هەژموونی کلتووری جوتیار احمد

1. ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ژﻣﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ھﻪ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺴﯚﭘﯚﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﯽ‬‫ﻗﻮو‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫وه‬‫زاﮔﺮۆﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺑﻨﺎره‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ت‬‫ﺷﺎرﺳﺘﺎﻧﯿﯿﻪ‬

2. ‫ھﻮرﯾﺎ‬ ‫راو‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﺗ‬

3. ‫ﺋﺎرﮐﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻠﺘﻮور‬
‫ﻤﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺳﻠ‬
٢٠٢٠
‫د‬‫ﺣﻤﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺗﯿﺎر‬
‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ژﻣﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ھﻪ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺴﯚﭘﯚﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﯽ‬‫ﻗﻮو‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫وه‬‫زاﮔﺮۆﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺑﻨﺎره‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ت‬‫ﺷﺎرﺳﺘﺎﻧﯿﯿﻪ‬

4. ‫ھﻮرﯾﺎ‬ ‫راو‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﺗ‬

5. ‫ﮐﻮردﺳﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﻤﯽ‬‫ر‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﺣﮑﻮﻣ‬
‫ﻻوان‬ ‫و‬ ‫رۆﺷﻨﺒﯿﺮی‬ ‫وەزارەﺗﯽ‬
‫ﻤﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺳﻠ‬ ‫وەی‬‫وﮐﺮدﻧ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭼﺎپ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾﺎﻧﺪن‬‫ڕاﮔ‬ ‫ﺘﯽ‬‫ر‬‫ﻮەﺑ‬‫ڕ‬‫ﺑ‬

6. ‫د‬‫ﺣﻤ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺗﯿﺎر‬ :‫ر‬‫ﻧﻮوﺳ‬
‫ﺋﺎرﮐﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻠﺘﻮور‬ :‫ت‬‫ﺑﺎﺑ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎر‬‫ﺟ‬ :‫وەی‬‫ﺪاﭼﻮوﻧ‬‫ﭘ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺳﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ر‬‫ھ‬ :‫رگ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺳﺎزی‬‫ﺧﺸ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫د‬‫ﺣﻤ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾﺎم‬‫ﭘ‬ :‫ﻧﺎوەرۆک‬ ‫ﺳﺎزی‬‫ﺧﺸ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺑﺪو‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﮐﺎرزان‬ :‫ﭼﺎپ‬ ‫رﺷﺘﯿﺎری‬‫رﭘ‬‫ﺳ‬
23 × 16.5 :‫ﺐ‬‫ﮐﺘ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرەی‬‫ﻗ‬
( ٢٧٨ ) :‫ڕە‬‫ﻻﭘ‬ ‫ژﻣﺎرەی‬
‫داﻧ‬ ( ٥٠٠ ) : ‫ﺗﯿﺮاژ‬
٢٠٢٠ :‫ﭼﺎپ‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬
‫ﮐﺎرۆ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﭼﺎﭘﺨﺎﻧ‬ ،‫ﻤﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺳﻠ‬ :‫ﭼﺎپ‬ ‫ﻨﯽ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬
‫دﯾﻨﺎر‬ ( ٥٠٠٠ ) :‫ﻧﺮخ‬
‫ﮐﺎن‬‫ﮔﺸﺘﯿﯿ‬ ‫ﺒﺨﺎﻧ‬‫ﮐﺘ‬ ‫ﮔﺸﺘﯿﯽ‬ ‫ﺘﯽ‬‫ر‬‫ﻮەﺑ‬‫ڕ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺪراوە‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ی‬٢٠٢١ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫(ی‬ ١١٠٧ ) ‫ﺳﭙﺎردﻧﯽ‬ ‫ژﻣﺎرەی‬
‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ژﻣﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ھﻪ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺴﯚﭘﯚﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﯽ‬‫ﻗﻮو‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫وه‬‫زاﮔﺮۆﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺑﻨﺎره‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ت‬‫ﺷﺎرﺳﺘﺎﻧﯿﯿﻪ‬
‫ﭼﺎﭘﮑﺮاوە‬ ‫رۆﺷﻨﺒﯿﺮی‬ ‫ﺧﺘﯽ‬‫ﭘﺎﯾﺘ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺑﻮدﺟ‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﮐﺘ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋ‬
‫ﻤﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺳﻠ‬ ‫وەی‬‫وﮐﺮدﻧ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭼﺎپ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾﺎﻧﺪن‬‫ڕاﮔ‬ ‫ﺘﯽ‬‫ر‬‫ﻮەﺑ‬‫ڕ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫ﻤﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺳﻠ‬ ‫ﮔﺸﺘﯽ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺒﺨﺎﻧ‬‫ﮐﺘ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﯾﮏ‬ ،‫وەﯾﺲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻣﯽ‬‫ﺷ‬
٣٣٠١٩٤٩

7. ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﺸﻜﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬
...‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺳﺘ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺣﯿﻢ‬‫ڕه‬ ‫ﺷﯿﺪ‬‫ڕه‬ ‫ﻣﺎل‬‫ﻛﻪ‬

8. ‫ھﻮرﯾﺎ‬ ‫راو‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﺗ‬

9. ٩
٩
‫رۆك‬‫ﻧﺎوه‬
‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬
١٣
‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫و‬ ‫وار‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫زاﻧﺴﺘﯽ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
١٣
‫ﻦ‬‫ھ‬‫ﺪه‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘ‬ ‫دوو‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫وﻧﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﮔﯚﺷﺘﺨﯚره‬
١٣
‫ﯚژی‬‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚ‬
١٧
‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
١٨
‫وه‬‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوره‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺑﺎره‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬
٢١
‫م‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﯽ‬‫ﻛﺘ‬
٣٠
‫ﺳﺮوﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ،‫ﺳﺮوﺷﺖ‬
٣٠
‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻧﺎوﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﯚﺑﯚﮔﺮاﻓﯽ‬
٣٣
‫ﻛﺎن‬‫رزه‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎوﭼﻪ‬ ‫واﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﭘﯚﻟﻜﻪ‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮔﺮد‬ ،‫ﭼﯿﺎﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﻧ‬
٣٣
‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ووﻛ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ت‬‫ﺗﺎﻗﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬‫ڕووﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ده‬
٣٤
‫ﻣﯿﺴﯚﭘﯚﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻧﺎوﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﯽ‬‫ﻗﻮو‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻮور‬
٣٥
‫وا‬‫ﺋﺎووھﻪ‬
٣٦
‫و‬ ‫زاﮔﺮۆس‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺘﻦ‬‫ﻛﮕﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ڕ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﯿﻪ‬‫ﻨﭙ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﮕﺮﺗﻨﯽ‬‫ھﻪ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺴﯚﭘﯚﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎدا‬
٣٨
‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﺷﺎﺧﺎوﯾﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ڕ‬
٣٩
‫ﻛﺎن‬‫رزه‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎوﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺘﯽ‬‫ده‬ ‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ڕ‬
٤٠
‫ﺑﯿﺎﺑﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ڕ‬
٤٠
‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﻧﺰﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ڕ‬
٤١
‫ژﯾﻨﮕﻪ‬
٤٢
‫ﭘﻼﯾﺴﺘﯚﺳﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺧﯽ‬
٤٣
‫دا‬‫وه‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﺎو‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫رﮔﺮﯾﻜﺮدن‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ھﯚﻣﯚﺳﺎﭘﯿﺎﻧﺲ‬
٤٤
‫دا‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ژﯾﺎن‬
٤٧
‫ﻧ‬‫ده‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻣﺎن‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬
٤٧
‫ﻣﯿﺴﯚﭘﯚﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎدا‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺮن‬‫ﻣﯚد‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﯽ‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﺧﻮ‬‫ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻦ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬
٤٧

10. ١٠
١٠
‫زاﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺳﺎڵ‬ (١٠٠٠٠٠ -٥٠٠٠٠٠) (‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ره‬‫)ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاروو‬ ‫ﯾﯚﻟﯿﺴﯿﻜﯽ‬‫ﭘﺎﻟﻪ‬
٤٧
‫زاﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺳﺎڵ‬ ٤٠٠٠٠-١٠٠٠٠٠ ‫ﻧﺪ‬‫ﻧﺎوه‬ ‫ﯾﯚﻟﯿﺴﯿﻜﯽ‬‫ﭘﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺧﯽ‬
٥٤
‫ڕاﺳﺘﯿﺪا‬ ‫و‬‫ﮔﺮﯾﻤﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻮان‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺷﺎﻧﯿﺪه‬ ،‫زاﮔﺮۆس‬ ‫ﮔﺮووﭘﯽ‬
٥٥
‫رﺗﺎڵ‬‫ﻧﯿﺎﻧﺪه‬
٦٢
‫ﺮن‬‫ﻣﯚد‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﯽ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬
٦٤
‫زاﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺳﺎڵ‬ ١٠٠٠٠-٤٠٠٠٠ ‫روو‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﯚﻟﯿﺴﯿﻜﯽ‬‫ﭘﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺧﯽ‬
٦٦
‫ژﯾﻨﮕﻪ‬ ،‫واو‬‫ﺋﺎووھﻪ‬
٦٦
‫زاﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺳﺎڵ‬ ٢٠٠٠٠-٤٠٠٠٠ ‫روو‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﯚﻟﯿﺴﯿﻜﯽ‬‫ﭘﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺧﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﺎی‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬
٦٧
‫زاﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺳﺎڵ‬ ١٠٠٠٠-٢٠٠٠٠ ‫روو‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﯚﻟﯿﺴﯿﻜﯽ‬‫ﭘﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﯚﻧﺎﻏﯽ‬ ‫ﻛﯚﺗﺎ‬
٧١
‫ﺮاق‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻛﻮردﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫زاﮔﺮۆﺳﯽ‬ ،‫ﻣﯿﺴﯚﭘﯚﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎ‬
٧١
‫وره‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﭘﺎ‬
٧٣
‫ﭭﺎﻧﺖ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻧﺎوﭼﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺮان‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻛﻮردﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫زاﮔﺮۆﺳﯽ‬
٧٥
‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﻛﯚﻛﺮدﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ڕاووﺷﻜﺎر‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻟﻮﺗﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺘﻨﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ :‫روو‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﯚﻟﯿﺴﯿﻜﯽ‬‫ﭘﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﯚﺗﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫روﺑﻮوم‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
٧٦
‫ﯚﺳﯿﻦ‬‫ھﯚ‬
٧٧
‫ی‬‫وه‬‫وﺳﺎﻧﺪﻧﻪ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫داﮔﯿﺮﻛﺎری‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ (Holocene) ‫ﯚﺳﯿﻦ‬‫ھﯚ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺧﯽ‬
‫زاﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺳﺎڵ‬ ٧٢٥٠-١٠٠٠٠ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ،‫وه‬‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﻪ‬ ‫ن‬‫ﻻﯾﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮووﺷﺖ‬
٧٧
‫؟‬‫ﺑﻮوه‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯚﻟﯚﺟﯿﺎ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫ﺸﻜﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎﻣﯽ‬‫رﺋﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﺘﻮﻛﺎڵ‬ ‫ﺋﺎﯾﺎ‬
٨٠
‫ﮔﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ك‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﺑﻨﺎﻏﻪ‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﻛﺸﺘﻮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﯚڕﺷﯽ‬
٨٢
‫زاﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺳﺎڵ‬ ٧٢٥٠-١٠٠٠٠ ‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﯚﺳﯿﻨﯽ‬‫ھﯚ‬
٨٣
‫ﺮاق‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻛﻮردﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫زاﮔﺮۆﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫رزاﯾﯿﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
٨٥
‫زاﮔﺮۆس‬ ‫ڕۆژﺋﺎوای‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺑﻨﺎره‬
٩٢
‫ڕۆژﺋﺎوا‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫و‬‫دﯾﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫دۆ‬
٩٤
،‫ﻣﯿﺴﯚﭘﯚﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎدا‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ره‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯚﺳﯿﻦ‬‫ھﯚ‬ ‫ﺗﺎی‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻛﺮدﻧﻪ‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻦ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺎوﯾﻨﺪا‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﺧﯚرھﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬
١٠٠
‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﮕﯿﺮﺑﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫زراﻧﺪﻧﯽ‬‫داﻣﻪ‬
١٠٥
‫ﻣﯿﺴﯚﭘﯚﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫رزه‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎوﭼﻪ‬
١٠٨

11. ١١
١١
‫رﻣﯚ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫واری‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬
١١٢
‫ﻣﯿﺴﯚﭘﯚﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻧﺰﻣﺎﯾﯿﻪ‬
١١٦
‫ﻣﯿﺴﯚﭘﯚﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ره‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﯚﻟﯿﺴﯿﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺎی‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬
١٢٣
‫ﻧﺎوﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﺧﯚرھﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺴﯚﭘﯚﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﺘﻮﻛﺎڵ‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﯽ‬‫ڕه‬
١٢٦
‫ك‬‫ڕووه‬ ‫ﯿﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻨﺎن‬‫ﻛﺎرھ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
١٢٨
‫ڵ‬‫ﺋﺎژه‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺟﯚره‬ ‫ﯿﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫رﮔﺮﺗﻦ‬‫ﺳﻮودوه‬
١٢٩
‫ﻛﺸﺘﻮﻛﺎڵ‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎی‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﯾﯿﻪ‬‫ﺑﻨﭽﯿﻨﻪ‬ ‫ھﯚﻛﺎره‬
١٣٠
‫م‬‫دووه‬ ‫ﺒﯽ‬‫ﻛﺘ‬
١٣١
‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﮔ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺗﺎی‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ .‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫ری‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﻣﮫ‬‫رھﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬
١٣١
‫ﻧﯿﮕﺎر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﺶ‬‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﺎزﯾﯽ‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﮔ‬ ،‫ﻗﻮڕ‬
١٣٤
‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﯾﯿﻪ‬‫ﻧﺎوﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺎس‬ ‫ن‬‫ﺧﺎوه‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬
١٣٧
‫ﺳﯚﺗﯚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻏﯿﯿﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺋﻮم‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬
١٣٩
‫ﺑﺎﻏﯿﯿﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺋﻮم‬
١٤٠
‫ﺳﯚﺗﯚ‬
١٤٤
‫ﭘﻪ‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻮل‬
١٤٦
‫ﻻﺗﺎت‬‫ﻟﺘﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
١٤٧
‫دوو‬ ‫ﺷﯚﻛﯽ‬‫ﺷﻜﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬
١٤٩
‫دوو‬ ‫ی‬‫زﻧﻪ‬‫ﺧﻪ‬
١٥٠
‫زاڵ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ﯾﺎن‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ژﻣﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ھﻪ‬
١٥١
‫زاﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺳﺎڵ‬ ٥٢٥٠ -٥٧٥٠ ‫ﺳﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺣﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬
١٥١
‫زاﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺳﺎڵ‬ ٥٠٠٠ -٥٥٠٠ ‫ڕا‬‫ﺳﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬
١٦١
‫ش‬‫ڕه‬ ‫ﺋﯚﺑﺰﯾﺪی‬ ‫ری‬‫ﻧﺠﻪ‬‫ﺧﻪ‬ ‫ن‬‫ﺧﺎوه‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺷﻤﺸﺎره‬
١٦٢
‫ﺗﺎره‬‫ﻣﻪ‬
١٦٥
‫ﻣﯿﺴﯚﭘﯚﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎدا‬ ‫ﻧﺪی‬‫ﻧﺎوه‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ڕا‬‫ﺳﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬
١٦٧
‫ڕا‬‫ﺳﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﮔ‬
١٧٢
‫ﺑﺎﻏﯚز‬
١٧٣

12. ١٢
١٢
(A) ‫ﻧﮕﯚری‬‫ﺳﻪ‬
١٧٥
‫ﻣﺎﻣﯽ‬‫ﭼﯚﻏﻪ‬
١٧٧
‫ف‬‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﺣﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬
١٨٠
‫ف‬‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﺣﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ی‬‫ژﯾﻨﮕﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟﯿﯚﮔﺮاﻓﯽ‬
١٨٣
‫ڵ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪی‬‫ﯾﻮه‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎی‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ،‫ف‬‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﺣﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ﻗﯽ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫گ‬‫ڕه‬
‫ڕا‬‫ﺳﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺳﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺣﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ردوو‬‫ھﻪ‬
١٨٥
‫وه‬‫ۆﻧﯚﻟﯚﺟﯿﯿﻪ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺑﺎره‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﭘﺮﺳﯿﺎره‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﺣﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﮔ‬
١٩١
‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﺗﯿﯿﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺳﯿﺎره‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﺣﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ﻻرﺳﺎزﯾﯽ‬‫ﺗﻪ‬
١٩٩
‫ﺘﯚرﻛﯽ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ڕ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫زاﻧﯿﺎری‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﺰاﻧﻪ‬‫ﮔﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﮐﻨﯚﻟﯚﺟﯿﯿﻪ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻧﻪ‬‫داھ‬
‫ﻟﺪا‬‫ﻟﻮﭘﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﯾﯿﻪ‬‫ﻮﻧﺎوﭼﻪ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻮﮔﯚڕه‬‫ﺋﺎ‬
٢٠٢
‫ﻧﯿﮕﺎر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﺶ‬‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻛﻨﯿﻜﻪ‬‫ﺗﻪ‬
٢٠٦
‫ﯾﺪ‬‫ﻋﻮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬
٢٠٩
‫ﯾﺪ‬‫ﻋﻮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ﺟﯿﯚﮔﺮاﻓﯿﺎی‬
٢٠٩
‫ی‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾﺪ‬‫ﻋﻮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ﮋووی‬‫ﻣ‬
٢١٠
‫ی‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫رﯾﯿﻪ‬‫ﻛﺎرﯾﮕﻪ‬ ‫ودای‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾﺪ‬‫ﻋﻮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻓﯿﻨﯚﻣﯿﻨﻪ‬
٢١٨
‫ی‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻣﻮﻣﮋاوﯾﯿﻪ‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾﺪ‬‫ﻋﻮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﯽ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬
٢٢٠
‫ژﻣﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ھﺎوﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺧﻤﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﻧﺎوﺧﯚﯾﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوره‬
٢٢١
‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ژﻣﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬
٢٢٦
‫وداو‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫دوور‬ ‫ﺑﺎزرﮔﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﮔﺮﯾﻤﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻮان‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوره‬ ‫ﻛﺪاﭼﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﯾﯿﺪا‬‫ﺷﻮاﻧﻜﺎره‬ ‫ﻛﯚﭼﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬
٢٣٠
(Chiefdom) ‫ﮔﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫رۆﻛﯽ‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ،‫ران‬‫ﺧﯚﺷﮕﻮزه‬ ‫ﭼﯿﻨﯽ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬
٢٣٢
‫؟‬‫ﭼﻮوه‬‫ﻮه‬‫ڕ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎرﯾﻜﺮدووه‬ ‫ﭼﯚن‬ (‫)ﭼﯿﻔﺪۆم‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
٢٣٨
‫ﻧﮕﯽ‬‫ڕه‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻣﮋاوﯾﯽ‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﯾﺎﻧ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ره‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،(transition) ‫وه‬‫ﺰاﻧﻪ‬‫ﮔﻮ‬ ‫ﻗﯚﻧﺎﻏﯽ‬
‫ﺸﯽ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺧﯚ‬
٢٣٨
‫دوو‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻜﯚﻟﯿﺴﯿﻜﯽ‬ ‫ﻛﯚﺗﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ی‬‫رﺑﺎره‬‫ده‬ ‫ك‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫وه‬‫ﺷﯿﻜﺮدﻧﻪ‬
٢٤٢
(LC3) ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻗﯚﻧﺎﻏﯽ‬ ،‫ﻛﯚﺗﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻜﯚﻟﯿﺴﯿﻜﯽ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬
٢٤٥
‫ﻛﺎن‬‫رﭼﺎوه‬‫ﺳﻪ‬
٢٤٩

13. ١٣
‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫و‬ ‫وار‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫زاﻧﺴﺘﯽ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫و‬ ‫وار‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫زاﻧﺴﺘﯽ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫ﻦ‬‫ھ‬‫ﺪه‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘ‬ ‫دوو‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫وﻧﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﮔﯚﺷﺘﺨﯚره‬ -
‫ﻦ‬‫ھ‬‫ﺪه‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘ‬ ‫دوو‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫وﻧﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﮔﯚﺷﺘﺨﯚره‬ -١
‫ﺑﯚ‬ (‫)ﻣﺮۆﭬﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫واری(و‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫)ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﭘ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ش‬‫وه‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫دوو‬ ‫و‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ،‫وﺗﻮوه‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻨﺠﺎر‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬
‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻦ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎت‬‫رﯾﺪه‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫(ﯾﻪ‬DNA) ‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫وردﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻧﮕﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬
‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺎ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ،‫وﺗﻮوه‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻨﺠﺎر‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ڕه‬
.‫ﻧﯿﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮوﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺎوازﺗﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ڕووﻧﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫ری‬‫ﻛﯿﺸﻮه‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺑﺎزﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﭘﻼﯾﺴﺘﯚﺳﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎی‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺪﯾﻦ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ،‫دواوه‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ١٩٩٠ ‫ﻧﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫دوای‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﭼﻮو‬‫ده‬ ‫و‬ ‫ھﺎت‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎدا‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ن‬‫ده‬‫ﻧﯿﺸﺎﻧﯿﺪه‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﺖ‬‫رده‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻪ‬‫د‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژﯾﻤﺎن‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫واری‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎت‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‬‫ده‬ (‫ھﯚﻣﯚﻧﯿﻦ‬ ‫)ﺟﯚری‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﭘﻼﯾﺴﺘﯚﺳﯿﻨﺪا‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎی‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﮫﺎﻧﺪا‬ ‫ﺗﺮی‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻧﺎوﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺸﺘﻨﯽ‬‫ﮫ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻮﺟﯚڵ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
Susan C. Anton and Carl C. Swisher 2004,) .‫ﺖ‬‫ڕ‬‫ﺑﮕﻪ‬ ‫ژﯾﺎﻧﺪا‬
.(272-271
‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ره‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ (Hominid) ‫ھﯚﻣﯿﻨﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﯚری‬ ‫رﭼﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ده‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﯚچ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻧﺎوﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮو‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎدا‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺋﯿﻜﯚﻟﯚﺟﯿﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرودۆﺧﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ڕووﯾﺪا‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻛﺎﺗ‬
‫ی‬‫ژﯾﻨﮕﻪ‬ ‫زاﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻛﺎﺗ‬ ‫ھﯚﻣﯚﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﯚری‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫واﺗﻪ‬ .‫وه‬‫ﮔﺮﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎوﯾﻨﯿﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﺧﯚرھﻪ‬
‫ری‬‫ﻛﯿﺸﻮه‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﯽ‬ ،‫ﻛﯚﭼﻜﺮدن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﯿﻜﺮد‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺋﯿﺪی‬ ،‫ﺑﺎره‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻧﺎوﭼﻪ‬
Susan and) ‫ﻣﯿﺴﯚﭘﯚﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﯿﭭﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻧﺎوﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﮕﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑﺒ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
.(Carl 2004, 270
(HomoSapiens)‫ﺳﺎﭘﯿﺎﻧﯿﺲ‬‫ھﯚﻣﯚ‬‫ﺟﯚری‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺑﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫دوای‬
‫ﺳﺘﯿﻜﺮد‬‫ده‬ .(‫ﺮن‬‫ﻣﯚد‬ ‫)ﻣﺮۆﭬﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺳﺮاوه‬ ‫ﻣﻪ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎواﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
،‫دﻧـﯿﺎدا‬ ‫ی‬‫ﭼﻮارﻗﻮڕﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫وﺑﻮوﻧﻪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺸﺘﻨﯽ‬‫ﮫ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﺪان‬‫و‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
(Early Pleistocence) ‫ﭘﻼﯾﺴﺘﯚﺳﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺎی‬‫ره‬‫ﺳــــــﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ش‬‫وه‬‫ﺋﻪ‬

14. ١٤
،‫داوه‬‫ڕووﯾﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﯚوه‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫روا‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﯚﭼﻜﺮدﻧﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ .‫ز‬.‫پ‬ ‫ﺳﺎڵ‬ ٨٠٠٠٠٠ ‫واﺗﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮو‬
‫ڕووی‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺮاوه‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﺸﯽ‬‫وﭘ‬‫وه‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫زار‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫د‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎزﯾﯽ‬‫ﻣﯿﻨﻪ‬‫زه‬ ‫ﻜﻮ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺪی‬‫ﯾﻮه‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﯿﺶ‬ ‫ژﯾﺎﻧﯽ‬ .‫وه‬‫ردﯾﻨﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯚﻟﯚﺟﯿﺎی‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺸﻚ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻨﯚﻟﯚﺟﯿﺎی‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاری‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫وﻛﺎت‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮوه‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﮔﯚڕاﻧﻜﺎرﯾﯿﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫وﺗﻦ‬‫ﺸﻜﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻮو‬ ‫وه‬‫ﺰاﻧﻪ‬‫ﮔﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ده‬‫ر‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫وﻛﺎﺗﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﻨﺎﺑﻮو‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﯽ‬‫ده‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ردﯾﻨﺪا‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺮی‬‫ﺋﺎﻣ‬
‫ﻧﺎوﺑﺎﻧﮕﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺶ‬-‫ﺷﻮﻟﯿﺎن‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫)ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺪوان‬‫ﺋﯚ‬ ‫ردﯾﻨﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯚﻟﯚﺟﯽ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻗﯚﻧﺎﻏﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬
.(Aschleuleen
‫ھﯚﻣﯚ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﻪ‬‫ﺋﺎﻣﺎژه‬ ‫وە‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ھﯚﻣﯚﺳﺎﭘﯿﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ،‫ھﯚﻣﯚﻧﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﯿﻦ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻛﺎﺗ‬
‫ﺧﯚی‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﯿﻮﯾ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺟﯚر‬ ‫واﺗﻪ‬ ،(Homo erctus) ‫ﻜﺘﻮس‬‫ﺋﯿﺮ‬
‫ﭘ‬ ‫دوو‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ .‫ﯽ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫دوو‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻪ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﻜﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫وه‬‫ﺑﻜﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺎ‬ ‫ڵ‬‫ﺋﺎژه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭼﻮارﭘ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎوی‬‫ڕاوه‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻮه‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻣﺎن‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮوه‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺎوی‬‫ڕاوه‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﯾﻜﻪ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ڕۆﯾﺸﺘﻮوه‬
‫ﮐﻨﯚﻟﯚﺟﯿﺎی‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮔﯚڕاﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﮕﺮی‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻣﺠﯚره‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻪ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﯽ‬
‫ﺑﻮوه‬ ،‫ھﺎت‬ ‫ردا‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﯚڕاﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺪا‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺳﺘﻪ‬‫ﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﯚﺟﯽ‬‫ﺑﺎﯾﯚ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ،‫ﺪۆواﻧﻪ‬‫ﺋﯚ‬ ‫ردﯾﻨﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺸﺘﻨﯽ‬‫ﮫ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﯾﺎری‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫رﺑﯚﯾﻪ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﺘ‬‫ﺟﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺸﻚ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ت‬‫ﺗﺎﯾﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫وزه‬ ‫ﻧﯽ‬‫ﺧﺎوه‬
‫ﺖ‬‫ڕ‬‫ﺑﮕﻪ‬ ‫زﯾﺎﺗﺮدا‬ ‫ﻧﺪی‬‫وه‬‫رژه‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎزەو‬ ‫وﻧﯽ‬‫ﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫داوه‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫ﯾﺎن‬‫ره‬‫ﻛﯿﺸﻮه‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫وﻛﺎﺗﯽ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮو‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﯿﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻮﯾﺴﺘﻪ‬‫)ﭘ‬
Susan C. Anton and Carl C. Swisher 2004,) (‫ﺸﺘﻮوه‬‫ھ‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
.(272-271
‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻧﺎوﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﯚڕا‬ ‫ﻛﯚﺑﯽ‬ :‫ﻣﻪ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ڕ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻧﻪ‬‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫رﭼﺎوه‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﺰاﻧﯿﺎ‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ،‫ﮔﯚرﮔﻪ‬ ‫ﺪوﭬﯿﺎ‬‫ﺋﯚ‬ ،‫ﻛﯿﻨﯿﺎ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﺧﯚرھﻪ‬
‫ﯾﺪاﺑﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎی‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ڕ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺮدووه‬ ‫م‬‫راھﻪ‬‫ﻓﻪ‬ ‫زاﻧﯿﺎرﯾﯿﺎن‬ ‫زۆری‬
Susan C. Anton) ‫ﭘﻼﯾﺴﺘﯚﺳﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺧﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﺎی‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫واﺗﻪ‬ ،‫ﻜﺘﻮس‬‫ﺋﯿﺮ‬ ‫ھﯚﻣﯚ‬
.(and Carl C. Swisher 2004, 284
‫داﻣﻨﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ١٩٩١ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ،‫وه‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎره‬ ‫م‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫زاﻧﯿﺎری‬ ‫و‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ھﺎ‬‫روه‬‫ھﻪ‬
‫ڕو‬‫ﺣﻤﻪ‬‫ﻟﺌﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺋﯿﺮق‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ن‬‫رده‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫دۆ‬ ‫ﻗﯽ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ،‫ﺋﯿﺴﺮاﺋﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ .‫وه‬‫دۆزراﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﯚرﺟﯿﺎ‬
-Susan C. Anton and Carl C. Swisher 2004, 273) ‫ﯾﺪﯾﻪ‬‫ﺋﻮﺑﻪ‬
.(274
‫داﻣﻨﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ردﯾﻨﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺮه‬‫ﺋﺎﻣ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﯿﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ،‫رده‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﺧﯚرھﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫واﻧﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ڵ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ن‬‫ﻮه‬‫ھﺎوﺷ‬ .‫وه‬‫ﺗﻪ‬‫دۆزراوﻧﻪ‬

15. ١٥
‫ڕ‬‫ﺣﻤﻪ‬‫ﻟﺌﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺋﯿﺮق‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ردﯾﻨﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺮه‬‫ﺋﺎﻣ‬ ،‫ن‬‫رده‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫دۆ‬ ‫ی‬‫واﻧﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ .‫وه‬‫ﺗﻪ‬‫دۆزراوﻧﻪ‬
Susan C. Anton) ‫داﻣﻨﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫ی‬‫واﻧﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﯚﻧﺘﺮن‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﻦ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎن‬‫ھﻪ‬
.(and Carl C. Swisher 2004, 283
،‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﻛﯚﭼﻜﺮدن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫رﭼﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ده‬ ‫ھﯚﻛﺎری‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬
‫ھﯚﻣﯚ‬ ‫ﯿﻮاﯾﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﯿﻪ‬‫ﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﺑﯚﭼﻮوﻧ‬ ‫م‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ،‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫دژ‬ ‫ﺑﯚﭼﻮوﻧﯽ‬ ‫دوو‬
‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ڕ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑﯿﻨﺮ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺣﺎ‬ ‫رزﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻮس‬‫ﺋﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺸﯿﺎن‬‫دووه‬ .‫ن‬‫ﺑﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎری‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﯚﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﻧﺪی‬‫وه‬‫رژه‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﺠﺎو‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ژﯾﻨﮕﻪ‬
‫ﻛﯽ‬‫دﻧﯿﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ڕ‬‫ﺑﮕﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ،‫ﻛﺮدوون‬ ‫ﻧﺎﭼﺎری‬ ‫وا‬‫ﺋﺎووھﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﯚڕاﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫واﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﭘ‬
.(F. Carotenuto et al. 2016, 1) ‫ﮔﻮﻧﺠﺎوﺗﺮدا‬
‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﭘﺸﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺮ‬‫ده‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫وه‬‫وردﺑﻮوﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻮﯾﺴﺘﯽ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫دا‬‫ﺮه‬‫ﻟ‬
‫رزی‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺣﺎ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻮس‬‫ﺋﯿﺮ‬ ‫ھﯚﻣﯚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚﭼﻮوﻧﯽ‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫ﺳﺘﺮ‬‫ﺑﺒﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻨﯚﻟﯚﺟﯿﺎی‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻧﯽ‬‫داھ‬ ‫ھﯚی‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻮﻧﻜﻪ‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫دﯾﺎری‬ ‫ﻛﺎت‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬
،‫وﺗﻮوه‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﯽ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻮه‬‫ﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاردﻧﯽ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫دۆزﯾﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫وزه‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ردﯾﻦ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
،‫ﻛﺘﺮ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯿﺶ‬‫ﺋﯿﺮﻛﺘﻮﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺘﻨﯽ‬‫ﮕ‬‫ﻜﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﮔﺮووﭘﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ﻜﻪ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ھﺎ‬‫روه‬‫ھﻪ‬
.‫ﺑﻮوه‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﯚی‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ڕۆ‬
‫ﻚ‬‫ﻛﺎﺗ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ری‬‫ﻛﯿﺸﻮه‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ره‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﻛﯚچ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺮد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﺸﺘﺮ‬‫ﭘ‬
‫ی‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﺳﺘﻪ‬‫ﺟﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺸﻚ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ی‬‫وزه‬ ‫ڕووی‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺋﯿﺮﻛﺘﻮس‬ ‫ھﯚﻣﯚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ڕووﯾﺪاوه‬
‫واﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫زراوه‬‫داﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬‫ﺑﻨﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ش‬‫ﺑﯚﭼﻮوﻧﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ .‫ﻛﺮدووه‬
‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﯚری‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ،‫ﺧﻮارد‬‫ده‬ ‫زﯾﺎﺗﺮﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﮔﯚﺷﺘﯽ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﺋﯿﺮﻛﺘﻮﺳﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫دووره‬ ‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫داﺑ‬ ‫ی‬‫وزه‬ ‫ﮔﯚﺷﺘﺨﻮاردﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﭼ‬‫ﺪه‬‫ﭘ‬ ،‫ﺧﯚی‬
‫ﺟﺎر‬ ‫ﭼﻮار‬ ‫ﮔﯚﺷﺘﺨﯚر‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫زاﻧﺮاوه‬ ‫ك‬‫روه‬‫ھﻪ‬ .‫وه‬‫ﺘﻪ‬‫وﺑﺒ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ره‬‫ده‬
.(392-Shipman and Walker 1989, 373) ‫ﮔﯿﺎﺧﯚر‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫زﯾﺎﺗﺮه‬ ‫ی‬‫وزه‬
‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ھﯚﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﺑﭽﻮوﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮووﭘﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﺠﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻜﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫و‬ ‫وﺗﻦ‬‫ﻜﻜﻪ‬‫ڕ‬ ‫وﺗﻤﺎن‬ ‫ك‬‫روه‬‫ھﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮاواﻧﺒﻮوﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺋﺎﺳﺎﻧﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬ ‫ھﯚی‬ ‫ﺑﯚﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫رﭼﻮون‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﺑﻮوه‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﯾﻨ‬‫رﺑ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎن‬ ،‫ﺟﯿﺎوازدا‬ ‫ی‬‫ژﯾﻨﮕﻪ‬ ‫ڵ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﺠﺎن‬ ‫و‬ ‫دﯾﻤﯚﮔﺮاﻓﯽ‬
‫ﭘﺸﻜﻨﯿﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻟﯿﺎن‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﯚﻧﺎﻏﯽ‬ ‫ردﯾﻨﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯚﻟﯚﺟﯿﺎی‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫ﺸﻜﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﺮ‬‫ده‬
‫ر‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫زﯾﺎﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ھﯚی‬ ‫ﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﻮوﺑ‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﺮدﺑ‬ ‫ﺋﺎﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ژﯾﻨﮕﻪ‬
‫ﺧﯚی‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫دا‬‫ﺑﺎرودۆﺧﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ .‫ﺖ‬‫ﺒ‬‫زا‬ ‫ردا‬‫وروﺑﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫و‬‫ژﯾﻨﮕﻪ‬
،‫وه‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺋﺎژه‬ ‫ی‬‫ﭘﺎﺷﻤﺎوه‬ ‫و‬‫رﻣﺎوه‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﺮووﺷﺘﯽ‬ ‫روﺑﻮوﻣﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﻛﯚﻛﺮدﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬

16. ١٦
،‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﺪه‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫دڕﻧﺪه‬ ‫ﮔﯚﺷﺘﺨﯚره‬ ‫ﺋﺎژه‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﮔﯚﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﭘﺎﺷﻤﺎوه‬ ‫واﺗﻪ‬
‫ﯾﯽ‬‫ڕﯾﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﮔﯚڕاﻧ‬ ‫ش‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ .‫ﻗﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ڕاﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ڕاوﭼﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻮوە‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮔﯚڕی‬ ‫ﺧﯚی‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬
‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ر‬‫ﻛﺎرﺑﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺳﺎﭘﯿﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫ھﯚﻣﯚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺮەوە‬‫ﻟ‬ .‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﺪا‬ ‫ﺋﯿﻜﯚﻟﯚﺟﯿﺎی‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮو‬
F. Carotenuto et) ‫ﺟﯚراوﺟﯚر‬ ‫ﺧﯚراﻛﯽ‬ ‫ری‬‫ﻛﺎرﺑﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎﺧﻮد‬ ،‫ﺗﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬
.(al. 2016, 2
‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ھﯚﻛﺎر‬ ،‫دروﺳﺘﻜﺮدن‬ ‫ﮔﺮووپ‬ ‫ﻜﺪاو‬‫ﮔﺮووﭘ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻧﺪاﻣ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮون‬
‫ك‬‫وه‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ھﯚﻛﺎره‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻮﻧﻜﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ھﯚﻣﯚ‬ ‫رﭼﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﺑﻮوه‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬
‫ﺗﯿﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﺑﻮوه‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫و‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫واﺗﻪ‬ ،‫دات‬‫ﻧﯿﺸﺎﻧﺪه‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﻮوﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺮی‬‫ﺋﺎﻣ‬ ‫دروﺳﺘﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﺎن‬ ‫دەرﺧﺴﺘﻨﯽ‬ ،‫ژﯾﺎﻧﯿﺎن‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﻮازی‬‫ﺷ‬
‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ڕۆ‬ ‫ردﯾﻦ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯚﻟﯚﺟﯿﺎی‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ر‬‫ھﻪ‬ ،‫ﺧﯚﯾﺎﻧﺪا‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺪاﻧﯽ‬‫ﭘ‬‫ره‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ردﯾﻦ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺟﯚری‬ ‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺗﺎی‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻜﮫﺎﺗﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮو‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ری‬‫ﻛﺎرﯾﮕﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻨﯚﻟﯚﺟﯿﺎی‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮔﺸﺘﯿﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫و‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫رده‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺑﯚﻣﺎن‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ .‫ﺳﺎﭘﯿﺎﻧﺴﺪا‬ ‫ھﯚﻣﯚ‬
‫ﺖ‬‫وﺗﺮ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ك‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫دﯾﺎرده‬ ‫دروﺳﺘﺒﻮوﻧﯽ‬ ‫ھﯚی‬ ‫ﺑﻮوه‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻛﺎرھ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ردﯾﻦ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
.‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﺨﺴﺘﻨﯽ‬‫ڕ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﺋﯿﺮﻛﺘﻮس‬ ‫ھﯚﻣﯚ‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫ھﯚی‬ ‫ﺑﻮوه‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﯿﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬‫ده‬
‫ﺳﺖ‬‫ﯾﻮه‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫دوای‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫ڕووداوی‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫رﭼﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ده‬
‫ھﯚی‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬‫ﺑﻮوﻧﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫دوای‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫ڕووداواﻧﻪ‬ ‫زﻧﺠﯿﺮه‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮون‬ ‫ك‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
:‫ﺧﯚﯾﺎن‬ ‫دوای‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬
.‫ردﯾﻦ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺮی‬‫ﺋﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻣﮫ‬‫رھﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺪاﺑﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ -
.‫ردﯾﻦ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺮی‬‫ﺋﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻣﮫ‬‫رھﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮔﺸﺘﯿﻜﺮدن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ -
‫ﻧﻮێ‬‫رﻟﻪ‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻮێ‬ ‫ﻧﺪی‬‫ﯾﻮه‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫وت‬‫ﺴﻮﻛﻪ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺪاﺑﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ -
.‫ﺑﺮدن‬‫ﻮه‬‫ڕ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻮازی‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯽ‬ ‫وەی‬‫ﻜﺨﺴﺘﻨﻪ‬‫ڕ‬
‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺒﻮون‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻧﯿﺸﺘﻪ‬ ‫دﯾﻤﯚﮔﺮاﻓﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﺮاواﻧﺒﻮوﻧﯽ‬ -
.‫ﺳﺎﭘﯿﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫ھﯚﻣﯚ‬
F. Carotenuto et al.) ‫ﻧﻮێ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻧﺎوﭼﻪ‬ ‫داﮔﯿﺮﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻨﺎن‬‫ﻛﺎرھ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ -
.(38-2016, 37
Late Pleistocene ‫ﻛﯚﺗﺎﯾﯿﺪا‬ ‫ﭘﻼﯾﺴﺘﯚﺳﯿﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﯚﻧﺎﻏﯽ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻣﺎوه‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺟﯿﯚﻟﯚﺟﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﯚﻧﺎﻏﯽ‬ ‫)ﭘﻼﺳﯿﺘﯚﺳﯿﻦ‬ ( ‫زاﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺳﺎڵ‬ ١١،٠٠٠-١٢٦٠٠٠)
١١٠٠٠ ‫واﺗﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﻧﯿﺪا‬‫ﻛﯚﺗﺎﯾﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ (‫ﯾﻦ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺷﺎن‬ .‫وی‬‫زه‬ ‫ﭼﯿﻨﯽ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻜﮫﺎﺗﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬

17. ١٧
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻼﯾﺴﺘﯚﺳﯿﻨﺪا‬ ‫ﻛﯚﺗﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ .‫ھﯚﻟﯚﺳﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫وﺗﺮ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺳﺎڵ‬
‫دا‬‫ژﯾﻨﮕﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎن‬ ،‫وادا‬‫ﺋﺎووھﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎش‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﮔﯚڕاﻧﻜﺎرﯾﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺟﺎر‬ ‫ﺳﺎڵ‬ ٢١٠٠٠
‫ﺑﯚ‬ ،‫ﺸﺘﺮ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ی‬‫ژﯾﻨﮕﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮوه‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﺠﺎوﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ژﯾﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫زﯾﺎﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ڕووﯾﺪاوه‬
‫ﻣﯿﺴﯚﭘﯚﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﯿﭭﺎﻧﺖ‬ ،‫ﺑﺴﺘﺎن‬‫ره‬‫ﻋﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﻮوری‬ ‫دا‬‫ﻛﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮوﻧﻪ‬
‫ھﯚﻣﯚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ھﯚی‬ ‫ﺑﯚﺗﻪ‬ ‫ش‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮوه‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﺠﺎو‬ ‫ﺑﺎراﻧﺒﺎرﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﯾﺎن‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ژﯾﻨﮕﻪ‬
Eudald) ‫ﺖ‬‫رﺑﭽ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺋﺎﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﻛﯚﭼﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ڕ‬ ‫ﺋﯿﺮﻛﺘﻮس‬
Carbonell et al. 2010, 92: Axel Timmermann and Tobias
.(,Friedrich 2016
‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ -
‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ -٢
‫وە‬‫دۆزﯾﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮێ‬‫رﻟﻪ‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ڕ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﭼﺎﻻﻛﯿﯿﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫زاﻧﺴﺘﯽ‬
‫ك‬‫وه‬ (Material ‫رﯾﺎڵ‬‫)ﻣﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻛﺎﻧﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﻤﺎوه‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺷﻤﺎوه‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﭼﺎﻛﻜﺮدﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬
‫و‬ ‫ران‬‫وه‬‫زﯾﻨﺪه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﺴﻜﻮﭘﺮوﺳﻜﯽ‬‫ﺋ‬ ،‫ﺑﯿﻨﺎﺳﺎزی‬ ،‫ﻛﺎن‬‫رﯾﯿﻪ‬‫ھﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ‬
‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﺮ‬‫ده‬ ‫ھﺎ‬‫روه‬‫ھﻪ‬ .‫ﺳﺖ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻧﺎوﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﯚﮔﺮاﻓﯽ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮورو‬ ،‫ژﯾﻨﮕﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺖ‬‫ﺒﻜﺮ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﭼﺎوی‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﺗﯿﯿﻪ‬‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫زاﻧﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻟﻘ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫زاﻧﺴﺘﯽ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬
‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻨﺎﺳﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺎواز‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻮه‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﺟﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﺪ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫دا‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫)ﻟﻪ‬
‫دا‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺘﻨﯽ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫زﯾﺎﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ش‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﯾﻦ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬
.(‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژﯾﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﯾﯿﺎن‬‫ﯾﻮه‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻛﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎﺳﺪه‬
،‫ﺧﯚی‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﺳﺘﻪ‬‫رﺟﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫واوﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫زاﻧﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎﯾﺘ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدن‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫واﺗﻪ‬ ،‫ﯾﻪ‬‫دﯾﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺗﯿﯿﻪ‬‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫زاﻧﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻮﯾﺴﺘﯽ‬‫ﭘ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫زاﻧﯿﺎرﯾﯿﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫وارﻧﺎس‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎ‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬ ،‫وارﯾﺪا‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬
‫ﺷﺪاری‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﯾﺸﺪا‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺑﻮاره‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫زا‬‫ﺷﺎره‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻮﯾﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻜﻮ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﺘﯿﻦ‬‫ﺑﺒﻪ‬
‫ﯽ‬‫ﺧﺎﻛﻮﺧﯚ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ژ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫واره‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫زاﻧﯿﺎرﯾﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ،‫ﯾﻦ‬‫ﺑﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﭘ‬
‫ر‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎن‬‫وه‬‫ﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺷﺎﻧﯿﺶ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ون‬‫ﺑﻜﻪ‬ ‫دﯾﺎر‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﺎرﯾﺪاون‬‫ﺣﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﯚﯾﺪا‬
:‫ك‬‫وه‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫زاﻧﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺋﺎﻣﺎﻧﺠﻪ‬ ‫واوﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫رﺑﯚﯾﻪ‬‫ھﻪ‬ .‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬
‫ﻛﯚﻧﻪ‬ ‫زﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ‫زﻣﺎﻧﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ ،‫ﺟﯿﯚﻟﯚﺟﯽ‬ ،‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﺟﯿﯚﮔﺮاﻓﯽ‬ ،‫ﻮ‬‫ڕووﭘ‬
‫زا‬‫ﺷﺎره‬ ‫ﺳﯽ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،(philology or ancient languages) ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﻧﺎوﭼﻮوه‬‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎت‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺸﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎﻧﮕﮫ‬ ‫ﻛﯚن‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﮔ‬ ‫دﯾﺎرﯾﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺳﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاری‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬

18. ١٨
‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮوﯾﺎﻧﺪا‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎو‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ .‫وه‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫دۆر‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻣﺎدداﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬
،‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژﯾﺪا‬ ‫ڵ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻧﮕﯽ‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﻧﺪﯾﯿﻪ‬‫ﯾﻮه‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ،(Anthropology)
‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫راﻧﯽ‬‫وه‬‫زﯾﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﻣﻮو‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژﯾﯿﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ھﯚی‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻮﻧﻜﻪ‬
(‫ر‬‫ﯾﻜﻪ‬‫ﭘﻪ‬‫ﺴﻜﻪ‬‫)ﺋ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﭘﺮوﺳﻜﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺴﻚ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ڕ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﯿﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻤﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬
‫وه‬‫ﻛﺎﺗﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺪروﺳﺖ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫واوﯾﺎن‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﻓﯚڕﻣ‬ ‫واﺗﻪ‬ ،‫وه‬‫ﺘﻪ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﯾﺎﻧﮋﯾﯿ‬‫ده‬ ‫و‬‫وه‬‫ﻛﺎﺗﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﭼﺎك‬
‫دﯾﺎری‬ ‫ﻣﻪ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫واراﻧﯽ‬‫زﯾﻨﺪه‬ ‫ژﯾﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺋﯿﺪی‬ ،‫ﻛﺎن‬‫زاﻧﯿﺎرﯾﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺎﻧﺪﻧﯽ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬
.‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﺮ‬‫ده‬
‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫رﻧﺞ‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژﯾﯿﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻧﮕﯽ‬ ‫زۆر‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ /‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬
‫خ‬‫ﺑﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻟﻘﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ .‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫و‬‫ﮕ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺗﻪ‬‫ده‬
.‫دات‬‫ده‬ ‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮورﯾﯿﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮادﯾﺴﯿﯚﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫زراوه‬‫داﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﺗﯿﯿﻪ‬‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوره‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫رﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫واﺗﻪ‬ .‫وه‬‫ﻜﭽﻮوﻧﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺎوازی‬ ‫ﻧﯽ‬‫ﻻﯾﻪ‬ ‫ردوو‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ،‫ﺟﯿﮫﺎﻧﺪا‬ ‫ری‬‫راﻧﺴﻪ‬‫ﺳﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻜﯽ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژﯾﺴﺖ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ .‫ن‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾﺪا‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﮔﺸﺘﯿﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎ‬
،‫ﻚ‬‫ﮔﺮووﭘ‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﺗﺎﯾﺒﻪ‬ ‫وﺗﯽ‬‫ﺴﻮﻛﻪ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫وه‬‫ﺑﯿﺮﻛﺮدﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻮازی‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﺋﺎﻣﺎژه‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬
‫رﻧﺞ‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮوﯾﺎن‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﺋﯿﺘﻨﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ .‫ك‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬
.‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬‫ﺧﻪ‬‫ده‬
‫ﻣﯽ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫واری‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﮔﺮﻧﮕﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻮازه‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫و‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ڕ‬ ‫واوی‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﺑﻨﯿﺎدﻧﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻧﺪه‬‫وه‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﺮن‬‫ﻣﯚد‬
‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫وڵ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎ‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﮋوو‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫واﻧﯽ‬‫ره‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬ .‫ﺑﻮون‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ڕاﺑﺮدوودا‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ژﯾﺎﻧﻪ‬
،‫ن‬‫ﻧﺎده‬ ‫ﮋوو‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﯿﺪی‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋﺎدات‬ ‫و‬‫ڕۆژاﻧﻪ‬ ‫ژﯾﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﺑﻨﯿﺎدﻧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺳﯿﺎراﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ن‬‫ده‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﮔﯚڕاوه‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬‫ﻻﯾﻪ‬ ‫زاﻧﯿﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫وڵ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﻮ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ق‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﮔﯚڕ‬‫ﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﯚﭼﯽ‬ ‫ﯾﺎن‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫ﮔﯚڕ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫ﭼﯚن‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫رﺑﺎس‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬‫ﺧﻪ‬‫ده‬
‫و‬‫ﻛﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﭘﺎﺷﻤﺎواﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫وﺗﻮوه‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ،‫ﻛﺎره‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪاﻧﯽ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫ﺳﺘ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ده‬
‫ﻮان‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﯚﯾﺎن‬ ‫ھﺎوﺗﺎی‬ ‫ﻧﺰﯾﻜﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬ ،‫وﺗﻮوه‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﯿﺎن‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺪا‬‫ﭘﺸﻜﻨﯿﻨﻪ‬
‫وه‬‫رﺋﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ .‫ﻛﺎﻧﺪا‬‫ﺷﺎرﺳﺘﺎﻧﯿﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﻪ‬‫ﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻮان‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﻧﺪا‬‫ﺗﺎﯾﯿﻪ‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ژﯾﺎﻧﻪ‬
،(‫وارﻧﺎﺳﺎن‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﯾﺎن‬ ،‫ﮋوو‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫واﻧﯽ‬‫ره‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫)ﺑﯚ‬ ‫وان‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﺋﺎﺳﺎﯾﯿﻪ‬

19. ١٩
‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژﯾﺴﺘﯽ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﺗﺎﯾﺒﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ڵ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
.‫وه‬‫ﻛﯚﻛﺮدۆﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫زاﻧﯿﺎرﯾﯿﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ن‬‫ﻛﺎرﺑﻜﻪ‬
‫ك‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﺋﺎڕاﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ره‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﻛﺎره‬ ‫ك‬‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژﯾﯿﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ھﺎ‬‫وه‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫دوو‬ ‫ر‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ن‬‫ﻻﯾﻪ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ت‬‫و‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻣﻜ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ،‫دواوه‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ١٩٦٠ ‫ﻧﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻮون‬
‫وﺗﯿﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،(Willey & Phillip) ‫وه‬‫ﻓﯿﻠﯿﭙﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫وﯾﻠﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﯾﻜﯽ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژﯾﺴﺘﯽ‬
‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﻣﻜ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫دواﺗﺮﯾﺶ‬ .‫ﻧﯿﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ھﯿﭽﯽ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﮕﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژﯾﯿﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬
David Hurst) ‫ن‬‫ﻻﯾﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺮدووه‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬
‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫ﻮان‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﯾﻜﯽ‬ ‫زۆر‬ ‫ﻧﺪی‬‫ﯾﻮه‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ .‫وت‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫(ەوه‬Thomas
‫ك‬‫وه‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫زاﻧﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺋﺘﻨﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﺗﺎﯾﺒﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫ﻧﺪﻧﯽ‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ره‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺸﻜﻨﯿﻨﯽ‬ ‫ھﺎ‬‫روه‬‫ھﻪ‬ .‫ﺑﻨﯿﺎدﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺋﯿﺘﻨﯚﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژﯾﺪا‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬ .‫دات‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻜﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژﯾﺴﺘﯽ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻧﮕﯽ‬ ‫زۆر‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻻﯾﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﺴﻜﻮﭘﺮوﺳﻜﯽ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﭘﺎﺷﻤﺎوه‬ ‫ﺷﯿﻜﺎری‬ ‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ڕ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﻧﯽ‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ره‬‫ﭘﻪ‬
Palaeoanthropolgy) (www.) ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﭘﺎﻟﯿﯚﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫وﺗﺮ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﭘ‬
.(civilserviceindia
‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻟﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﻪ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﯿﯚﻟﯚﺟﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫زاﻧﺴﺘﯽ‬ ،‫وه‬‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺑﺎره‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ھﻪ‬
.‫دات‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺟﯚره‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ره‬‫ﯾﻜﻪ‬‫ﭘﻪ‬‫ﺴﻜﻪ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫خ‬‫ﺑﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫ك‬‫وه‬ ،‫ﻦ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﮋاﯾﯽ‬‫در‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺳﺮووﺷﺘﯿﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﮋووه‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫ڕاﺑﺮدوودا‬ ‫ی‬‫ده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎی‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ (Robert Martin) ‫ﻣﺎرﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫رت‬‫ڕۆﺑﻪ‬
(Martin 1914) ‫وه‬‫ﺘﻪ‬‫ﮔﺮ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺎواز‬ ‫ی‬‫ڕﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﯾﻦ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺮدووه‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻨﺎﺳﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬
،(‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﺋﯚرﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫)زاﻧﺴﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﭬﯿﺰﯾﯚﻟﯚﺟﯽ‬ ،‫ﻛﺮداری‬ ‫ﺋﺎﻧﺎﺗﯚﻣﯽ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬
‫ر‬‫ﯾﻜﻪ‬‫ﭘﻪ‬‫ﺴﻜﻪ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻛﺮده‬ ‫و‬‫ﻜﮫﺎﺗﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫)زاﻧﺴﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﺋﯚﺳﺘﯿﯚﻟﯚﺟﯽ‬
‫ﺗﯚﻟﯚﺟﯽ‬‫ﭘﺮﯾﻤﻪ‬ ،(Human evolution) ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﻧﯽ‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ره‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ،(Osteology
‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺗﺎﯾﯿﻪ‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ره‬‫وه‬‫ﺑﻮوﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫زاﻧﺴﺘﯽ‬ primatology)
‫ﺋﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮوﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫وﻧﻪ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ .‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﯾﻦ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﮋوو(و‬‫ﻣ‬
،‫ﮋووﯾﺪا‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎﯾﺘ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫وارﻧﺎﺳﺎن‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺗﯽ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ :‫رﮔﺮﯾﻦ‬‫وه‬
‫ل‬‫ﻟﻮﭘﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺋﺎﮔﺎداری‬ ،‫وارﻧﺎﺳﺎن‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ده‬ ،‫ﻛﺮد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻤﺎن‬ ‫وه‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬
‫ی‬‫ﺑﻨﺎﻏﻪ‬ ،(‫)ﮔﯚزه‬ ‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﮔ‬ ،‫ردﯾﻦ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺮی‬‫ﺋﺎﻣ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ،‫وه‬‫ﯾﺎﻧﺪۆزﻧﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدداﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬
‫ر‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدن‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژﯾﺴﺖ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﮕﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺷﺎن‬ ،‫ﺑﯿﻨﺎﻛﺎن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮو‬
‫ڕووی‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ن‬‫ﺑﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﯿﺎن‬‫ﭘﯚﻟ‬ ‫ﻛﻮ‬‫ﺗﺎوه‬ ،‫وه‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫دۆزر‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﭘﺮووﺳﻜﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺴﻚ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬

20. ٢٠
‫ی‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫و‬ ‫وارﻧﺎﺳﺪا‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ڵ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺷﺎن‬ ،‫ن‬‫ﺑﻜﻪ‬ ‫دﯾﺎرﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎن‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ،‫وه‬‫زه‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ڕه‬
،‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﯾﯚﺋﻪ‬‫ﭘﺎﻟﻪ‬ .‫وە‬‫ﺸﻨ‬‫ﺑﻜ‬ ‫دووﺑﺎرە‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﻪ‬‫ﺧﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ژﯾﻨﮕﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ژﯾﺎن‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﻪ‬‫وه‬‫ﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬ ،Osteopathology) ‫ﺋﯚﺳﺘﯿﯚﭘﺎﺳﯚﻟﯚﺟﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺋﯚﺳﺘﯿﯚﻟﯚﺟﯽ‬
‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﯚﺟﯽ‬‫ﺑﺎﯾﯚ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚﺟﯽ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻧﮕﻦ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ (‫ﺴﻚ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺧﯚﺷﯿﯿﻪ‬‫ﻧﻪ‬
Weber) .‫وه‬‫ﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﻨﻦ‬‫ھ‬‫ﻜﺪه‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ش‬‫ھﺎوﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫زاﻧﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژﯾﺎ‬ ‫ڵ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬
(2014, 3
‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫ﯿﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ،‫ﺟﯿﯚﻟﯚﺟﯿﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫ﺗﺮی‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ھﺎوﺑﻪ‬
،‫ن‬‫ﻧﯚزده‬ ‫ی‬‫ده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ڕووﻧﺎﻛﺒﯿﺮی‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬‫رھﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺷﻜﯽ‬‫ﺳﺘﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫دوو‬ ‫ﺟﯿﯚﻟﯚﺟﯽ‬ ‫و‬
‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ڕ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺷﺎن‬ ،(Antiquarianism) ‫ﺑﻮو‬ ‫ﻓﺮۆﺷﯽ‬‫ﺗﻮﺣﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻮوه‬ ‫ﻓﺮۆﺷﯽ‬‫ﺗﻮﺣﻔﻪ‬ ‫واﺗﻪ‬ ،(‫وارﻧﺎﺳﯽ‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫)ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﮔﯚڕا‬ ‫وه‬‫ﺟﯿﯚﻟﯚﺟﯿﯿﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ (turned antiquarianism to archaeology) ‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫زاﻧﺴﺘﯽ‬
Jaques) ‫س‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺑﯚﺷﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎك‬ (‫ﻓﺮۆش‬‫)ﺗﻮﺣﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﻜﻮارﯾﺎن‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ١٨٤٧ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬
‫ﺒﯽ‬‫ﻛﺘ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﭬﯚﻟﯿﯚﻣﯽ‬ ‫م‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ (1868-Boucher de Perthes 1788
‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﭼﯿﺮۆﻛﯽ‬ Antiquites celtiques et antediluviennes
‫ﻟﻪ‬ (‫ورات‬‫)ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺮۆزدا‬ ‫ﺒﯽ‬‫ﻛﺘ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫وه‬‫ﺘﻪ‬‫ﮔ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺣﺪا‬ ‫ر‬‫ﻣﺒﻪ‬‫ﻐﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻻﻓﺎوه‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺑﯚﺷﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺑﯚﭼﻮوﻧﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ .‫ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺮاوه‬ ‫دا‬-‫ز‬.‫پ‬ ‫ﺳﺎڵ‬ ٤٠٠٠ ‫ری‬‫وروﺑﻪ‬‫ده‬
‫ن‬‫ﻻﯾﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫دا‬١٨٥٩ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺮا‬‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮڵ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺳﯿﻜﺮدﺑﻮون‬ ‫ﯾﺪا‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺒﻪ‬‫ﻛﺘ‬
-Daniel 1964, 44) ‫ﻜﺮا‬‫ﻗﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻮﯾﭻ‬‫ﭘﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺋﯿﭭﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﯿﯚﻟﯚﺟﯽ‬ ‫زاﻧﺎی‬ ‫ردوو‬‫ھﻪ‬
.(45
‫ك‬‫وه‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﻜﻮارﯾﺰم‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﺮ‬‫ده‬ ،‫وه‬‫اﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﮔ‬ ‫ﺸﺘﺮ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺑﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫داﻧﯿﻤﺎرﻛﯽ‬ ‫ش‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑﺒﯿﻨﺮ‬ ‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ر‬‫ﺧﯚﺷﻜﻪ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ڕ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ك‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﺸﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬
.‫دا‬‫ژده‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﭬﺪەو‬‫ﺣﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮون‬ ‫ﻧﮓ‬‫ﺸﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﺳﻮﯾﺪﯾﯿﻪ‬ ‫و‬
‫ی‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﯿﻠﻜﻪ‬ (Thomsen) ‫ﺗﯚﻣﺴﻦ‬ ‫دا‬١٨٣٦ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﻛﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺮدﺑﻮو‬ ‫ﺷﯽ‬‫داﺑﻪ‬ ‫داﻧﺎو‬ ‫داﻧﯿﻤﺎرﻛﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺸﺘﻤﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻣﯚزه‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ guidbook ‫ﻨﻤﺎی‬‫ڕ‬
‫ﺧﯚی‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺑﯚﭼﻮوﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺋﺎﺳﻦ‬ ‫ۆﻧﺰو‬‫ﺑ‬ ،‫ردﯾﻦ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ،‫ش‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬
‫ﺑﻨﯿﺎد‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﯚڵ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺮو‬‫ﺋﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫دۆزراوه‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﻟﻮﭘﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻛﺎرھ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎی‬‫ﺑﻨﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬
(2-Charles Keith Maisels 1993, 1) ‫ﻧﺎﺑﻮو‬

21. ٢١
:‫وه‬‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوره‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺑﺎره‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ -
:‫وه‬‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوره‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺑﺎره‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ -٣
،‫ﻛﺮدن‬‫ﻨﺎﺳﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫دژواره‬ ‫زۆر‬ ،‫ﮔﺸﺘﮕﯿﺮه‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﯿﻜﯽ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﻣﻜ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫رﺋﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬
.‫ﻣﻜﻪ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﻨﺎﺳﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮاوه‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺎواز‬ ‫ﺑﯚﭼﻮوﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﯾﻦ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ھﺎ‬‫روه‬‫ھﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژﯾﺴﺘﯽ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ردوو‬‫ھﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻜﻪ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﻨﺎﺳﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ھﻪ‬
‫ﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮﻛﮫﯚھﻦ‬ ‫رو‬‫ۆﺑﻪ‬‫ﻛ‬ (Kroeber & Kluckhohn) ‫ﻣﺮﯾﻜﯽ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫ی‬‫ﻨﺎﺳﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ١٦٤ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﻟﯿﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻛﺮدو‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮورﯾﺎن‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻨﺎﺳﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻚ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺧﻨﻪ‬‫ڕه‬ ١٩٥٢
.‫دروﺳﺘﻜﺮد‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺎوازﯾﺎن‬
‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﻨﺎﺳﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫وڵ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﯾﻦ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎش‬ ‫وه‬‫ﺑﯿﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎی‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻚ‬‫وﺗﻨ‬‫ﻜﻪ‬‫ڕ‬ ‫ھﯿﭻ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ١٩٩٠ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻮ‬‫ﺗﺎوه‬‫ھﻪ‬ ،‫ﯾﯽ‬‫ﺮوﭘ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬
‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻨﺎﺳﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ت‬‫ﺑﺎره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯿﮋﯾﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻮان‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮوه‬‫ﻧﻪ‬
.(Oatey 2012, 1)
‫ﻣﻮو‬‫ھﻪ‬ ،‫وه‬‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻪ‬‫ﯾﻮه‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﺘﻪ‬‫ﮔﺮ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺷﺘﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮو‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬
‫ﺋﺎﺳﺎﻧﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﯚی‬ ‫ﺪاوﯾﺴﺘﯽ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺷﺘﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫م‬‫رده‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﻪ‬‫د‬ ‫دا‬‫ڕۆژاﻧﻪ‬ ‫ژﯾﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ،‫ﻨﺎون‬‫ھ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬‫رھﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﯚی‬ ‫ژﯾﺎﻧﯽ‬
‫و‬‫وه‬‫ﮔﺮدﺑﻮوﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﯿﯿﻪ‬‫ﺳﯿﻤﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﺋﺎﻣﺎژه‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ،‫ﮔﺸﺘﮕﯿﺮدا‬ ‫و‬ ‫وام‬‫رده‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ۆﺳﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬
‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﺗﯿﯿﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫زراوه‬‫داﻣﻪ‬ ‫رو‬‫ھﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺳﺘﺎﯾﻠﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﺳﺮووﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪاﻧﯽ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
،‫ﺑﺪات‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎﻣﯽ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺷﺘ‬ ‫ر‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ .(Waldenfels 2001, 98)
.‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﮔﯚڕ‬‫ده‬ ،‫ﺑﻜﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﺮی‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺒﺪات‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﯽ‬‫ده‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎو‬ ‫م‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺮاوه‬‫ﻨﺎﺳﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺮﻧﺪا‬‫ﻣﯚد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫رﭼﯽ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬
‫ﮋوودا‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﯿﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﺮن‬‫ﻣﯚد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬‫رده‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫داﺗﺎﺷﺮاوی‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﺸﺘﻨﻪ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ی‬‫ﺑﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﺗﺎﯾﺒﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﯿﻦ‬‫ڕ‬‫ﺑﮕﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺪا‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﺸﺘﻨﻪ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ی‬‫ۆﺳﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫و‬ ‫گ‬‫ڕه‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﮋووﯾﯿﻪ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫ﻧﯿﮕﺎی‬‫ﮔﯚﺷﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫واﻧﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫وەو‬‫ﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫دا‬‫ﻤﻪ‬‫ﺋ‬
‫ی‬‫رﭼﺎوه‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻦ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ،‫ژﯾﻦ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﯿﺪا‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﺳﺎره‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻧﺎوﭼﻪ‬
‫ی‬‫ﻨﺎﺳﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫دا‬‫ﻤﻪ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺑﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫واﺗﻪ‬ .‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫ژﯾﺎری‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬
‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ڕۆژاﻧﻪ‬ ‫ژﯾﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻮازی‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺘﯽ‬‫ﭼﯚﻧ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻪ‬‫ﯾﻮه‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬
‫ژﯾﺎﻧﯿﺪا‬ ‫وی‬‫ه‬‫ڕ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﺘﻪ‬‫ﮔﺮ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻻﻧﻪ‬‫ﻟﻮﭘﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮو‬‫ھﻪ‬ ،‫وه‬‫ﮋووه‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﯾﺪا‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ژﯾﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫وﭘ‬‫ره‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﺎو‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﺎوه‬‫ﻛﺎرﯾﮫ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻨﺎوه‬‫داﯾﮫ‬
‫ﻨﺎﺳﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﻟﻮﭘﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،(cultural material) ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ﻟﯽ‬‫ﻟﻮﭘﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾﻪ‬

22. ٢٢
‫ﻮﯾﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫ﺪاﻧﯽ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻓﯚرم‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺘﻦ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫رﺑﯚﯾﻪ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ،‫ﻨﯿﻦ‬‫ﯾﺎﻧﺪو‬‫ده‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾﻦ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬
.‫ڕۆﺑﭽﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﮋوودا‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﯾﯽ‬‫ﻗﻮو‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻔﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫وه‬ ‫ﯾﺎن‬ ،‫دﯾﺎرﯾﻜﺮدن‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎی‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫ﯿﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬‫ده‬ ‫دا‬‫ﺮه‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮورو‬ ‫ن‬‫ﺧﺎوه‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﺧﻪ‬ ‫دﯾﺎرﯾﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬ ‫واﺗﺎ‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫د‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ژﯾﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺘﯽ‬‫ﭼﯚﻧ‬
‫ﻪ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺮۆزﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫ك‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺧﺮاپ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎش‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫ﺑ‬
‫واﺗﺎ‬ ،‫ن‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ﺧﺎوەﻧﯽ‬ ،‫ﻗ‬‫ﻋﻪ‬ ‫ن‬‫ﺧﺎوه‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺧﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺮدﻧﺪا‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﺎو‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬
www.etymonline.com/) .‫ﺑﺎت‬‫ده‬ ‫وه‬‫ﺸﻪ‬‫وﭘ‬‫ره‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬
(word/culture
،‫ﻻﺗﯿﻨﯽ‬ ‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ڕ‬‫ﺑﮕﻪ‬ ‫ﻮﯾﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫ی‬‫وﺷﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﯽ‬‫ڕه‬ ‫زاﻧﯿﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬
‫ﻻﺗﯿﻨﯿﺪا‬ ‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫؟‬‫ﺑﻮوه‬ ‫ﭼﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻨﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﻛﺎرھ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎی‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫د‬ ‫ﻛﺸﺘﻮﻛﺎڵ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻮدان‬‫ﻏ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫وی‬‫زه‬ (‫ﻧﯽ‬‫)ﻛ‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﺋﺎﻣﺎده‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎی‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ،‫ﺒﻮون‬‫ﺋﺎﮔﺎﻟ‬ ،‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎی‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺸﺘﻮﻛﺎڵ‬ ،‫ﭼﺎﻧﺪن‬ (cultura) ‫ﻻﺗﯿﻨﯽ‬ ‫ی‬‫وﺷﻪ‬
past) ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫وﺷﻪ‬ .‫وه‬‫ژﯾﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻪ‬ ‫وﺗﻪ‬‫ﺳﺘﻜﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻧﺎزﯾﻜﺮدن‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎی‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ھﺎﺗﻮوه‬ (colere) (‫ﻜﺮاو‬‫ﻛﺎرﺗ‬ ‫)ﻧﺎوی‬ ‫ﮔﯽ‬‫ڕه‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻮﻟﯽ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺋﯿﺴﻢ‬ (participle
‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫رده‬‫روه‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭼﺎﻧﺪن‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎی‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ن‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺮدن‬‫ﺋﺎﻣﺎده‬ ،‫ﭘﺎراﺳﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬
.‫ﻮدان‬‫ﻏ‬‫ده‬
‫ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﯿﻨﯽ‬ (cultura) ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫وﺷﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ڕﯾﺸﻪ‬ ،‫ﺪا‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻣﺎن‬‫ﺋﺎﻣﺎژه‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬
.‫ﭼﺎﻧﺪن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎی‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ھﺎﺗﻮوه‬ (colere) ‫ﭼﺎوﮔﯽ‬ ‫و‬ (Verb. Colo) ‫ﻛﯚﻟﯚ‬
(ager) (agricultura) ‫ی‬‫وﺷﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺋﯿﻨﮕﻠﯿﺰﯾﺸﺪا‬ ‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬‫ده‬
Field) ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎی‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ھﺎ‬‫روه‬‫ھﻪ‬ .‫ﺖ‬‫د‬ ‫ﻜﺮدن‬‫ﻛﺸﺘﻮﻛﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎی‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫رﺑﮕﺮﯾﻦ‬‫وه‬
.‫ﻜﺮدﻧﻪ‬‫ﻛﺸﺘﻮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﯽ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫وی‬‫زه‬ ‫ﻧﯽ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎی‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫د‬ (tilling
‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫(ه‬animus) ‫ﻧﯿﻤﻮس‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ (verb. Colo) ‫ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ی‬‫دﯾﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﺳﺘ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬
.‫ك‬‫ﭼﺎﻻﻛﯿﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ،‫ﻚ‬‫ﻛﺎر‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺎن‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫د‬ ‫ت‬‫ﻧﯿﯿﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎی‬‫ﺑ‬
‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎﯾﻪ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫رده‬‫روه‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺋﺎﻣﺎژه‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﻨﻪ‬‫رﺑ‬‫ده‬ ،‫دا‬‫ﺑﺎره‬ ‫م‬‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫وﺗﻦ‬‫ﭘﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎی‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﺮ‬‫ده‬ (cultura) ‫ﻻﺗﯿﻨﯽ‬ ‫ی‬‫وﺷﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪا‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ .‫دات‬‫ده‬
.‫وه‬‫ﺘﻪ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﺳﻮودی‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺳﺘ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯿﺶ‬‫رده‬‫روه‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫و‬
‫ی‬‫ﺑﺎره‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫واﻧﻪ‬‫ڕووﻧﻜﺮدﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ (Michael Minkove 2010, 10)
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ڕاﻧﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﻦ‬‫ﻧﮕﻮﻧﺠ‬‫ده‬ ‫دا‬‫ﺑﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻪ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫ڵ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫واو‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوره‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﺪدا‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ۆڤ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺒﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻧﯿﺸﺘﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﻛﺸﺘﻮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﯚڕﺷﯽ‬ ‫ﮋووی‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﮔﯽ‬‫ڕه‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬

23. ٢٣
‫ی‬‫ﺑﯿﺮۆﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫دۆزﯾﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺷﺎﻧﯿﺶ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ردﯾﻦ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺮی‬‫ﺋﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯚﻟﯚﺟﯿﺎی‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ڕ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫ر‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﻦ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ﺪه‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺘﺮ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ .‫ك‬‫ڕووه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ڵ‬‫ﺋﺎژه‬ ‫ﻣﯚﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﺳﺘﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯿﻜﺮدن‬‫ﻣﺎ‬
،(cumulative) ‫ﺑﻮوﻧﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﯽ‬‫زه‬ ‫ی‬‫رده‬‫روه‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫وﺗﯽ‬‫ڕه‬ ‫ﯿﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ده‬ ‫دواﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻗﯚﻧﺎﻏﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎن‬ ،‫ﻗﯚﻧﺎغ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻗﯚﻧﺎﻏ‬ ‫ر‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬‫رھﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫واﺗﻪ‬
.‫دات‬‫ڕووده‬ ‫وﺗﻦ‬‫ﺸﻜﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ،‫ﻦ‬‫ﻛﺮ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺮ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﻛﺮدﻧ‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﭼ‬‫ﺪه‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ :‫ﺖ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺗﺎﯾﻠﯚر‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬
‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫وﭘ‬‫ره‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ،‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﺪا‬ ‫ﻧﺪﻧﯽ‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ره‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫ﮋووی‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻧﮓ‬
‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ﻣﻜﯽ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﯾﻠﯚر‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﯿﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ده‬ .(E. B. Tylor ( .‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﺎﯾﻪ‬
‫ﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺪا‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺒﻪ‬‫ﻛﺘ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ،‫ﻨﺎوه‬‫ﻛﺎرھ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﯚﯾﺪا‬ ‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫وردو‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻮه‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻮه‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ (Primitive culture) ‫ﺗﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ﻧﺎوی‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ١٨٧١
‫ﺗﺎی‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ‫ﮋووه‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﺮ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎت‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﺎر‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻪ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ڕوون‬
‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫واﺗﺎی‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ .‫ﯿﻦ‬‫داﺑﻨ‬ ‫زاﻧﺴﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻮه‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻪ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬
‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ١٩٢٩ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﯿﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻛﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ،‫ﻧﺪ‬‫ﯾﺴﻪ‬‫ره‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫رﺧﯚ‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯿﺶ‬‫رﯾﺘﺎﻧﯿﯿﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﯚﻣﺎرﻛﺮد‬ ‫ردا‬‫ﺒﺴﺘﻪ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻧﮕﯽ‬‫رھﻪ‬‫ﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎن‬‫ﻣﻜﻪ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬
.١٩٤٧
‫ﻚ‬‫ﻛﺎرﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺘﯿﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ن‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫دروﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻦ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫ﻮان‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻧﺪی‬‫ﯾﻮه‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺷﺎﻧﯿﺶ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﺰاﻧﻪ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﺗﺎﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻮان‬‫ﻧ‬ (Interaction)
.‫ری‬‫وروﺑﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫وﺗﻪ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬
‫ﺧﯚی‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ت‬‫ﺗﺎﯾﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻣﮫ‬‫رھﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤ‬ ‫ر‬‫ھﻪ‬
‫ﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ھﯚز‬ ‫ھﯿﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ،‫وه‬‫ﺘﻪ‬‫ﻧﺎﺳﺮ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ھﻪ‬
‫زۆرﺟﺎر‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫(ی‬Elements) ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﺗﻮﺧﻤﻪ‬ .‫ری‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻮه‬‫ڕ‬‫ﺧﯚﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻜﮫﺎﺗﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوره‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻜﻪ‬‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﯚ‬‫ﺧﯚﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺷﺎن‬ ،‫ف‬‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﺣﻪ‬ ‫ڕاو‬‫ﺳﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺣﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺴﯚﭘﯚﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﯚﻟﯿﺴﯿﻜﯽ‬ ‫ﻛﯚﺗﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﻛﺮده‬ ‫ﺟﯚره‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ .‫ن‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫وه‬‫ﯿﻨﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﺑﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﺮ‬‫ده‬ ‫دی‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺪﯾﺸﺪا‬‫ﻋﻮﺑﻪ‬
‫رﮔﺮﺗﻨﯽ‬‫وه‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ (Cultural diffusion) ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ﮋی‬‫ﻟﮫﺎو‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫وﺗﺮ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﭘ‬
‫ﻮﯾﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫دا‬‫ﺮه‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫و‬‫(ﯾﻪ‬B) ‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ن‬‫ﻻﯾﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ (A) ‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬
‫و‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ر‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻜﺎﺗﺪا‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺮد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻤﺎن‬ ‫وه‬‫ره‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ‫ﺋﺎﮔﺎدارﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﯚﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ت‬‫ﺗﺎﯾﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮوری‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻧﺪ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺗﺮادﯾﺴﯿﯚﻧ‬
.‫وه‬‫ﻛﺎﺗﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺎی‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬

24. ٢٤
،‫ت‬‫ﻋﺎدا‬ ،‫ﻣﯚڕاڵ‬ ،‫ر‬‫ھﻮﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ڕ‬‫ﺑﯿﺮوﺑﺎوه‬ ،‫زاﻧﯿﻦ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻜﮫﺎﺗﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻣﻮو‬‫ھﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وﺗﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺴﻮﻛﻪ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﺗﺮی‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻮو‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﯿﺪو‬‫ﺗﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫زۆر‬ .‫ﺑﻜﺎت‬ ‫ﯿﺎن‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺒﻪ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺰاﻧ‬ ‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﻧﺪاﻣ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ‫ﻮﯾﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺘﯚﻟﯚﺟﯿﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﺘﻪ‬‫ڕ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫ﮔﯽ‬‫ڕه‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫واﯾﻪ‬ ‫ڕﯾﺎن‬‫ﺑﺎوه‬ ‫وان‬‫ره‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻜﯚ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮاﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ۆﻣﯿﺘﯚس‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﺋﺎﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺰﯾﺴﻜﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻦ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺳﺘﮫ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫دﯾﺎری‬
،‫ﻛﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوره‬ ‫ﮔﯽ‬‫ڕه‬ ‫زاﻧﯿﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ڕاﻧﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﻛﺮدﻧﻪ‬‫ﭼ‬ .‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ﺳﺘﯿﮫ‬‫ده‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫دزی‬
‫ﻨﺎﻧﯽ‬‫داھ‬ ،‫ﻧﻮێ‬ ‫ﺪاوﯾﺴﺘﯽ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻣﮫ‬‫رھﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﺪا‬‫ﻧﻮ‬ ‫زاﻧﯿﺎری‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ڕان‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬
.‫ل‬‫ﻟﻮﭘﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺎﯾﻠﯽ‬ ‫دروﺳﺘﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ژﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﻧﻮ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ڕ‬
‫ڕووﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫زاﻧﺮاوه‬ ‫ﮋووەوە‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ﮔﯽ‬‫ڕه‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺑﺎره‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
(Richard Klein) ‫ن‬‫ﻻﯾﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻮرﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﺧﻮاره‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺳﯿﻨﺎرﯾﯚﯾﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ .‫دﯾﺎره‬
‫زاﻧﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮورو‬ ‫ﻮان‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻧﺪی‬‫ﯾﻮه‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ (Merlin Donald) ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺑﯿﺮۆﻛﻪ‬ ‫ڵ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬
Flaked) ‫ﯾﻚ‬‫ﻓﻠﻪ‬ ‫ردی‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ازی‬‫ﺋﺎﻣ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺑﺎره‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫داﺗﺎﻛﻪ‬ .‫ﺖ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﺠ‬‫ده‬
،‫وه‬‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوره‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺑﺎره‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﯚﻧﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮوه‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻜﺮدی‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،(stone
‫دا‬‫وه‬‫ﺑﯿﺮﻛﺮدﻧﻪ‬ ‫ن‬‫ﺧﺎوه‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻦ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ڵ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻪ‬‫رده‬‫ھﺎوﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
.‫ﻨﺎوه‬‫ﻛﺎرھ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺸﻜﯽ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻮون‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫وره‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﮋه‬‫ڕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫واﺗﻪ‬ ،(‫ﺸﻚ‬‫)ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ت(ه‬‫)ﻣﻌﺮﯾﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺳﯿﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﻛﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﻻﺳﺎﯾﯿﻜﺮدﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﯚﻧﺎﻏﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻧﮕﺎو‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫وەوە‬‫ﻻﺳﺎﯾﯿﻜﺮدﻧﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﮕ‬‫ڕ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ،‫ﺪاوه‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺋﺎﻣﺎژه‬ ‫ﺪه‬‫دۆﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻻﺳﺎﯾﯿﻜﺮدﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺎو‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻗ‬‫ﻋﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ره‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫وه‬‫ﺘﻪ‬‫و‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫دوور‬ ‫ڵ‬‫ﺋﺎژه‬
.‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ڕووداوه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬‫ﻟﻮﭘﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫دروﺳﺘﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬
‫ﻣﻮو‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎی‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫ﻨﺮ‬‫ھ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﺎر‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫دا‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾ‬ ‫دوو‬ ‫م‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫ی‬‫وﺷﻪ‬
‫ۆﺳﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ،‫ﺮﺑﻮون‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ره‬‫ھﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎی‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ؛‬‫ﮔﺸﺘﯿﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎ‬ -‫ژﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ڕ‬
Raymond Williams) .‫ر‬‫ﻛﺎرﯾﮕﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻧﯽ‬‫داھ‬ ‫و‬‫وه‬‫دۆزﯾﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺗﯿﯿﻪ‬‫ﺗﺎﯾﺒﻪ‬
(1958, Culture Definotion
‫ری‬‫وروﺑﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫واوه‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﯽ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺳﺘﻪ‬‫ﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻦ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬
‫وری‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺮی‬‫ﺋﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻧﯽ‬‫داھ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺷﺎن‬ .‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫وﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎڵ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﯚن‬ ١,٧٠٠,٠٠٠
‫ھﺎوﻛﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ش‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﻚ‬‫ﻨﺎﻧ‬‫داھ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ‫ﮔﯚڕێ‬ ‫ﺘﻪ‬‫د‬ (hand axe) ‫ردﯾﻦ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
.‫ﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ره‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ (Hominid) ‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﯽ‬ ‫رﭼﻮوﻧﯽ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻦ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬ ‫ڵ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺶ‬‫وﭘ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﺳﺎڵ‬‫زار‬‫ھﻪ‬٦٠٠‫ری‬‫وروﺑﻪ‬‫ده‬‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﺸﻚ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ی‬‫ﺑﺎره‬‫ﻗﻪ‬‫ﺮای‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬
‫(و‬Lithic technology) ‫ردﯾﻦ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯚﻟﯚﺟﯿﺎی‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻧﯽ‬‫داھ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮو‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‬‫ﯾﻮه‬‫ﭘﻪ‬

25. ٢٥
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻣﺮۆﭬ‬ ‫ره‬‫ﺟﯚ‬ ،‫ﺋﺎﻗ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﯽ‬ ‫واﺗﺎ‬ ،(Homo sapiens) ‫وﺗﻨﯽ‬‫رﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬
‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ﺧﺎﻛ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫ژﯾﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫و‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫وﻧﻪ‬‫ﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫و‬‫ﻧﺎﺳﺮه‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬
(Encyclopedia.com 2019) .‫ﺋﺎراﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺖ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﺧﯚﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎی‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﯚرم‬ ‫ﻧﯽ‬‫ﺧﺎوه‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮو‬‫ھﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﯚرم‬ ‫م‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮو‬‫ھﻪ‬ ،‫ژﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫واﻣﯿﺪان‬‫رده‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻮازه‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﯿﺎدﻧﺎﻧﯽ‬ .‫ن‬‫ﺑ‬‫رده‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺧﯚﯾﺎﻧﺪا‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺮﻛﺎرﯾﯿﻪ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫رو‬‫ھﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫زراوه‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫دا‬
‫وه‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﮔﺸﺘﯿﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﺋﺎڕاﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎو‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫دۆزﯾﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ك‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ژﯾﺎﻧﯽ‬
‫ﻤﻪ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮون‬ ‫ﻨﻪ‬‫د‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﻋﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺋﺎﺳﺎﯾﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮۆﺳﻪ‬
‫ی‬‫ﺑﺎره‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫دا‬‫ﺮه‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻪ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﯿﻦ؛‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮور‬ ‫ﺳﺮووﺷﺘﯽ‬ ‫وه‬‫واﻧﻪ‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ڕ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬
،‫ﯾﻦ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻪ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻣﺮۆﭬﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﯽ‬‫ده‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗ‬‫ﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﺮاوی‬‫ﻣﮫ‬‫رھﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻣﺎدده‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬‫ﻟﻮﭘﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫واﺗﺎ‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮوری‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫رﯾﺎ‬‫ﻣﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﯽ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫ﻜﯿﺸﻤﺎن‬‫ﯾﺸﺘﻨ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻮﯾﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬
‫ﺮی‬‫ﺋﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﯽ‬‫ﺗﺎﯾﺒﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻨﺎون‬‫داﯾﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﻣﺎددﯾﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﻟﻮﭘﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮو‬‫ھﻪ‬
‫ك‬‫ﻮﯾﺴﺘﯿﯿﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ‫ﯾﺪا‬‫ڕۆژاﻧﻪ‬ ‫ژﯾﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺷﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎزی‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﮔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ردﯾﻦ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
،‫داوه‬ ‫ﻻﻧﻪ‬‫ﻟﻮﭘﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ﺷﻪ‬‫ﮔﻪ‬ ‫ژﯾﺎﻧﺪا‬ ‫واﻣﯽ‬‫رده‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ۆﺳﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻨﺎون‬‫ﻛﺎرﯾﮫ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﮐ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﯚی‬ ‫دوای‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫وه‬‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫ر‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ .‫ﺪراوه‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ی‬‫ره‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫زﯾﺎﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺷﺎن‬ ،‫وه‬‫ﺗﻪ‬‫ﮔﻮاﺳﺘﺮاوه‬ ‫و‬‫ﻛﺮدووه‬ ‫ﺳﺘﯽ‬‫ﺳﺘﺎوده‬‫ده‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺴﯚﭘﯚﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﮋووی‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮورو‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻤﻪ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫دا‬‫ﺮه‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫زاﻧﺴﺘﯽ‬ ‫ھﺎوﻛﺎری‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﯿﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯿﻮﯾﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫وا‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ،‫وه‬‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژﯾﯿﻪ‬ ‫ی‬‫ڕواﻧﮕﻪ‬
‫ﺖ‬‫ﻧﺎﺗﻮاﻧ‬ ‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ،‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﻪ‬‫ﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺋﯿﺘﻨﯚﮔﺮاﻓﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژی‬‫ﺋﻪ‬
‫واﺗﻪ‬ .‫ﺳﺖ‬‫رده‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮۆڤ‬ ‫ﮋووی‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﯽ‬‫دۆزراوه‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﻟﻮﭘﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﺷﯿﻜﺮدﻧﻪ‬
‫ی‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫م‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬‫ﻮﯾﺴﻪ‬‫ﭘ‬ ،‫ﯾﺸﺘﻨﯽ‬‫ﮕﻪ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯽ‬‫ﻗﻮو‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮋوو‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ی‬‫وه‬‫ﺷﯿﻜﺮدﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬
.‫ﯾﻦ‬‫ﺒﮕﻪ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﺧﻮاره‬
‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ڕﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮوه‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻻﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ethno-archaeology ‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ -‫ﺋﯿﺘﻨﯚ‬
،‫ﻧﺴﺮۆﭘﯚﻟﯚژﯾﺪا‬‫ﺋﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژی‬ ‫ﻮان‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﭘﺮد‬ ‫ﺑﻨﯿﺎدﻧﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﻻوه‬
‫ﻛﺎن‬‫وه‬‫ﻜﺪاﻧﻪ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺮدﻧﯽ‬‫راھﻪ‬‫ﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯚ‬ ‫وﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬‫ڕه‬ ‫ﻜﯽ‬‫از‬‫ﺋﺎﻣ‬ ‫ك‬‫وه‬ ‫وه‬‫ﺗﺮه‬ ‫ﻛﯽ‬‫ﻻﯾﻪ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﻧﺪی‬‫ﯾﻮه‬‫ﭘﻪ‬ ‫ر‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺋﺎرﻛﯚﻟﯚژﯾﺪا‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﮋه‬‫وﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﻗﯽ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺎدا‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫رﺑﯚﯾﻪ‬‫ھﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﯿﺮاوه‬
‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،(cultural material) ‫ﺘﯿﯿﻪ‬‫رﯾﺎ‬‫ﻣﺎﺗﻪ‬ (‫ﻣﺎددی‬ ‫ﻟﯽ‬‫ﻟﻮﭘﻪ‬‫)ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻮورو‬ ‫ﻮان‬‫ﻧ‬
Oestigaard) .‫ﺧﯚ‬ ‫ﺘﻪ‬‫ﮔﺮ‬‫ده‬ ‫ﺗﺎك‬ ‫وﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬‫ڕه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ڵ‬‫ﻛﯚﻣﻪ‬ ‫وﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬‫ڕه‬ ‫ﯿﺪا‬‫ﺗ‬
.(22-Terje 2004, 21