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誤嚥性肺炎
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誤嚥性肺炎についての簡単なまとめ
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誤嚥性肺炎
1.
誤嚥性肺炎 Neurogeneralist
2.
効果判定 definitive therapy 選択的治療 患者 微生物 臓器 バイオアベイラビリティ アンチバイオグラム グラム染色 empiric
therapy 初期治療 3D Drug Drainage Debridement 培養結果 経口スイッチ original
3.
患者 脳卒中や神経筋疾患はあるか→嚥下機能障害 意識状態やADLはどうか→誤嚥のリスク 胃切除後か→逆流しやすい PEGや経鼻胃管はあるか→誤嚥のリスク 咽頭喉頭の疾患はあるか→嚥下機能障害 ショック状態か→万が一、起炎菌を外したら死ぬ! etc.
4.
患者 意識障害 神経・筋疾患による嚥下障害 上部消化管疾患(疾患そのもの、手術、GERDなど) 声門の閉鎖不全(気管内挿管、気管切開、気管支鏡など) 噴門の閉鎖不全(胃管挿入、上部消化管内視鏡など) 咽頭の局所麻酔 繰り返す嘔吐 大量の胃内容物(経管栄養、胃瘻共通、腸閉塞など) 長時間の仰臥位 誤嚥のリスク因子 Up To DateAspiration
pneumonia in adultsより作成
5.
患者 意識障害 神経・筋疾患による嚥下障害 上部消化管疾患(疾患そのもの、手術、GERDなど) 声門の閉鎖不全(気管内挿管、気管切開、気管支鏡など) 噴門の閉鎖不全(胃管挿入、上部消化管内視鏡など) 咽頭の局所麻酔 繰り返す嘔吐 大量の胃内容物(経管栄養、胃瘻共通、腸閉塞など) 長時間の仰臥位 誤嚥のリスク因子 Up To DateAspiration
pneumonia in adultsより作成 神経内科
6.
患者 嚥下障害を示唆する所見 Chest 2003; 124;
328-36.より一部改変 口腔内分泌物の貯留 口腔内容物がこぼれる 嚥下に時間がかかる 嚥下前後の咳嗽や呼吸困難 嚥下後にくぐもった声になる 嚥下時に甲状軟骨の挙上が弱い 複数回にわけて嚥下する 口腔内容物の鼻への逆流 口腔内に食物が残存 食事のペースが非常に遅い 食事のペースが非常に速い 嚥下時に首や頭の位置が不自然 嚥下時痛 咽頭の感覚や反射が乏しい
7.
誤嚥性肺炎 の分類:4パターン 化学性肺臓炎 Aspiration pneumonitis or 誤嚥性細菌性肺炎 Aspiration
pneumonia 顕性 or 不顕性 臓器 Major 2
8.
誤嚥性肺炎 の分類:4パターン 化学性肺臓炎 Aspiration pneumonitis or 誤嚥性細菌性肺炎 Aspiration
pneumonia 臓器 Major 2 胃内容物の逆流など、酸性物質の誤嚥に よる化学性肺臓炎 Mendelson症候群も含む ほとんどが48時間以内に改善する 口腔内常在菌が下気道に落ち込むことで 生じる細菌性肺炎 背景に嚥下機能障害がある N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 665-71.
9.
微生物 米国の複数の長期療養施設での65歳以上の肺炎の起炎菌 Am J Respir
Crit Care Med. 2003; 167: 1650-4.
10.
微生物 S.pneumoniaeやH.influenzaeなどのCAPの起炎菌に加えて S.aureus、E.coli、嫌気性菌も起炎菌となる(混合感染も多い) 状況に応じてSPACEやMRSAなどの関与も考慮する必要がある 誤嚥性細菌性肺炎の起炎菌
11.
empiric therapy 初期治療
3D 化学性肺臓炎と誤嚥性細菌性肺炎の混在の可能性もあるため、 いずれを考えた場合でも初期治療として抗菌薬投与は適応と なり得る ただし、48時間以内に劇的に改善する場合は化学性肺臓炎 を疑い、抗菌薬を中止する 中等症以上(入院レベル) ユナシンSⓇ 1g q6hr 7-10日間 ゾシンⓇ 4.5g q6hr 7-10日間 メロペンⓇ 1g q8hr 7-10日間 SPACEカバー? ESBL産生菌カバー? 血培陽性→14日間 例えば高度認知症など、軽症の 誤嚥性肺炎 を短期間に何度も繰り返す症例に対して 発熱のたびに抗菌薬を投与すると、様々な耐性菌が出現してくることがある そのような場合は、抗菌薬を投与せずに経過を見て、翌日以降、増悪してくる場合に 投与するという選択肢も考えられる
12.
empiric therapy 初期治療
3D 予防 明確に効果が証明されているものはない ただし、低コストで害が少ないものは行うべき J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51: 1018-22. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2007; 5: 352-62.
13.
empiric therapy 初期治療
3D 非薬物療法 とろみのある食事 食事の際の姿勢(顎をひく) 食後の臥床の回避(2時間程度) 口腔内衛生管理・ケア 頭部45 挙上で管理(Studyは挿管患者) Gut 2013; 62: 1280-7. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148: 509-18. J Neurosci Nurs. 2013; 45: 139-46. Lancet 1999; 354: 1851-8. and so on
14.
empiric therapy 初期治療
3D ACE-I(タナトリルⓇなど) 用量記載なし カプサイシン 市販のシート製剤有 アマンタジン(シンメトレルⓇ) シロスタゾール(プレタールⓇ) カベルゴリン(カバサールⓇ) テオフィリン(テオドールⓇ) Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2007; 5: 352-62. 誤嚥予防に対して 有害事象が有意 Lancet 1993; 341: 432. Gut 2013; 62: 1280-7. Lancet 1998; 352: 115-6. Lancet 1998; 352: 1069. 薬物療法
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