food. Pesticide residue above maximum residue limits can pose health risks to humans. Several studies in India have found high percentages of vegetable and milk samples contaminated with pesticide residues like DDT and organochlorines. The document outlines various government organizations and regulations related to monitoring, setting limits, and restricting hazardous pesticides to ensure food safety.
This document outlines good farming practices for animal production food safety. It discusses six types of good farming practices: 1) general farm management, 2) animal health management, 3) veterinary medicines, 4) animal feeding and watering, 5) environment and infrastructure, and 6) animal and product handling. Under each type, it provides a list of common measures farmers should take to ensure hygiene and disease prevention, address biohazards, chemical hazards, and physical hazards. The overall goal is to protect animal and human health while following regulations.
Marine pharmacology is a promising field that investigates compounds from marine organisms for medical applications. Over 68% of anti-microbials and 63% of anti-cancer drugs are naturally derived. Six drugs of marine origin have been approved by the FDA to treat conditions like cancer, viral infections, and chronic pain. Many other compounds are in clinical trials. Slow-moving marine organisms produce unique chemical defenses with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-parasitic properties. India has potential to contribute but its marine pharmacology remains nascent. Sustainable supply is a challenge but can be addressed through mariculture, aquaculture, and hemi-synthesis.
This document discusses the potential for new drug discoveries from marine sources. It notes that oceans contain the most biodiversity and genetic diversity of any environment. Many existing drugs have been derived from marine sources, including the painkiller ziconotide from cone snails. The document outlines several compounds from marine sources that are under investigation for anti-cancer and anti-bacterial properties, including trabectedin from tunicates, bryostatin from bryozoans, and aplidin from tunicates. Marine pharmacology is a promising field for new drug developments given the vast, unexplored chemical diversity in the oceans.
This document discusses pharmacovigilance as it relates to herbal medications. It defines pharmacovigilance and outlines its goals of improving patient safety, public health, and risk assessment of medicines. It then discusses specific challenges in monitoring the safety of herbal medicines, including quality control issues due to their complex chemical profiles. Several methods for herbal pharmacovigilance are described, including spontaneous adverse event reporting, prescription event monitoring, and reporting by herbal practitioners. Some herbs with known safety risks are highlighted as examples.
The document discusses various types of food contamination including physical, chemical, and biological contaminants. Physical contaminants refer to foreign materials that enter food unintentionally, such as metal fragments. Chemical contaminants include heavy metals, pesticide residues, antibiotics, and other substances. Biological contaminants are microorganisms like bacteria that can cause foodborne illness. The document outlines strategies for preventing, detecting, and eliminating various contaminants to ensure food safety.
This document presents information on marine pharmacognosy. It defines marine pharmacognosy as the study of medicinally active natural substances obtained from marine species such as bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi and sponges. It provides examples of commercially used marine drugs and discusses the chemical diversity of compounds isolated from marine organisms. It also outlines proper procedures for collecting, handling, and storing marine organisms to prevent decomposition and chemical degradation.
Marine pharmacology By Dr. Harshad MalveHarshad Malve
Marine pharmacology deals with investigating medically important compounds from marine organisms. With oceans representing the most biodiverse environment, marine organisms provide a vast untapped resource for new drugs. Compounds have been isolated from sponges, tunicates, mollusks, and other marine sources. These include the painkiller ziconotide from cone snails, and anti-cancer compounds ecteinascidin 743 from tunicates and halichondrin B from sponges. Marine pharmacology continues to provide promising candidates for treating cancer, viruses, malaria and other diseases.
The document discusses residual toxicity on food commodities and its effects on human health. It notes that toxic residues enter the food supply through pesticides, industrial effluents, and growth hormones used in food production. Common food items like fruits, vegetables, grains, meat and dairy often contain hazardous residues that can cause acute or chronic health issues. Mitigation strategies discussed include following recommended pesticide usage, government regulations on residue limits, and promoting organic farming. Overall the rampant use of toxins in conventional food production poses a serious threat to human well-being.
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS AND METHOD OF APPLICATION TO FISHMr. Jayanta Tiple
direct route of drug administration. Parenteral methods like manual injection and automatic injectors can be used for small numbers of valuable fish. Drugs are typically injected intramuscularly into the epaxial musculature, intraperitoneally just below the vent, or into the dorso-median sinus of salmonids. Parenteral administration requires anesthetizing the fish first to prevent injury. It is suitable for vaccination or treatment of limited numbers of valuable fish when other administration routes cannot be used.
The document discusses disease control in aquaculture through environmental management. It emphasizes maintaining optimal environmental conditions like water quality to prevent disease spread. It notes that diseases can cause 10-15% production losses so ponds and hatcheries must be carefully managed. Poor management of things like water quality, overstocking, and unbalanced feed can lead to fish mortality. The document provides recommendations for best practices like liming, fertilizing, stocking density, and removing diseased/dead fish.
The document discusses using herbal medications to improve the immune defenses of farmed fish. It notes that diseases have increased with intensive farming and climate change. While antibiotics are commonly used, they can cause resistance and residue issues. The document reports on a study showing herbal immersion with AquaHerb for 24 hours improved survival rates against bacterial infection in several fish species by 80-90%. It explains that saponins and tannins in AquaHerb enhance immune response and appetite. A field trial also showed AquaHerb modulates immune functions by increasing leukocytes and monocytes. The results prove the efficacy of herbal immersion in reducing fish mortality from Vibrio bacteria.
CHEMICALS AND DRUGS USED IN SHRIMP AQUACULTUREICAR-CIFE
In aquaculture, as in all food production sectors, one of the external inputs required for successful fish production is chemical.
Chemicals are indeed an essential ingredient to successful aquaculture, which has been used in various forms for centuries (Subasinghe et al., 1996).
There is no doubt that some products are very useful, however, may not perform as claimed and farmers must evaluate the cost and benefits of treatment before investing in any products.
Information on how the product works should be studied. Several products have been sold without any explanation of their action.
Other alternatives could be used as bioremediation and use of probiotics, immunostimulants, vaccination, and alternative therapies.
Guidelines for the control of Aquaculture medicinal products(AMPs)Degonto Islam
Aquaculture drugs and chemicals plays a pivotal role not only in fish health management but also pond construction, soil and water management, enhancement of natural aquatic productivity, feed formulation, manipulation of reproduction, growth promotion and processing. Government of Bangladesh organized an awareness program on control of AMP to create awareness among different stakeholders. Functioning of a control system for AMP is a prerequisite for quality assurance safe fishery products
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through Manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
Herbal medication to improve immune defences of farmed fish_Asian Seafood mag...KB Haw
The document discusses the use of herbal medications to improve the immune defenses of farmed fish. It notes that overuse of antibiotics in aquaculture has led to bacterial resistance and residues in farmed seafood. As an alternative, herbal extracts like AquaHerb have been found to act as immune stimulants for fish, improving survival when exposed to bacterial and viral pathogens. Studies on several marine fish species found AquaHerb improved cellular immune response and increased survival against bacterial infections like Vibrio by over 80% compared to controls. Therefore, herbal extracts are a promising alternative to antibiotics for disease prevention and treatment in aquaculture.
Mechanism of Indian Herbals in Fish Disease Prevention.pptxshrijamajumder37
This document discusses the potential for using Indian herbal plants to prevent fish diseases in aquaculture. It outlines some limitations of conventional disease prevention methods, such as antibiotics and chemicals, and defines herbal medicine. Several Indian plants and their active ingredients that can benefit fish health are described, including their antimicrobial, immune-boosting, and overall health-promoting effects. Case studies demonstrating the successful use of herbal extracts in aquaculture are presented. While further research is needed, Indian herbal plants show promise as a sustainable approach to disease prevention.
This document provides an overview of fish pharmacology. It begins with definitions of pharmacology and fish pharmacology. It then discusses the history of pharmacology and different classifications of drugs. The document outlines various branches of pharmacology and routes of drug administration in fish, including enteral, parenteral, and topical methods. It also describes common drugs used in aquaculture for purposes like pond preparation, disease treatment, and breeding induction. The document lists some sex control drugs, immuno-stimulants, and osmo-regulators. It finishes with banned antibiotics in aquaculture and references.
Aqua drugs and chemicals used in aquaculture of Zakigonj upazilla, SylhetAbdullaAlAsif1
In order to investigate present status of aqua chemicals and drugs used in various aquaculture activities in Zakigonj upazilla, Sylhet. A survey was conducted, with carp polyculture, tilapia and catfish farmers, aqua-medicine sellers, representatives of pharmaceuticals companies, from July 2014 to November 2014. Each group consisted of 25 respondents. According to the survey the most common dose of lime used by the farmers during pond preparation (62.67%) and culture period (53%) is 0.5-1 kg/40m2. Urea and TSP used by the farmers mostly during culture period with most common dose of 100-150g/40m2(37.3%) and 50-100 g/40m2 (68%) respectively. Various categories of aqua drugs and chemicals were identified that were used by fish farmers for different purposes such as water quality management, disinfectants, improve dissolve oxygen level, disease treatment, antibiotics and growth promoter. Many pharmaceutical companies were found to provide these aqua drugs and chemicals with different trade names to fulfill the farmers demand. For pond and water quality management lime, urea and TSP are mostly used. Bleaching powder, Timsen, EDTA, Polgard, Virex, Aquakleen, Germnill, Pond safe were widely used as disinfectant. Health management and disease treatment were the major activities where farmers were seen to use a lot of chemicals. A range of chemicals including antibiotics were found available in market and being used in the aquaculture sector. Commonly found traditional chemicals in heath management included Potassium permanganate, Lime, Salt, Virex, Timsen, Aquakleen, Germnil, Pond Safe, Deletrix, Spa, Albez, Ablez were used regularly for disease treatment. Mostly used antibiotics are Renamycin, Oxysentin 20% Chlorsteclin Oxy-D Vet, Aquamycin, Orgamycin 15 %, Orgacycline-15% etc. Major active ingredients of these antibiotics were oxytetracycline, chlorotetracycline, amoxicillin, doxycycline etc. There are approximately fifty two pharmaceutical companies have been recorded to market around 300 products. Most of the products have been marketed from different countries like USA, Thailand, Malaysia, Belgium and China etc. The study also indicated some problems associated with the use of such chemicals due to lack of knowledge of farmers about the use of chemicals, appropriate dose, method of application and their indiscriminate use of chemicals. The study also highlighted the names and approximate price of aquaculture chemicals available with the chemicals sellers in Zakigonj, Sylhet.
Dr. Rick L. Sibbel - Antibiotic StewardshipJohn Blue
- US antibiotic usage in food animals decreased 10% from 2015-2016, with medically important antibiotics decreasing 14%, and larger decreases expected in 2017.
- A survey found 53.8% of veterinarians eliminated all antibiotic growth promotion, while 22.5% moved to non-medically important growth promotants.
- In response to fewer antibiotics, practices like increased vaccinations (30.3%) and non-antibiotic feed additives (21.2%) increased, according to veterinarians.
cpcsea guidelines for laboratory animal facility-pptxANIKETH SURVE
The document discusses guidelines for the humane care and use of animals in research. It states that adequate veterinary care is required and is the responsibility of a veterinarian or trained person. Effective quarantine procedures should be used to limit the transmission of diseases between newly received and existing animals. All animals must be observed daily for signs of illness and abnormal behavior and receive proper medical care. Proper facilities and protective equipment must be provided to animal house staff.
This document discusses the role of antibiotics in animal feed and the development of antibiotic resistance. It notes that antibiotic resistance first emerged as an intrinsic property in some bacteria and later developed through selective pressure from antibiotic exposure. The routine use of antibiotics as growth promoters in food animals is identified as a serious public health issue as it can create a reservoir of resistant bacteria that spread to humans. The document argues that antibiotics should not be used as growth promoters and only be used prudently for therapy and prophylaxis to minimize resistance. Adopting principles like restricting antibiotics critical for human medicine and minimizing prophylactic use could substantially reduce unnecessary antibiotic resistance.
Effects of chemotherapeutics against experimentally injured stinging catfish ...AbdullaAlAsif1
p>Effects of different chemotherapeutics were examined against experimentally infected stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis . Fish were collected from a fish market in Mymensingh, acclimatized for 7 days in laboratory condition from January to February, 2016 in aquaria at Fish Clinic of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, experimentally injured by using forceps and knife and waited seven days for the establishment of infection. Before starting chemotherapeutic trial, it was confirmed that the fish were infected with microorganisms by clinical diagnosis in laboratory condition. They showed hemorrhages and ulcerative lesions over the infected area. A total of 80 such experimentally infected stinging catfish having average body weight of 18 g were used for the experiment. Two chemotherapeutics: antibiotic, Eryvet (erythromycin thiocyanate INN, sulphadiazine (NaUSP) & trimithoprim BP) and antifungal, methylene blue were used in separate and combined treatment with three different doses of antibiotic. The same dose of methylene blue, 0.2 mg/l, was used for separate and combined treatment by antibiotic. Doses of antibiotic (Eryvet) were 0.8 g/10 kg body weight of fish, 1g/10 kg body weight of fish and 1.2 g/10 kg body weight of fish as lower dose, recommended dose and higher dose respectively. For combined treatment the above different doses of antibiotic and the same dose of antifungal were used. Water was exchanged regularly. The chemotherapeutic trial was conducted for 7 days and observation was continued for another 8 days to observe the effect of treatment. Combined treatment with the recommended dose of the antibiotic and methylene blue showed the best result where 90% fish were recovered. By the treatment with the higher dose of the antibiotic 70% fish were recovered. Antifungal treatment showed that 20% fish were recovered. All the fish in negative control aquarium died.
The document discusses treatment and control methods for parasites. It covers the importance of understanding parasite life cycles for effective treatment and control. It describes properties of ideal antiparasitic drugs, including being able to kill 100% of parasites, having a broad spectrum of action, rapid action, providing long-lasting protection, being simple to administer, requiring few treatments, being safe with minimal side effects, being affordable, and not having contraindications. The document also discusses how a parasite's life cycle can influence its treatment and control.
himvalleytrout-Major Fish Diseases for Successful Farming-Prevention & TreatmentHimvalley Trout
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Fish disease is a major constraint to aquaculture development in Bangladesh. Common diseases include bacterial, fungal, parasitic and physical ailments. The risk of disease outbreaks increases with intensification of aquaculture and high stocking densities. Proper management practices like monitoring health, controlling transboundary movements, training workers and utilizing disease prevention techniques can help control disease spread and its impacts on aquaculture.
This document discusses fish diseases in aquaculture. It notes that parasitic infestations are a prominent cause of health issues for fish. Maintaining good management of fish health in aquaculture ponds is important for sustained fish production, as fish live in a complex environment. Common diseases that hamper carp production include those caused by parasites, bacteria, fungi, and poor environmental conditions. Estimated annual losses of fish production in Assam, India due to disease were around 10.8% of total production. These losses could be reduced by implementing better management practices throughout the farming process.
Gen Z and the marketplaces - let's translate their needsLaura Szabó
The product workshop focused on exploring the requirements of Generation Z in relation to marketplace dynamics. We delved into their specific needs, examined the specifics in their shopping preferences, and analyzed their preferred methods for accessing information and making purchases within a marketplace. Through the study of real-life cases , we tried to gain valuable insights into enhancing the marketplace experience for Generation Z.
The workshop was held on the DMA Conference in Vienna June 2024.
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5. T0 alleviate such losses, it is crucial to take
precautions to prevent fish diseases and
reduce pathogen levels in water bodies.
It is also important to prevent water quality from
deteriorating. Regular monitoring of fish
health is an effective way to identify
disease causes and appropriate
treatments.
One major cause of serious fish kill is
overlooking the contagiousness of fish diseases
and thus delaying treatment.
7. Before making a decision to treat a group of fish, the
following questions should be asked:
1. Does the loss-rate, severity or nature of the
disease warrant treatment?
2. Is the disease treatable, and what is the prognosis
for successful treatment?
3. Is it feasible to treat the fish where they are, given
the cost, handling, and prognosis?
4. Is it worthwhile to treat the fish or will the cost of
treatment exceed their value?
5. Are the fish in a good enough condition to
withstand the treatment?
6. Will the treated fish be released or moved soon,
and is adequate withdrawal or recovery time
available?
8. Antibacterial usage suggestions in
aquaculture
When it is apparent that a treatment is
necessary, the following check-lists may
be useful:
Before treating:
1. Accurately determine the water-
volume, flow-rate, and temperature.
2. Accurately determine the number and
total weight of fish in the rearing unit.
3. Confirm the identity, expiration date,
and active ingredient concentration.
9. 4. Double-check treatment calculations.
5. Have aeration devices ready for use if
needed. (example ;Formalin)
6. If treated water is to be discharged,
make sure all appropriate permits are in
place and regulatory authorities have
been notified.
7. If possible, conduct a bioassay on a
small group of fish before treating the
entire population in the rearing unit.
10. When treating:
1. Dilute the regulated product with
rearing water before applying it (or
follow product directions).
2. Ensure that the regulated product
is well-mixed and evenly applied in
the rearing units.
3. Observe the fish closely and
frequently during treatment for signs
of distress.
11. 4. Monitor the temperature and
dissolved-oxygen levels in the rearing
unit during treatment.
5. Except for oral treatments,
discontinue feeding during treatment.
Fish are unlikely to feed during
treatment, and uneaten feed will foul the
system and may reduce the efficacy of
some treatments.
6. Discontinue treatment and restore
normal culture conditions if the fish
become distressed.
12. After treating:
1. Observe the fish frequently for at least
24 hours following the treatment.
2. Do not stress the treated fish for at
least 48 hours.
3. Recheck the fish to determine the
efficacy of the treatment (Judicious
antibacterial use principles for
veterinarians).
13. The food fish veterinarian should:
1. Accept responsibility for helping clients design
management, immunization, production unit and
nutritional programmes that will reduce the incidence of
disease and the need for antibacterial treatment.
2. Use antibacterial drugs only within the confines of a
valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship, including both
the dispensing and issuing of prescriptions and veterinary feed
directives. Extra-label usage should be consistent with
regulatory agency laws, regulations and policies.
3. Properly select and use antibacterial drugs.
Veterinarians should participate in continuing education
programmes that include therapeutics and the emergence
and/or development of antibacterial resistance.
14. 4. Have strong clinical evidence of the identity of the
disease’s aetiology, based upon history, clinical signs,
necropsy, laboratory data, and/or past experience before
recommending an antibacterial drug treatment.
5. Treat food fish with antibacterial drugs
according to the product label recommendations
(including indication, dosage, duration, fish species and
environmental conditions).
6. Choose an antibacterial drug and treatment
regimen based on the available laboratory and
label (including package insert) information, additional
data in the literature, and consideration of the
pharmacokinetics, spectrum of activity and
pharmacodynamics of the drug.
15. 7. Use antibacterial drugs with a specific
clinical outcome(s) in mind, including a
specific target for population morbidity and/or
mortality-rate reduction.
8. Specific outcome criteria will prevent an
unnecessarily long therapy and indicate when
the current therapy is no longer effective.
9. Determine the production population
pathogen susceptibility at the first indication
of increasing morbidity or mortality, and
monitor the therapeutic response so as to
detect changes in microbial susceptibility and
in order to evaluate antibacterial selections.
16. 10. Routine necropsy examination of fish populations should be periodically
performed, including antibacterial susceptibility testing and update
historical information for developing treatment and control protocols.
11. Use products that have the narrowest spectrum of activity and
known effectiveness in vivo against the pathogen causing
the disease problem.
12. Choose antibacterial drugs of lesser importance in human
medicine, if these receive future food fish use approval, and do not choose an
antibacterial for which the emergence of resistance is expected in an advanced
stage.
13. Use, whenever possible, an antibacterial drug labelled to treat the
condition diagnosed.
14. Do not use combination antibacterial drug therapy unless there is information to
show that this decreases or suppresses the target organism resistance development.
15. Do not compound antibacterial drug formulations.
16. Do not use antibacterial drugs to treat cases with a poor chance of
recovery.
17. Do not use antibacterial drugs prophylactically.
17. 18. Ensure proper on-farm drug use and protect
antibacterial drug integrity through proper handling, storage
and observation of the expiration date.
19. Prescribe, dispense or write a Veterinary Feed Directive
for drug quantities appropriate to the production-unit size
and expected need using the approved formulation.
20. Work with producers and/or facility fish health
management personnel so as to ensure that farm personnel
receive adequate training on the use of antibacterial drugs,
including indications, diagnoses, dosages, withdrawal times,
the route of administration, storage, handling and accurate
record-keeping.
21. Work closely with all other fish health experts involved
in fish population health management at the fish production
facility.
18. Considering the rapid growth and
importance of the aquaculture industry
in many regions of the world and the
widespread, intensive, and often
unregulated use of antibacterial agents
for animal production, additional
efforts are required to prevent the
development and spread of
antibacterial resistance in
aquaculture.
19. Also, safer, more effective
medicines are necessary, along
with improvements in husbandry
and management which will
reduce the need for those
medicaments. However, without
the use of veterinary medicines,
aquaculture food production would
be impaired.
20. The treatment route
Method of
Application
Comments
Oral route (on
food)
Needs palatable components; minimal risk of environmental
pollution
Bioencapsulation Needs palatable compounds; minimal risk of environmental
pollution
Bath Need for a fairly lengthy exposure to the compound, which must
be soluble or capable of being adequately dispersed; problem of
the disposal of spent drug
Dip Brief immersion in a compound, which must be soluble or
capable of being adequately dispersed; problem of disposal of
the dilute compound
Flush Compound added to a fish holding facility for brief exposure to
fish; must be soluble or capable of being adequately dispersed;
poses a problem of environmental pollution
Injection Feasible for only large and/or valuable fish; usually requires prior
anaesthesia; slow; negligible risk of environmental pollution
Topical
application
Feasible for the treatment of ulcers on valuable/pet fish
21. Water medication
The water-borne route is the
most common method for
administering treatments to
fish and it has distinct
advantages, such as being
relatively non-stressful and
easy to administer
22. Drugs are added to water for two distinct purposes.
The first and most obvious one is so that the drug
will be absorbed by, and so medicate, the fish; the
second is to kill the free living and, hence,
transmissible stages of parasites.
Seawater fish drink significant amounts of
water and may absorb large amounts of a drug
via the gastrointestinal tract. Application by the
water-borne route becomes necessary if the fish
refuse to eat, and, therefore, would be unlikely to
consume any medicated food.
23. With these methods, the fish
are exposed to
solutions/suspensions of the
drug for a predetermined
period. This may be only briefly,
i.e., a few seconds duration (a
"dip") or for many minutes to
several hours (a "bath").
24. Waterborne antibacterial treatments
will vary depending upon the animal
and its holding conditions. Treating
fish by applying the drug to the water
avoids stressing the fish by handling.
However, there are disadvantages.
Relative to other treatment routes,
dosing is less precise (too little or too
much).
25. Baths and dips are not as effective as
some of the other treatment methods
– particularly for systemic infections –
because of generally poor internal
absorption of the antibacterial being
used. Water-borne treatments are
mainly used for surface-dwelling (skin
and gill) pathogens, including
parasites, bacteria and water moulds.
26. Certain species, such as scaleless fish are often
especially sensitive to water-borne treatments.
Antibacterials which are absorbed from the
water include chloramines,
dihydrostreptomycin, enrofloxacin,
erythromycin, flumequine, furpyrinol,
kanamycin, oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline,
nifurpirinol, sulphadimethoxine,
sulphadimidine, sulpha-monomethoxine,
sulphanilamide, sulphapyridine,
sulphisomidine and trimethoprim.
27. Antibacterials that are absorbed
poorly or not at all include
chloramphenicol and gentamicin.
With bath-type treatments, more
antibacterials are required when
compared with oral (feed) treatments
or injections. Bath treatments are also
not recommended for recirculation
systems or aquarium systems using
biological filters.
28. The accurate calculation of the volume
of water in the tank, pond or cage is
also required. If both short- and long-
term exposures are probably equally
feasible and effective, it is preferable to
use a short-duration drug exposure.
The advantages of this type of
treatment lie in reduced waste (and
thus reduced expense) and less
environmental contamination.
29. Oral medications
In food fish or ornamental aquaculture, many
of the bacterial diseases of fish can be
successfully treated with medicated feeds, and
it is usually the preferred method of
treatment. However, care must be taken
because some of the causes of disease – such
as stress – can lead to treatment failures or the
recrudescence of disease after the completion
of treatment. Fish in ponds are best treated
using oral medications.
30. However, sick fish may not eat, and
withholding food for 12-24 hours
may increase the acceptance of a
medicated feed. The incorporation
of an antibacterial in the feed is
usually via a powdered premix in
conjunction with a binder, such as
gelatine (up to 5%), fish or
vegetable oil.
31. The dosage required for treatment with a
medicated feed depends upon the original
level of active ingredient/kg fish body weight.
The dosage rates used in medicated feeds will
vary according to the specific antibacterial
used, but usually the rate is based on a
number of grams per 100 kg of fish per day.
The exact dosage will also require the number
and average weight of the fish to be treated, as
well as a daily feeding rate and consideration
of whether the fish are marine or fresh water
species.
32. It is also important that treated fish must
not be harvested for food use until a
specified withdrawal period has elapsed.
One problem for the treatment of marine
species is that antibacterials have been
shown to be less effective in seawater,
which is related to their reduced
bioavailability, e.g., tetracycline has a low
bioavailability in fish (< 10%) due to
binding with sea-water-borne divalent
cations such as Mg2+ and Ca2+.
33. It is noteworthy that non-bioavailable
tetracyclines contaminate the environment.
The bioavailability of some aquaculture drugs
in salmon held in seawater. The dosage can
vary within certain limits and depending upon
the feeding rate.
It is usually best to use a feed that has enough
medication so that feeding at a rate of 1% of
body weight per day will give the needed
dosage.
Absorption from the intestinal tract may vary
between species.
34. Saltwater fish will drink and, therefore, drugs
may bind cations in the water in their
intestinal tracts, affecting bioavailability. For
particular applications, like the treatment of
young larvae and fry, some success has been
obtained with the bio-encapsulation of drugs
in live feeds, especially with artemias. Other
innovative methods of oral delivery – like
microspheres or coated beads – offer the
possibility of protecting fragile molecules from
deterioration in the gastric juices, carrying
them up to their target sites in the intestine.
36. Injection
The injection of antibacterials can
be a more effective treatment for
bacterial infections than the use of
a medicated feed, particularly for
advanced infections and as the
best way of being sure of the given
dose.
37. However, it is usually only practical for
valuable individual fish, such as brood
stock or ornamental fish, rather than for
fish in large-scale production facilities.
Injection quickly leads to high blood and
tissue levels of antibacterials. Normally,
an individual fish will also need to be
anaesthetised before treatment. Typical
injection sites include the intraperitoneal
(IP) cavity and the intramuscular route
(IM).
38. Disadvantages include the stress imposed
by capturing the fish and, for aquarium
fish, the need to bring the fish to the
clinic for every injection, since the owner
is usually unable to perform the
treatment.
The IP route is the widely used route for
injection. Fish should be fasted for 24
hours prior to injection. The landmarks
for an IP injection are the pelvic fins and
the anus.
39. All fish should be at least 35g.
Improper injection can lead to
peritoneal adhesion, ovulation
problems, mortality from injection,
reduced efficacy, side effects (local
reactions), reduced carcass quality
and therapy failure.
IM injection is best used only on fish
more than 13 cm long or else more
than 15g.
40. The best site is the dorsal musculature just lateral to the
dorsal fin.
Only relatively small amounts can be injected (0.05 ml/50
grams of fish). Injections should be done slowly.
The IM route has the disadvantage of causing damage to
carcass quality and has the potential of forming sterile
abscesses.
The volume required for the injection of antibacterials is
based on the weight of fish to be treated, the recommended
dosage for the antibacterial being used and its supplied
concentration. This is usually expressed as:
Volume of antibacterial required =
recommended dosage (mg/kg) x weight of fish
(kg) /supplied solution concentration (mg/ml)
42. Disease / Aetiology Treatment and
control
Mycobacteriosis.
Mycobacteriosis in fish is a
chronic progressive disease
caused by certain bacterial
species within the genus
Mycobacterium.
Mycobacterium marinum, M.
fortuitum, M. salmoniphilum
and M. chelonae are all
considered pathogenic for
fish. All are aerobic, acid-fast,
Gram positive and non-spore
forming.
There is no fully effective
treatment. Therefore, the
best course is to cull and
disinfect the premises.
Rifampicin in combination
with tetracycline and
clarithromycin may
reduce infection
43. Coldwater Diseases & Rainbow Trout
Fry Syndrome (RTFS).
Bacterial coldwater disease is a serious
septicaemic infection of hatchery-
reared salmonids, especially young
coho salmon, which has also been
referred to as peduncle disease.
Flexibacter psychrophilus, Cytophaga
psychrophila and Flavobacterium
psychrophilum are all terms that have
been used for the causal agents of
these diseases. Most of the recent
classificatory work indicates that
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the
correct name for these bacteria. These
bacteria are Gram-negative.
Broad-spectrum
antibacterials have been
partially ineffective in
controlling an outbreak,
but the improvement of
the environment and
using 3-4 times the
recommended doses of
antibacterials have shown
benefits. Florfenicol also
appears to be effective
for recommended dose
regimes.
44. Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD). A
serious disease of freshwater
and seawater fish, farmed
and wild salmonids, that results in an
acute to chronic systemic
granulomatous disease. Renibacterium
salmoninarum is a Gram-positive
diplococcus that grows best at 15-
18°C, is causative agent of BKD and a
significant threat to the healthy and
sustainable production of salmonid fish
worldwide.
Chemotherapy
(erythromycin)
provides limited
and only temporary
relief. The bacteria
can survive and
multiply within
phagocytic cells.
45. Enteric Redmouth Disease
(ERM).
A bacterial septicaemic condition of
farmed freshwater fish. There are
recent reports amongst channel
catfish. Yersinia ruckeri is the
causal agent and the Gram-
negative, motile rod-shaped
bacterium is catalase positive
and oxidase negative. Several
serotypes have been
identified.
Broad-spectrum
antibacterials are
effective in controlling
an outbreak, although
increasing
antibacterial
resistance is
observed. The
bacteria can survive
and multiply within
phagocytic cells
.
46. Piscirickettsiosis. A disease
of salmonids caused by
Piscirickettsia salmonis
and a significant disease problem
in farmed marine salmonids.
Piscirickettsia salmonis is a Gram-
negative, acid-fast, non-motile,
spherical to coccoid, non-
capsulated (although often
pleomorphic) organism.
Broad-spectrum
antibacterial therapy is
used, although some
resistance is developing.
Outbreaks are usually
associated with stressful
events, such as algal
blooms, sudden changes
in the environment or
grading.
47. Bacterial Gill Disease
(BGD). BGD is an
important disease in farmed
freshwater salmonids. The
bacterium Flavobacterium
branchiophila causes a
chronic, proliferative
response in gill tissue.
Flavobacterium
branchiophilum is a Gram-
negative, long, thin,
filamentous rod.
BGD usually
responds well to
antiseptic and
surfactant baths,
such as chloramine
T and benzalkonium
chloride. Providing
adequate oxygen is
a useful supportive
therapy.
48. Vibriosis.
Vibriosis is the term most
commonly used to describe
infections associated with Vibrio
spp. In recent years, vibriosis has
become one of the most
important bacterial diseases in
marine-cultured organisms.
Vibrio anguillarum, V. ordalii and
other Vibrio sp. may cause
similar clinical signs in wild and
farmed fish. It is Gram-negative,
and has straight or slightly
curved rods which are motile.
Broad-spectrum
antibacterials are
effective in controlling an
outbreak, but increasing
antibacterial resistance is
observed.
Vaccines are widely
used.
Caprylic acid may be helpful
as an alternative or as an
adjunct to antibacterial
treatment
49. Tenacibaculosis. An
infection of marine fish by
Tenacibaculum
maritimum is common in
farmed fish and many species.
The bacteria appear to be
opportunistic, commonly
infecting fish after minor
epidermal or epithelial trauma or
irritation, and they can rapidly
colonise such tissue. It is Gram
negative, with slender bacilli
which multiply in mats on the
damaged tissue.
Oral treatment
with broad
spectrum
antibacterials is
generally successful
if the fish are
maintained in a
low-stress
environment.
50. Francisellosis.
Francisellosis is the term
used to describe infection
associated with Francisella
philomiragia subspecies
noatunensis, which has
emerged as a major
pathogen of farmed marine
and freshwater fish.
Francisella spp. is also a
major pathogen of farmed
tilapia. It is Gram negative,
with intracellular
There is no
effective
treatment due to
the intracellular
nature of the infection.
Removal of the affected
fish and the disinfection
of the premises and
equipment, and
fallowing.
51. Gastro-Enteritis (GE). GE
is an enteric syndrome of
freshwater which results in
significant economic loss and
daily mortalities. It is not fully
established and the role of the
segmented filamentous bacteria
remains unclear, as they are also
found in apparently healthy fish.
However, Candidatus arthromitis
may have some role to play in the
disease. This bacterium have not
yet been cultured in vitro.
Changing the diet-
type or the addition
of salt to the diet as
well as broad-
spectrum
antibacterials all
appear to be effective,
once the disease is
present. However, none
appear to be
preventative. Biosecurity
is important in preventing
the disease from entering
a farm.
52. Drug Species t1/2
(hr)
Dosage Route b °C
Amoxicillin Atlantic
salmon
120 12.5 mg/kg sd a IM 13
sea
bream
14-72 40-80 mg/kg sd IV/PO 16-
22
Chloramphenicol Carp 48-72 40 mg/kg sd IP 9
Ciprofloxacin Carp,
African
catfish
11-15 15 mg/kg sd IM/IV 12-
25
Difloxacin Atlantic
salmon
16 10 mg/kg sd PO 11
Enrofloxacin sea bass,
sea
bream
24-105 5-10 mg/kg sd IM/IV/
PO
10-
26
54. Oxolinic acid channel catfish, red
sea bream, sea bass
15-87 4-20 mg/kg sd IP/IV 8-24
Tilapia 82-146 25-75 mg/kg sd PO 5-8
gilthead
sea bream
13-48 10-40 mg/kg up to 10d PO 9-19
Oxytetracycline sea bream 63-95 5-60 mg/kg sd IM 12-25
sea bass 6-167 5-60 mg/kg sd IV 8-25
carp 266-327 10-20 mg/kg sd IV 6
Tilapia 43-268 10-100 mg/kg up to 10d PO 7- 27
channel catfish 428-578 10-100 mg/kg sd PO 6-11
Eel, goldfish 24 5 mg/kg sd PO 26
Sarafloxacin Tilapia 12-45 10-15 mg/kg sd IV/PO 8-24
Streptozotocin Toadfish 24 50 60 mg/kg sd IV 25
Sulphachlorpyridazine Channel catfish 4-5 60 mg/kg sd IC/PO 22
Sulfadiazine carp, 26-96 25-200 mg/kg sd IV/PO 8-24
Sulfadimethoxine striped bass 1-48 25-200 mg/kg sd IV/PO 10-20
Sulphadimidine Carp, tilapia 18-57 100-200 mg/kg sd IV/PO 10-20
55. Sulphamethoxypyridazine Tilapia 72 200 mg/kg sd PO 13
Sulphamonomethoxine Tilapia 5-33 100-400
mg/kg sd
IV/PO 15-
22
Sulphanilamide Tilapia 36 200 mg/kg sd PO 13
Sulfathiazole Tilapia 60 200 mg/kg sd PO 13
Thiamphenicol Sea
bass
21 30 mg/kg 5d PO 19
Tobramycin Tilapia 48 1-2.5 sd IM 25
Trimethoprim Carp 21-
50
1-100 mg/kg
sd
IV/PO 8-24
asd: single dose. b Abbreviations, IM: intra muscular, IV: intra venous,
PO: per os (oral), IP: intra
peritoneal, IC: intra coelom, uCi: a unit of radioactivity (Curie=
3,7x1010 disintegration per second).
56. Antibacterial Species* Tissue** MRL Comments
Amoxicillin All FPS Muscle 50 pg/kg
Ampicillin All FPS Muscle 50 pg/kg
Benzylpenicillin All FPS Muscle 50 pg/kg
Chlortetracycline All FPS Muscle 100 pg/kg
Cloxacillin All FPS Muscle 300 pg/kg
Colistine All FPS Muscle 150 pg/kg
Danofloxacin All FPS Muscle 100 pg/kg
Dicloxacillin All FPS Muscle 300 pg/kg
Difloxacin All FPS Muscle 300 pg/kg
Enrofloxacin All FPS Muscle 100 pg/kg Enro.+ciprofloxacin
Erythromycin All FPS Muscle 200 pg/kg Erythromycin A
Florfenicol (Fish) Fish Muscle+skin 1000pg/kg
Flumequine Fish Muscle+skin 600 pg/kg
Lincomycin All FPS Muscle 100 pg/kg
57. Neomycin(Incl. Framycetin) All FPS Muscle 500 pg/kg Neomycin B
Oxacillin All FPS Muscle 300 pg/kg
Oxolinic Acid Fish Muscle+skin 100 pg/kg
Oxytetracycline All FPS Muscle 100 pg/kg
Paromomycin All FPS Muscle 500 pg/kg
Sarafloxacin (Fish & Poultry) Salmonids Muscle+skin 30 pg/kg
Spectinomycin All FPS Muscle 300 pg/kg
Sulphonamides (All) All FPS Muscle 100 pg/kg
Tetracycline All FPS Muscle 100 pg/kg
Thiamphenicol All FPS Muscle 50 pg/kg
Tilmicosine All FPS Muscle 50 pg/kg
Trimethoprim All FPS Muscle 50 pg/kg
Tylosin All FPS Muscle 100 pg/kg
*All FPS: all food producing species (with some exclusions
and depending on each compound).
**For all fish MRLs, the target tissues "muscle" or "muscle and
skin" shall be understood as "muscle and skin in natural
58. Parasites in Fish Farming and Treatment
Treatment of
Ectoparasitic Diseases in
Freshwater and marine
fish
59. Parasites Size Host Position
Location
Way of
transsimition
Protozoa:
Flagella
Oodinium sp.
Amyloodinium sp.
12-90
μm
Marine and
Freshwater
Ornamentals fish
Skin Of floating phase
skin invasion
Icthyobodo sp. 5-18 μm Freshwater
Ornamentals fish
Skin Of floating phase
skin invasion
Ciliate
Ichthyophthirius
Multifiliis
Cryptocaryon
irritans
50-1000μm
(trophozoit
es)
Marine and
Freshwater
Ornamentals fish
Skin,
Epithelial
Tissues
Of floating
theronts
invasion
Trichodina sp. 35-60 μm Marine and
Freshwater
Ornamentals fish
Skin and gill Of floating phase
skin and gills
invasion
Chilodonella sp. 30-80 μm Freshwater
Ornamentals fish
Skin and gills Of floating phase
skin and gills
invasion
60. Monogenea:
Gyrodactylus sp 350-460 μm Marine and
Freshwater
Ornamentals fish
Skin and fin Body contact
Dactylogyrus sp. 990-1584 μm Marine and
Freshwater
Ornamentals fish
Gills and skin Body contact
Arthropoda
Lernaea sp. 5-20 mm Freshwater
Ornamentals fish
Skin and fin Body contact
Ergasilus sp. 1-2 mm Freshwater
Ornamentals fish
Gills Body contact
Argulus sp. 8-13 mm Freshwater
Ornamentals fish
Skin and fin Body contact
Apisoma sp. 15-27 mm Marine and
Freshwater
Ornamentals fish
Skin and fin Body contact
Isopoda sp. 3-7 cm Marine and
Freshwater
Ornamentals fish
Skin , mouth
eye ,body
surface and fin
Body contact
61. Antiparasitic agent
Antiparasitic
agent
Chemical Dosage ;
time
Ectoparasite Treatment
Chloramine-T* 7-15 mg/l; 1 h Protozoan, monogenetic
Trematodes
Bath
treatment
Formaldehyde* 0.167-0.25 mg/l; 1 h
0.25 mg/l; indefinite
External parasites Bath
treatment
Hydrogen
peroxide*
250-500 mg/l; 30-60
min
External parasites Bath
treatment
Copper sulfate* 0.5 mg/l External parasites Bath
treatment
Acetic acid* 1-2 mg/l; 1-10 min External parasites Bath
treatment
Betadine* 50 mg/l; 30 min External parasites Bath
treatment
Malachite
green*
0.1-0.15 ppm/12-24 h External parasites Bath
treatment
Levamisole* 50 ml/l; 2 h Monogenetic trematodes Bath
treatment
62. Mebendazole 1 mg/l; 24 h Monogenetic
trematodes
Bath
treatment
Toltrazuril 4ml (1000 ml water) Monogenetic
trematodes
Bath treatment
Quinine
hydrochloride
13.5 ppm for several
days
Arthropoda
ectoparasites
Bath treatment
Atebrine 10 ppm for sevaral days Arthropoda
ectoparasites
Bath treatment
Potassium
permanganate*
2-5 mg/lt 1h Arthropoda
ectoparasites
Dip treatment
Dimilin 0.01 mg/lt Arthropoda
ectoparasites
Bath treatment
Trichlorphon 0.25-5 ppm for several
Hours
Arthropoda
ectoparasites
Bath treatment
DTHP 2.5 ppm 1hour Arthropoda
ectoparasites
Bath treatment
Salt* 3% solution; 15-30 min
0.5% solution;
indefinite
External parasites Bath treatment
63. Medicinal plants with activity against myxozoan
species in fish farming.
Plant Fish Type of extract Type of
Administration
Myxozoan
species
Achillea
Millefolium
Sparus
aurata
essential oil/
water/ Ethanol
Oral/Bath Enteromyxum
leei
Mentha piperita
Origanum spp. Diplodus
puntazzo
essential oil Oral Myxobolus sp.
Origanum
Minutiflorum
Puntazzo
puntazzo
essential oil Oral Myxobolus sp.
Origanum spp. Sparus
aurata
essential oil Oral Polysporoplasma
sparis
Ocinum basilicum Sparus
aurata
essential oil/
water/ethanol
Oral/Bath Enteromyxum
leei
Prunus spinosus
Rosa canina
Sambucus nigra
Thymus serpillum
Tilia sp.
Vaccinium
64. CONTROL, AND PREVENTION OF DISEASES ON
FISH FARMS
Strategies for Disease Prevention
Because there are no approved
treatments for the diseases of tilapia
aquaculturists would be prudent to
pay strict attention to the prevention
of fish diseases, through a
combination of good husbandry and
pond management practices.
65. The major objectives in health maintenance in
aquaculture facilities are:-
Reducing the probability of exposing the
fish to pathogens and minimizing stressors
that may make the fish more susceptible to
infection by disease-causing organisms. provide
some simple means to aid in maintaining the
health of fish in culture systems.
The aquaculture production units (i.e.,
ponds, raceways, or tanks) should be kept
clean so that there is no accumulation of organic
materials such as fecal materials and uneaten feed.
66. Care should be taken to remove any
dead or moribund fish as soon as
possible, as fish that have died from disease
may release pathogens that spread to others.
There should be no accumulation of
attached algae or algal slimes in the
aquaculture units.
Oxygen content should be maintained
near saturation and dissolved nitrogen,
particularly ammonium, must be kept a
low 12 levels.
67. Disinfection of nets, footwear, and other items that
may transfer pathogens between production units should
be routinely practiced
Details of a variety of such water treatment
systems.
The nutrition of the fish is also important in
their resistance to disease. The quality of
artificial diets is especially important in tank and
raceway culture systems, where the fish to not have access to
natural food items. Also, many aspects of the quality of diets can
deteriorate with prolonged or improper storage. Most commercially
prepared fish feeds contain polyunsaturated fats from fish oils, and
these react with the oxygen in the air to form a variety of toxic
compounds that result in the feed becoming rancid.
68. Molds that grow on improperly stored feeds also
produce toxins. Fish farmers should provide diets of
high quality, avoid storage times over 90 days for dry
feeds, and take care to properly store the feeds in order to
avoid declines in nutritional quality. The fish culture
operations that we observed on Guam all neglected one or
more of the above safeguards. For example, some tanks
used to raise milkfish had accumulated organic materials,
and the same nets were used for removing dead or dying
fishes for several tanks. In addition, there was heavy algal
growth in the tanks, and power outages had resulted in
oxygen depletion.
The potential importance of imported pathogens,
particularly viruses, is also high for other cultured aquatic
species.
69. Thank you for your
kind attention and
wish you success
and success