Intention to Create Legal Relations : Presumptions and the RebuttalsPreeti Sikder
After completion of this lesson students will be able to :
a) identify the presumptions relating to domestic agreements and commercial transactions
b) distinguish between the two basic presumptions under the doctrine of intention to create legal relations;
This document contains the updated Unified Development Control and Promotion Regulations, 2020 (UDCPR-2020) for Maharashtra state as of 30th January 2022.
The regulations cover various aspects of land development including land use classification, permissible FSI, setbacks, parking requirements, and procedures for obtaining development permission. Key points include land use zones such as residential, commercial, industrial etc. and associated development controls. It also outlines the process for obtaining commencement certificate, procedures during and after construction, and penalties for non-compliance. The regulations aim to promote orderly and sustainable development across Maharashtra.
The document summarizes the evolution of Mumbai, India from 800 AD to present day. It began as seven small fishing villages on islands off the western coast of India. In the late 18th century, development began under British influence as the islands transformed into the city of Bombay and became an important port. The population grew from 10,000 in 1661 to over 2 crores (20 million) today. Despite independence in 1947, Mumbai has maintained its role as India's commercial center, growing in a largely unplanned manner across the islands and lacking some cultural aspects found in other major Indian cities.
Otto Wagner was an influential Austrian architect, designer, and art theorist active in the late 19th century. He helped pioneer modern architecture and was a leading figure of the Vienna Secession movement. Some of his most notable works include the Karlsplatz Station in Vienna, featuring ornate Art Nouveau details; the Majolica House, one of his first Art Nouveau residential buildings characterized by linear facades; and the Church of St. Leopold, featuring organic ornamentation and minimal color schemes. Wagner's students, such as Josef Hoffmann and Max Fabiani, were also influential modern architects and incorporated his emphasis on simple geometric forms and minimal decoration in their own landmark buildings.
This document provides information on public buildings in Pompeii and Herculaneum. It discusses the three main clusters of public buildings in Pompeii - the Forum, the Theatres and Triangular Forum, and the Amphitheatre and Palaestra. It describes several key buildings within the Forum district, including temples dedicated to Apollo, Jupiter, and other gods. Economic buildings like the Food Market are also outlined. The document notes that the layout of public buildings in Herculaneum is less known since the modern city is built atop the ancient ruins. Overall, the document serves as an overview of the types of public and civic structures that would have been present in Pompeii and Herculaneum during
The document provides information about Chapel Notre Dome du Haut and Le Corbusier's architectural works there. It describes the unique natural setting and the architectural complexes created by Le Corbusier and others. Le Corbusier built the iconic chapel in 1955 using exposed concrete and innovative design. The site now receives over 65,000 visitors annually and is a candidate for the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The document discusses the history and design of the Chrysler Building in New York City. It describes how the architect William Van Allen originally planned the building but the project was taken over by Walter P. Chrysler who wanted to make it more luxurious. This led to a competition to build the tallest skyscraper in the world between Chrysler and other developers, with Chrysler ultimately topping them by adding a secret spire to the building. Though it only held the title for 11 months before being surpassed by the Empire State Building, the document argues the Chrysler Building's design is more notable than its height.
Intention to Create Legal Relations : Presumptions and the RebuttalsPreeti Sikder
After completion of this lesson students will be able to :
a) identify the presumptions relating to domestic agreements and commercial transactions
b) distinguish between the two basic presumptions under the doctrine of intention to create legal relations;
This document contains the updated Unified Development Control and Promotion Regulations, 2020 (UDCPR-2020) for Maharashtra state as of 30th January 2022.
The regulations cover various aspects of land development including land use classification, permissible FSI, setbacks, parking requirements, and procedures for obtaining development permission. Key points include land use zones such as residential, commercial, industrial etc. and associated development controls. It also outlines the process for obtaining commencement certificate, procedures during and after construction, and penalties for non-compliance. The regulations aim to promote orderly and sustainable development across Maharashtra.
The document summarizes the evolution of Mumbai, India from 800 AD to present day. It began as seven small fishing villages on islands off the western coast of India. In the late 18th century, development began under British influence as the islands transformed into the city of Bombay and became an important port. The population grew from 10,000 in 1661 to over 2 crores (20 million) today. Despite independence in 1947, Mumbai has maintained its role as India's commercial center, growing in a largely unplanned manner across the islands and lacking some cultural aspects found in other major Indian cities.
Otto Wagner was an influential Austrian architect, designer, and art theorist active in the late 19th century. He helped pioneer modern architecture and was a leading figure of the Vienna Secession movement. Some of his most notable works include the Karlsplatz Station in Vienna, featuring ornate Art Nouveau details; the Majolica House, one of his first Art Nouveau residential buildings characterized by linear facades; and the Church of St. Leopold, featuring organic ornamentation and minimal color schemes. Wagner's students, such as Josef Hoffmann and Max Fabiani, were also influential modern architects and incorporated his emphasis on simple geometric forms and minimal decoration in their own landmark buildings.
This document provides information on public buildings in Pompeii and Herculaneum. It discusses the three main clusters of public buildings in Pompeii - the Forum, the Theatres and Triangular Forum, and the Amphitheatre and Palaestra. It describes several key buildings within the Forum district, including temples dedicated to Apollo, Jupiter, and other gods. Economic buildings like the Food Market are also outlined. The document notes that the layout of public buildings in Herculaneum is less known since the modern city is built atop the ancient ruins. Overall, the document serves as an overview of the types of public and civic structures that would have been present in Pompeii and Herculaneum during
The document provides information about Chapel Notre Dome du Haut and Le Corbusier's architectural works there. It describes the unique natural setting and the architectural complexes created by Le Corbusier and others. Le Corbusier built the iconic chapel in 1955 using exposed concrete and innovative design. The site now receives over 65,000 visitors annually and is a candidate for the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The document discusses the history and design of the Chrysler Building in New York City. It describes how the architect William Van Allen originally planned the building but the project was taken over by Walter P. Chrysler who wanted to make it more luxurious. This led to a competition to build the tallest skyscraper in the world between Chrysler and other developers, with Chrysler ultimately topping them by adding a secret spire to the building. Though it only held the title for 11 months before being surpassed by the Empire State Building, the document argues the Chrysler Building's design is more notable than its height.
Peter Eisenman is an American architect known for deconstructivist works that challenge conventions. He studied at Cornell and Columbia, and was influenced by Colin Rowe and Jacques Derrida. Eisenman co-founded the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in 1967. Notable works include House IV, which reveals the design process, and the Wexner Center for the Arts, whose grids and scaffolding metaphorically reference displacement. Eisenman's non-traditional designs provoke questioning of architecture and space.
The Aam Khas Bagh was initially built by Mughal emperor Akbar as a highway inn for common people and royalty traveling between Delhi and Lahore. Shah Jahan later rebuilt it and it was used as a stop for the royal couple on their trips. Jahangir also made some additions. It fell into disrepair after repeated wars in the 18th century damaged its structures and filled in its tanks and waterways. The complex had several buildings like the Sarad Khana cooling chamber, Daulat Khana palace, hamam, and tank, and was known for its intricate water supply network of fountains and channels.
The Crystal palace, an example of victorian architecture. Sir Joseph Paxton who was the architect of this and created a revolution bt made this structure with cast iron and glass. Though it doesn't exist anymore, for the cause of fire in 1936.
This building was served for exhibition purpose.More than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in its 990,000-square-foot (92,000 m2) exhibition space to display examples of technology developed in the Industrial Revolution.
The walled city of Harar in Ethiopia has a rich Islamic architectural heritage. It was influenced by neighboring Arab cultures and is considered the fourth most sacred Islamic city. Within its walls are over 90 mosques and the historic Al-Jami mosque. The city is divided into five quarters by gates, each historically headed by a Malak leader and further divided into neighborhoods organized around mosques. Notable buildings include residents' close-quarter homes built back-to-back around narrow lanes as well as the former home of poet Arthur Rimbaud.
The document outlines building regulations and bylaws for construction in Noida, India. It includes 8 chapters that cover preliminary aspects, building permits, site requirements, construction standards, and more. Chapter 3 specifies general site norms like minimum plot sizes, maximum ground coverage, and setbacks. It defines 8 categories of built forms with separate provisions for residential, commercial, industrial, and other buildings. Construction must follow NBC 2005 standards for structural safety, fire safety, quality of materials, and more. Permits are required for building and permission applications must include drawings and pay fees.
The document presents information about architect Zaha Hadid in 11 slides. It provides an introduction to her background and education, her architectural philosophy focused on deconstructivism and fluidity, and lists some of her seminal works. Key projects discussed include the Vitra Fire Station, Guangzhou Opera House, and London Aquatics Centre. The presentation aims to educate about Hadid's groundbreaking style and her influence on architecture through dynamic, non-rectilinear designs.
- An offer must be accepted for a contract to be formed. Acceptance is usually communicated to the offeror. Silence is generally not considered acceptance unless the offer specifies that silence will constitute acceptance. A counteroffer rejects the original offer and a new offer is made instead of accepting the original. Acceptance can be through words or conduct demonstrating assent to the offer's terms.
1. The Mattanchery Palace area is impacted by multiple development regulations from various authorities due to its cultural heritage designation.
2. The AMSAR Act prohibits new construction within 100m of the palace and limits development within 300m.
3. This conflicts with plans to promote tourism and development in the area.
4. A unified development plan is needed to balance heritage conservation with equitable development rights.
The architect Hafeez Contractor has redefined the skylines of major Indian cities through his distinctive modern designs incorporating classical elements. He established his firm Architect HC in 1983 and has since designed thousands of residential, commercial and hotel buildings across India. Some of his most notable projects include luxury townships, skyscrapers in Mumbai, the DY Patil Stadium, and hotel chains like Leela, Hyatt, and ITC Hotels. Though controversial for his mass production approach, Hafeez Contractor has received numerous awards and is one of India's most successful architects.
Bernard Tschumi is a renowned architect known initially for his theoretical work. In the 1970s while teaching at the Architectural Association school in London, he developed the "strategy of disjunctions," a theory that contemporary culture and architecture were best expressed through fragmentation rather than classical unity. Tschumi's work often references other disciplines like literature and film, demonstrating his view that architecture should participate in and question cultural norms and structures.
Supertech Supernova is a mixed-use development in Noida, India consisting of 5 towers ranging from 28-80 floors that contain residential, commercial, retail and office spaces. It has various amenities including clubs, swimming pools, food courts and a multiplex. The structural system uses a raft foundation with piles and M80 grade concrete. Technical drawings show tower plans including typical flats, sky villas and office floors. The design incorporates separate access points and parking for different uses to segregate circulation.
Shirish Beri is an Indian architect known for designs that integrate buildings seamlessly with their natural surroundings. One notable project is the Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species (LaCONES) in Hyderabad, designed to provide a conducive research environment while protecting ecology. Beri's design blends the building with lush greenspace, using sustainable features like natural lighting, rainwater harvesting, and recycled materials. The functional layout and connection to nature create a harmonious setting for researchers and species. Beri's architectural philosophy emphasizes sustainability, functionality, and a deep connection to nature.
- The real architecture exists only in drawings, while the real building exists outside of the drawings. Architecture and buildings are not the same.
- American architect Peter Eisenman is known for radical designs and deconstructivist theories. He pioneered computer-aided design and dealt with form through formalism, deconstruction, and "weak form".
- Eisenman designed the unconventional Wexner Center for the Arts at Ohio State University, linking the past to the present through distorted geometries that combine medieval and modern elements in a new spatial matrix.
The document discusses Le Corbusier's view that architecture is at a turning point of either revolution or progressing to meet modern needs. It outlines how industrialization created new tools and standards of production that changed society, but architecture did not adapt. People now desire living standards suited to modern life, but current housing fails to meet these needs. The disconnect between new social and economic conditions versus outdated architecture means the framework people live in hinders their development. If architecture does not reform to address current problems, it could lead to social unrest and revolution. However, revolution may be avoided if architects pay attention to these issues and work to resolve the disagreement between modern life and outdated built environments.
The document provides an overview of topics to be covered in a Professional Practice lecture plan, including valuation, types of leases, dilapidation, repairs, easements, land acquisition, rent control, and fire insurance. Key points include:
1) Easements are rights over another's land that allow the use or enjoyment of one's own land, such as rights of way. They have dominant and servient lands.
2) They can be acquired by grant, necessity, or prescription of continuous use for 20 years. Ancient lights protect long-standing windows from new obstructions.
3) The Land Acquisition Act allows compulsory land acquisition for public purposes, with compensation at market rate plus 30
Fatehpur Sikri was founded in 1569 by Mughal Emperor Akbar as the capital of the Mughal Empire, located in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is surrounded by a 5 mile wall and includes several important architectural structures from the Mughal era, including the Buland Darwaza gate, Jama Masjid mosque, Tomb of Salim Chishti, Diwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas halls of audience, Ibadat Khana house of worship, Anup Talao pool, and Panch Mahal and Mariam-uz-Zamani palaces. The red sandstone buildings feature a blend of Hindu, J
Charminar , the four towered structure standing at the intersection of the four main streets of the city, like the Eiffel Tower of Paris , the Statue of Liberty in New York, or West Minister Abbey in London .
This document provides a checklist for analyzing a site in Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur including its location details, existing context, accessibility, surroundings, views, weather effects, nearby buildings, surfaces, drainage, and a selected building's function, layout, design, history, and architectural elements. The checklist covers general site facts, access, the five senses, circulation, vegetation, sunlight direction, weather, building context, heritage areas, listed buildings, site levels, and drainage to thoroughly understand the site.
This document summarizes key aspects of defamation law in Malaysia. It discusses who can sue for defamation (corporations and companies but not governmental bodies), who can be sued (the author and publisher of defamatory words), the types of defamation (libel is written, slander is spoken), when slander becomes actionable per se (impugning chastity, professional reputation, contagious disease, crime), the elements required to establish defamation (defamatory words, reference to plaintiff, publication), and defenses to defamation (truth, public benefit, fair comment).
Peter Eisenman is an American architect known for deconstructivist works that challenge conventions. He studied at Cornell and Columbia, and was influenced by Colin Rowe and Jacques Derrida. Eisenman co-founded the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in 1967. Notable works include House IV, which reveals the design process, and the Wexner Center for the Arts, whose grids and scaffolding metaphorically reference displacement. Eisenman's non-traditional designs provoke questioning of architecture and space.
The Aam Khas Bagh was initially built by Mughal emperor Akbar as a highway inn for common people and royalty traveling between Delhi and Lahore. Shah Jahan later rebuilt it and it was used as a stop for the royal couple on their trips. Jahangir also made some additions. It fell into disrepair after repeated wars in the 18th century damaged its structures and filled in its tanks and waterways. The complex had several buildings like the Sarad Khana cooling chamber, Daulat Khana palace, hamam, and tank, and was known for its intricate water supply network of fountains and channels.
The Crystal palace, an example of victorian architecture. Sir Joseph Paxton who was the architect of this and created a revolution bt made this structure with cast iron and glass. Though it doesn't exist anymore, for the cause of fire in 1936.
This building was served for exhibition purpose.More than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in its 990,000-square-foot (92,000 m2) exhibition space to display examples of technology developed in the Industrial Revolution.
The walled city of Harar in Ethiopia has a rich Islamic architectural heritage. It was influenced by neighboring Arab cultures and is considered the fourth most sacred Islamic city. Within its walls are over 90 mosques and the historic Al-Jami mosque. The city is divided into five quarters by gates, each historically headed by a Malak leader and further divided into neighborhoods organized around mosques. Notable buildings include residents' close-quarter homes built back-to-back around narrow lanes as well as the former home of poet Arthur Rimbaud.
The document outlines building regulations and bylaws for construction in Noida, India. It includes 8 chapters that cover preliminary aspects, building permits, site requirements, construction standards, and more. Chapter 3 specifies general site norms like minimum plot sizes, maximum ground coverage, and setbacks. It defines 8 categories of built forms with separate provisions for residential, commercial, industrial, and other buildings. Construction must follow NBC 2005 standards for structural safety, fire safety, quality of materials, and more. Permits are required for building and permission applications must include drawings and pay fees.
The document presents information about architect Zaha Hadid in 11 slides. It provides an introduction to her background and education, her architectural philosophy focused on deconstructivism and fluidity, and lists some of her seminal works. Key projects discussed include the Vitra Fire Station, Guangzhou Opera House, and London Aquatics Centre. The presentation aims to educate about Hadid's groundbreaking style and her influence on architecture through dynamic, non-rectilinear designs.
- An offer must be accepted for a contract to be formed. Acceptance is usually communicated to the offeror. Silence is generally not considered acceptance unless the offer specifies that silence will constitute acceptance. A counteroffer rejects the original offer and a new offer is made instead of accepting the original. Acceptance can be through words or conduct demonstrating assent to the offer's terms.
1. The Mattanchery Palace area is impacted by multiple development regulations from various authorities due to its cultural heritage designation.
2. The AMSAR Act prohibits new construction within 100m of the palace and limits development within 300m.
3. This conflicts with plans to promote tourism and development in the area.
4. A unified development plan is needed to balance heritage conservation with equitable development rights.
The architect Hafeez Contractor has redefined the skylines of major Indian cities through his distinctive modern designs incorporating classical elements. He established his firm Architect HC in 1983 and has since designed thousands of residential, commercial and hotel buildings across India. Some of his most notable projects include luxury townships, skyscrapers in Mumbai, the DY Patil Stadium, and hotel chains like Leela, Hyatt, and ITC Hotels. Though controversial for his mass production approach, Hafeez Contractor has received numerous awards and is one of India's most successful architects.
Bernard Tschumi is a renowned architect known initially for his theoretical work. In the 1970s while teaching at the Architectural Association school in London, he developed the "strategy of disjunctions," a theory that contemporary culture and architecture were best expressed through fragmentation rather than classical unity. Tschumi's work often references other disciplines like literature and film, demonstrating his view that architecture should participate in and question cultural norms and structures.
Supertech Supernova is a mixed-use development in Noida, India consisting of 5 towers ranging from 28-80 floors that contain residential, commercial, retail and office spaces. It has various amenities including clubs, swimming pools, food courts and a multiplex. The structural system uses a raft foundation with piles and M80 grade concrete. Technical drawings show tower plans including typical flats, sky villas and office floors. The design incorporates separate access points and parking for different uses to segregate circulation.
Shirish Beri is an Indian architect known for designs that integrate buildings seamlessly with their natural surroundings. One notable project is the Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species (LaCONES) in Hyderabad, designed to provide a conducive research environment while protecting ecology. Beri's design blends the building with lush greenspace, using sustainable features like natural lighting, rainwater harvesting, and recycled materials. The functional layout and connection to nature create a harmonious setting for researchers and species. Beri's architectural philosophy emphasizes sustainability, functionality, and a deep connection to nature.
- The real architecture exists only in drawings, while the real building exists outside of the drawings. Architecture and buildings are not the same.
- American architect Peter Eisenman is known for radical designs and deconstructivist theories. He pioneered computer-aided design and dealt with form through formalism, deconstruction, and "weak form".
- Eisenman designed the unconventional Wexner Center for the Arts at Ohio State University, linking the past to the present through distorted geometries that combine medieval and modern elements in a new spatial matrix.
The document discusses Le Corbusier's view that architecture is at a turning point of either revolution or progressing to meet modern needs. It outlines how industrialization created new tools and standards of production that changed society, but architecture did not adapt. People now desire living standards suited to modern life, but current housing fails to meet these needs. The disconnect between new social and economic conditions versus outdated architecture means the framework people live in hinders their development. If architecture does not reform to address current problems, it could lead to social unrest and revolution. However, revolution may be avoided if architects pay attention to these issues and work to resolve the disagreement between modern life and outdated built environments.
The document provides an overview of topics to be covered in a Professional Practice lecture plan, including valuation, types of leases, dilapidation, repairs, easements, land acquisition, rent control, and fire insurance. Key points include:
1) Easements are rights over another's land that allow the use or enjoyment of one's own land, such as rights of way. They have dominant and servient lands.
2) They can be acquired by grant, necessity, or prescription of continuous use for 20 years. Ancient lights protect long-standing windows from new obstructions.
3) The Land Acquisition Act allows compulsory land acquisition for public purposes, with compensation at market rate plus 30
Fatehpur Sikri was founded in 1569 by Mughal Emperor Akbar as the capital of the Mughal Empire, located in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is surrounded by a 5 mile wall and includes several important architectural structures from the Mughal era, including the Buland Darwaza gate, Jama Masjid mosque, Tomb of Salim Chishti, Diwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas halls of audience, Ibadat Khana house of worship, Anup Talao pool, and Panch Mahal and Mariam-uz-Zamani palaces. The red sandstone buildings feature a blend of Hindu, J
Charminar , the four towered structure standing at the intersection of the four main streets of the city, like the Eiffel Tower of Paris , the Statue of Liberty in New York, or West Minister Abbey in London .
This document provides a checklist for analyzing a site in Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur including its location details, existing context, accessibility, surroundings, views, weather effects, nearby buildings, surfaces, drainage, and a selected building's function, layout, design, history, and architectural elements. The checklist covers general site facts, access, the five senses, circulation, vegetation, sunlight direction, weather, building context, heritage areas, listed buildings, site levels, and drainage to thoroughly understand the site.
This document summarizes key aspects of defamation law in Malaysia. It discusses who can sue for defamation (corporations and companies but not governmental bodies), who can be sued (the author and publisher of defamatory words), the types of defamation (libel is written, slander is spoken), when slander becomes actionable per se (impugning chastity, professional reputation, contagious disease, crime), the elements required to establish defamation (defamatory words, reference to plaintiff, publication), and defenses to defamation (truth, public benefit, fair comment).