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Princess Schools in Al –sham Province During
the Ayoubi Period( 570-658 A.H / 1161-1260 A.D)
Assist. Prof. Dr. Tarek F. Soltan Assist. Lecturer Ahmed R. Ahmed
University of Mosul  College of Education
Abstract:
Schools are considered an important aspect of the Islamic culture
and are the main source of teaching as well as graduating scholars who
served religion and knowledgein Islam during the middleAges . Besides ,
they are the vital side in reviving the Islam trends ( religious schools )
* + , -&.
!
and renewing them , particularly in the Saljouq period and after such as
the Ziki- Ayoubi states in Al-Saham . They were the powerful incentive
to stimulate the spirit of Jihad against the crusaders penetration . In
addition to the mosques , these schools contributed largely in the cultural
progress throughout the Islamic world .
Syria suffered from the violence of the crusades' wars, whose effect
was great for the crusaders' objective was to conquer and end Islam .
The reseach deals with the schools which were set up by
Princesses, their sites, establishment methods , scholars, their properties ,
in the Ayoubi period and their contribution in the cultural movement at
that time . There is no separate reference which talks about this important
group in the Ayoubi age , which needs a lot of attention . They played a
significant part in the political , economic and cultural aspects of life .
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مدارس الخاتونات والاميرات الايوبيات في بلاد الشام في العصر الايوبيby MosaadRamadan

  • 1. pbîiìíüa@pa ßüaë@pbãìmb©a@‘Ša‡ß@ïiìíüa@‹—ÈÛa@À@âb“Ûa@†ýi@À@@ IUWPMVUX$çOQQVQMQRVPâH cNâN†Næb-Ü/ ïznÏ@ÖŠb4âNâN‡¼a@bšŠ@‡¼a@ Ý–ì¾a@òÈßbu@O@òîi<Ûa@òîÜ×@ @ ://!"#$ %& ':(/)/! szjÛa@˜ƒÜßZ !" # $" %# # & ' " ( ) ' * +# , ' # # # - . ( ( ( & $ / ( 01# 2 3 ( # ( ,#4# ( , &5 /* 6 1 # , & #& 7. 9 #(2( * . 2 :( # (2#(; # 9 # 9 ; < ' ' (+ - $ = ( , - 01 ' ' 2 #.1 ( $ (2#(; ( ; # (0 ( 1 # 2 # > 2 + # > 5# , ' (2 # ) $ # >)?1 ( 2 < ( " ' 2 @ " #07( # * + # . > 2. A0 (/ = B#; /B# ! "2 01 > # , 2 = + 2 ( :( % ( # . > 2 ' # @ # $ >#& > , (. Princess Schools in Al –sham Province During the Ayoubi Period( 570-658 A.H / 1161-1260 A.D) Assist. Prof. Dr. Tarek F. Soltan Assist. Lecturer Ahmed R. Ahmed University of Mosul College of Education Abstract: Schools are considered an important aspect of the Islamic culture and are the main source of teaching as well as graduating scholars who served religion and knowledgein Islam during the middleAges . Besides , they are the vital side in reviving the Islam trends ( religious schools )
  • 2. * + , -&. ! and renewing them , particularly in the Saljouq period and after such as the Ziki- Ayoubi states in Al-Saham . They were the powerful incentive to stimulate the spirit of Jihad against the crusaders penetration . In addition to the mosques , these schools contributed largely in the cultural progress throughout the Islamic world . Syria suffered from the violence of the crusades' wars, whose effect was great for the crusaders' objective was to conquer and end Islam . The reseach deals with the schools which were set up by Princesses, their sites, establishment methods , scholars, their properties , in the Ayoubi period and their contribution in the cultural movement at that time . There is no separate reference which talks about this important group in the Ayoubi age , which needs a lot of attention . They played a significant part in the political , economic and cultural aspects of life . @ ò߇Ծa@ = B#) ( /B# # ( ( ? > 2 (2#() ) > 1 * ( / " C( # ' 01 "& # 1 # 2#())E( .* (G A01 $ 3 6 (: (2 2 B# # 2#()!(" # H ' # 2#() (2 ( ) B # ' B" :#>( #+#0B;K> 22#2#3 / # (' # ;#( #= B#;")L( .$ $ ' ( 01# ' -2#() * ( ) 2 6 ? # ,( (# $ ' , 2. # + # ( #+ 1 > * + G $ ( # #)M( 2# () (2 , 2 . > 2 1 # : 2 ##@ ')N( * +2 & !(" 2( * + 2 '# # , B) 6( 7 %0 * 2# () ( * (2( * " $ ((2#() , " 3 * +# ( ) -# ( ( , O * 2 (2( * " $ ")P( 01#G # &# # >)?1 # Q) # " A"!( " 'B !("
  • 3. / & 0 $& 1 2# 3 *+ 0 & / 0…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
  • 4. * + , -&. MՓ߆@À@@Z MòîãaEÛa@òîßb“Ûa@ò/Š‡¾a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
  • 5. / & 0 $& 1 2# 3 *+ 0 & / 0… RMZ1/EEZLWELNY,()MY( C ( , H # * 2 :(: 2 ( : A 2 ,H ()ME( 2 . %0RMT1/ELMV,)ML( . òîãaì§a@òîßb“Ûa@ò/Š‡¾a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
  • 6. * + , -&. òîjyb—Ûa@ò/Š‡¾aZ 2G# + (2 2" *)NR( ( * + -#( 2 RLZ1/ELMY,( # ( B#RMN1/ELMR,$ = B# # "2)NT( > $ ' H` 1# # 2) $ ' ( ,(Q 1? 2# : @ 0 % /)NZ( 0 " 22# * %0 ,+& 2 22 : !(" 2 ) (# #;)NV( # 0 (G 2 6 : $ " 0(#)PY( . C #( " ( - 7 $)PE( O/ #( B '2)PL( 3 (" * 2)PM( ) "2 = ) #)PN( C (# (:# ! (" 2 " O* 2 /( +( $ GK '&/ 2 " > 2 (2 # +#( B)PP( (2 'a " 6( ? ( , #1# '2B ((2#().( B = B# #)PR( @ 2 ( B /B# !(" # "# #" # " %0 2 #)PT( B# # + (2 /B# B#[(H (+ 6 # . $)PZ( .0+ ,H2 * +# , # $ * $ 4 "(# -( + $ 9 , # G B ,#( # 3 @ # ( #: 3 . ' 1# + (" ( ( ()PV( . O * 2 . '# 2 0 S#( ( . # ()RY( 2 ")RE( > # . # + (2 &" ,#( # )RL( "( ( =( 6 2 2 .( $ # ,H(( /* 6 - # 6 # $ " $ # %0RZP1/ELZR,S#( +a #)RM( . òíëaŠ‰ÈÛa@ò/Š‡¾aZ K> 0)RN( 2-#( 2 A 1 # #)RP( ( * + = #(PZY1/EEZN,)RR( A01 - ( # A + ( : + 1# ( #PVM1/EEVR,)RT( 6 $ 2 # (+ -" #)RZ( /B## / " # (210 .( $ @)RV( . > 2 7 "2 - 22 $ ( %0 * - 2 '+ C #)TY( , # ; 3# B# # H` A01 C( B# > 0 , " 2 2()TE( !(" ( ( 2 ( ' # 2 " 0(# ( ,( (( / H 2 ,#( 1# ( H #)TL( .
  • 7. / & 0 $& 1 2# 3 *+ 0 & / 0… 2 _( 1 : B#EMLT1/EVYV,' B# , '2B '# " ' B# /B # 2B ) 32( , # * B# 2 3 B: '# #2 #2 &(# 2 C ( (# :: # '1)TM( ( C ( 0+ # Q # < >)TN( & " B# H 32( , #)TP( . 2 ( + , ) (# 0 S#( ,1 # PVM1/EEVR,2# 2" 2 ( .( A 2 $ # ,H 6 / . !(" ,H #( ( " _( ( .( $ # ,H # % ( : & $ 2 # / " ( ( * & & B (/ " S#( # % B S#( +a & , 2 (" * ( * # ()TR( . ò퇒‹¾a@ò/Š‡¾aZ 1#, 2 " # #( 2 Q/ " ' : .)TT( ( + # +)TZ( @ 0#RPN1/ELPR,)TV( 3 2 (/ " . @ #)ZY( $ A#2 62 $ " -10 0 2* $ ( ,Q @ (2 2 B# @ 0)ZE( # 2( 0(2 'H -10 01 +) 1 2 # + ( + (. ( ) !( " 3(* . (2 (" * " ( C # ( 2)ZL( (:( ( 3 ( 2( B # - 7)ZM( ( # # 3 # ( # :(G ( 2)ZN( . 1# . + # # , + # ) $ ( 2)ZP( 2 2 6 2 0( !(" 0+ # > 2 -( # (Q 2 2 #)ZR( B# # 1# 2B " * # 4 + H( "#)ZT( . 6* 2 2 2 $ - B# (H B# $ G /B# B#"01 ( /B#......H H# + 6 G , " *"#[. +# 2 ##[( * 2 *"# (" * '2 2 # .( + = #" , 2.....6 2 ( 2 $")ZZ( .= B#) H U 01 O& (# $ " ( 2 # G # ( $ 3 / @ $ # + ( + ( /B# @ &., Q 2 Q/ " ( . A01# (# G 2 # , 2 . < ( + + (: #)ZV( ." 2 $ A # 2 % ?( $ % ? '+ ,& !("
  • 8. * + , -&. $ '+ % ?(# -# $ "# @ 1 0 ( K - * (7* * (2 $ 2 7 622 $ # ( '+ * (2 2 7 - $ # > 2 , Q , @ 1#)VY( ") , B 6 # 2(#. ( - 2 " ( * & S#( ,1 # 2 ,(1 2 ( * 2 .( # ,H #2 ( * & ( ,H 2 2 " 2 b 2 2 " #2 ( . & & B 2 .( $ # 1 2# =# / " 0) -(1# 2 .( $ # ,H # 2 2 (2 2 *2 ( * & & B 2 . # b 2 & 2%#)VE( . ô‹Ì—Ûa@òîÛ†bÈÛa@ò/Š‡¾aZ /B# 1#"# + 2 2"1: 2 $ A# ( ( 2 2) 2 , H / 2 '2B # 2 2 ' @ 2 # + @ #)VL( B *"# ( B# A01 # + 2 2 ,H,#B 2 (*"# 1: 2 $ ( /B# # @ # 2 2 =# , " ,H ( (2 ( B # # +01 #A# C& # # # 2 ( # 2 #2# 0? # # ( #)VM( . # $ # + 1: #" B# 7* ( 2)VN( 0/ ## + 2 2 62 *# # 6)VP( - 2 $ # ] > # "# + > 1: ( * # + ( $ # 2 A01 > 2 ' 2.......( > $ /B##2 . + # * B # > / $ ,1 2 # G # + 2 # ,( a ( $ # # (# # +# # G G 2 c / # ( # b 2 2 ( :(: 4 "")VR( . 2 B 4 / - 2 '+ C #( 2B B - ( #)VT( 32( , # 62 ( # * 3# ) 2 0(# > B) H # * 1 " 0+ #( # " > 2# + " ) ,( a 7*)VZ( .- Q #, & RVV1/ELVV,3 $ '#7 '+)VV( @ 0 #ZYM1/ENYY,( $ B " # @ # (EMLP1/EVYT,)EYY( , H ' - # : B# ,# ( $ , $ Q " ( 2 $ " (
  • 9. / & 0 $& 1 2# 3 *+ 0 & / 0… ( EMLZ1/EVEY," # - 2 ( , # ( (& ( " ( # ? " , Q "2 * (+) # # ( # " 2 0G #( # )EYE( . 2 " ( = : 2 _( 7* ( S#( ,1 # 2 ( ,H$ " 2 %0 ( = $ ,H B (" RTN1/ELTP,)EYL( . òîãaì§a@òîãìmb©a@ò/Š‡¾a@Z # + * K)EYM( * # (/ " $ /B# # ( ( 2 ( # $ " :: # Q ( (PZE1/EEZP,# 2)EYN( .' $ % # (2 2( B -10 " " C # , " - B 6)EYP( . , ( # ( # + # (0 S#( 2 0(# 2 .( $ # ,H # 6 # $ " A # ,H # $ % #" ( +( 4 ( . A # A 2 $ # ,H # %# " 2 '( + ( , 2 6 - # " -#( ( , O * 6 : ,H #RNL1/ELNN,( # % ( : &)EYR( 2 # =( 2 ( ' 6 2 2 . ,H # $RPZ1/ELPZ,'#7 (2 3)EYT( . òîçb“‚ë‹ÐÛa@ò/Š‡¾aUWY(OQQXS)Z # + (+ Q" K 1#)EYZ( @ 0#PTZ1/EEZL, 2 " # 2 6 G # 0 # %0 2 $ 2 B# (/ ")EYV( . #= C)EEY( 2 $ ( ( 2 # (2 < #)EEE( ( +2 6 2 !(" (& *B B ,#( B# # # " $ &/( 3(& 3 B:)EEL( ( 2 C A01 ( 2 C # $ 1 # ( )#2 " -#)EEM( .# A01 32 ( , # 1 ( , 2 $ #" 2ENYT1/EVZR,$ #"# " & # (B # ( ( 2# 1 2B A# (7* $ * ()EEN( .
  • 10. * + , -&. ) ( (1 +# / S#( ,1 #$ . ( $ 2# % +/ 2 ( 4 A 2 # 2 " ( "# .( A 2 $ # ,H # # b 2 # 2 ( :(: & 2 .( $ # ,H # # :(: 2 2 $ # A # 2 .( $ # ,H # / " , 2 2 "+ ,H =( 2 ( '#A $ 2 # ,(" 2 (RRV1/ELTY,)EEP( . òîÇb—ÔÛa@ò/Š‡¾aZ 2 # + (+ Q" K 1#PVM1/EEVR, (/ " /B# #)EER( .( * " C #)EET( 7 2 ( * + % ,#(* ( %0 CB# , > ( ##)EEZ( $ # )EEV( . = 2 .( $ # ,H # ( - +#( ,1 # # # 2 (A 2# *# ( &A 2C 2 " ( 4 2)ELY( . òîãa†Šb¾a@ò/Š‡¾a@ Z ( - B @ 2 # + + ( :(: /B#)ELE( ( -" * $ ( ,Q @ #:#REY1/ELEM,/B# # RLN1/ELLN,(/ ")ELL( .2 /B# #[2# 9(2) #[a+ # #1 # ( #" # 9(2) 2 ( #" H H)ELM( =B# 01# ( H (H# > BZLY1/ENET,@ 2 " % ( = 2 1 (72 ( ( %0 . # ( ) $ (*# A01 * % * .)ELN( ( $ ' ( #(H **+ 2 G A01 ? = B#))ELP( . #H /& $ C #)ELR( " 9(2) 3(* 9(2))ELT( 3 (" * <)ELZ( 6( # * 2 C ) #1# (? 2)ELV( , ( 3 (#" ,#( %# "( 0(# ( ( C 2#() : 0 0G # 2 2 :)EMY( .'( + " _( B# EMPY1/EVME,(+ '1 1 ,H #ENYY1/EVTV,
  • 11. / & 0 $& 1 2# 3 *+ 0 & / 0… G B ( ' : # ( # +) H` (: 2 ,#( $ )EME( . 0 $ %#" ' #%- " ! H2 2 #2 > / $ O / 2#%0%# " 2 3 $ # > 9#" 6 # ( C $ C ( & 2 #2 (H $#( ,& # (((7 *( 2 # B)EML( . 2 ( 1 2 A 2 # + * _( ( S#( ,1 # 2 .( $ # ,H # (2 & 2 =# A ( . A 2 # ,(1 2 A 2 # -#( 2 = + 2 : " ( 1 22 2RPT1/ELPZ, = ( . 2 .( $ # ,H #)EMM( . òîØibmüa@ò/Š‡¾aZ # + 2 ) " K)EMN( ' *# -" * # ( : 2 ' @ 2 $ # = ) @ #:#22( # B#RNE1/ELNM, 2 #01 #( # # ' : # ( =B# #)EMP( . $ C ( ) !( " # ( # #( B O/ 2 (" * C # 2)EMR( # ,:2 " ( '2 . (2 ,#( B# # EMLZ1/EVEY,& = . + (( . ( (# - # C&22 ( ': ( =( ,#( # % ( _( ( "2 # ' : # ` 2 0G)EMT( ( 2 C 2 ,#( = # :( #2( (" G 2 #2)EMZ( .. B#( > : 2)EMV( . # ( ) 2 =# 2 #2 - 2 ( 4 ( ( ,1 # $ 2RRM1/ELRN,2 =# '( ( , &( 2 . $ 2 #RTN1/ELTP,)ENY( . ò¾bÈÛa@ò/Š‡ß@ Z 1#2 " O * _( 2 =( +( 2 #RPM1/ELPP,2 " $ /B# #)ENE( # + (2 1# # 1 ( !(" # + # (2" * > 22
  • 12. * + , -&. ! & / ( = ) @ 4#: #2 ( # !(" 2" $ 6 # /( RPM1/ELPP,)ENL( . #( B O/ 2 , ) C " % * 2 B C #)ENM( 3 ( # 7( 3(* # - 7 2 3(* =(/ H) $ 2 @ 0 CB# ,#( #2 >K + H) ( ( 6 %0 % 1 ( # ( 2 @ 0# ( # 7()ENN( . RMkÜy@À@@Z ‘놋ÐÛa@ò/Š‡ß@Z ( * 2 %: 1 Q @ #: # + /(& K 1# /B# # ( * + ( =( ' @ 2 1# 2#()# ( 2 # 2 # #RMM1/ELMP,2 # (H B# ( /B# # ( #* # > / # > + ()ENP( . 2 $ .# / " , - 2 4 + C #RPY , - 2 (2 7 (2#- " (2 7 (2#)ENR( .3/ (# H , 1 .# / $ ( ) _( (H" 2 ,Q G B B# 62 (" "* A01 = # ( + # 1 ( ) #( #( 2 ! H $- 2 # 2 =# + ' H 2 "* # (# / $ # - B # (* ( + =(#)ENT( . ) , # - " .( 2 C '# A01 # =G Q# ( 2 G (2 ,&)(# : 2 2. (A0 1 ( 2# " 2 ( 2 / # (2#() . 1 :) 210 * - < ^( & - " ( B)ENZ( . <: , + <# * - " (/ ( * # ' $ =#* # ), -( " #1# C * ( 1 ))ENV( . ' ( + # '"&NN# #PP "- "# / " # H H - # $ ) =* C"EM YV $ET NP"#1 .(G '+ #H H 0 /(Q 2B 0 2 #2# (B
  • 13. / & 0 $& 1 2# 3 *+ 0 & / 0… ! H : ( B (a ' "( 9( ( B# # * =#/* $ 2 # ' # 2 #2)EPY( .( > : ) , B # #:"* # '+ # ( # = # # #() # 2 # B# ; #0G #)EPE( . 2 $ # ##12 2 $ -#" * @ , ( # + /(& 6G 2" .....1 ##$ -# 6( > B" :( * C( - " # C( = 6 01 b , 2 #(" ......6 ( > +a 2 ] 4 + B $ #(#" : ,#( , ( =#+ ) % 2 ( b , 2" ......)EPL( . 0 #> (!( " +a - 22 ' 2 ,( 2 + - 2 EMMP1/EVER,#EMTZ1/EVPZ,0G(* H # ,( B# 2 7 ' $ 2( 2H H $ #() $ ENEY1/EVZV,(&# / *) 2 2 (2 7 ENEE1/EVVY,,( , # G # 2 " d ' ' ( #() (2 /B # ( :+ 2 ) 2 '* ( %0 / + #())EPM( . , $ & " B# #2 , (# $ * ( $ "2 ) '+ ( 9 2 > C # ,( a (2* H` G * +# '2B H , 1 #)EPN( . % #2 + (2: 2 " ( . _( .# / S#( ,1 # A01 . '# ( %0$ "RTM1/ELTN,)EPP( . òîÜßbØÛa@ò/Š‡¾a@Z # A01#$C $ +( C (# >T1/EM,1# # + '2B ( (# G $ ( ( U % ( +)@ 2 " :(: @ #:# '(# 2 2 #( 2 ( 2 % :(: )RLTWRMN1/ELLVWELMR,()EPR( . 2 1# - " ( 2 ( 1 Q - 2 ( C # * #)EPT( , - 2 4 + ")EPZ( ,+ #( # ( 2 - 2 2B # 6 ## 6 , B'( - " # ( 2)EPV( B# 2# : $ ( > :($ " (# 7ENER1/EVVP,!(" ' " " 2 ) 1# ,( 2 H` # =" ( ( B)ERY( .
  • 14. * + , -&. %# " " 2 # (# 2( 2 " '7 ( # '$ - #( ,# ( !(" " 2 01 '#" "# ( 2 ,Q # > 9#" * (2 2# - '7 (# 6(2 = 72 "( [ & (( +2-)#2B(B B - '7 (# 2 " B#(7* B# '+ $ %# "( 2 7 - & ")ERE( . ò¸b©aZ ( " C( # ( (2#() ( ) # (2 , ' + ' 2 ) : = B#) U(*+ # . > 2 , 2 1 # % ? -#, 2 , ,( ' + ) C + > # 0 ) (( # U(*+ [ & =# * # - # / # ( # 2 . A0 **+ = B#) ' + , ( #( # ( ( ( # #. 2 , 2 ( " !("22 # ) " # (2 ' +#( $ 0 # ( , . A0 6 # ) , > = +. ꊆb—ßë@szjÛa@”ßaìçZ )E((:( * '( Q 0 1/M2 C (:# # , ENLM1/LYYL,MEV" e:, 2 ( ("N(2 ( e:, ,( . , # - _( 2#(; *R<T-aEVZN,PV] ( > H:- 2 < '*(/ 2#(; * .MET#0 9 (ENLM1/LYYM,PN. )L((2 2 " 2 ":(2 - (: $/ * " 3( " (2 2 "#).(U EVM. )M(( #+ # # +:( # + C # @ # . / ( " # +. -# ( 2 "% 2a:# (/:(" .## (2 ?ENYZ1/EVZZU , EPNY% (2: $& ":( " .# 1 # .# 4( ( " # 3 ).) (.,(MN/NZL. )N(% 2 '( 2:# # 2#() ( * , 2"#" < ) (2 7 CMZ.EN:ENEP1/EVVY,MRWMT. )P(%# 2 " ":( ("( * & , # * 2 (2( * -# " * 1).(EELM! B# e:- " (+( # +( - "ENEE1/EVVE, EMP" " " e:( * (+( , # * ( ("T1 EVPZU ,LY.
  • 15. / & 0 $& 1 2# 3 *+ 0 & / 0… )R(9(2 (:- " 2 , , 2 -" - "LYYR,NT. )T(":( ("MWNEZWEV. )Z(( " 2:( - ( . ,(1 2 3( " . _( . # (2ENEY1/EVZV,L/PP% 2 e:2,MRWNL. )V(2 " ,(1 2 2 ":( " 72 ( ,Q 3( " -#( 2 -B -# > / EVTV,LMY. )EY((:.L/RM. )EE((2:,(PV] ( e:. - 2PN. )EL(9(2:, 2 -" - "NT. )EM((29:, 2 -" - "NT] ( e:. - 2PP. )EN(] (:. - 2PN )EP(,:(#*# +2-#(2%+@##, 1 )#, # @#@#, "+#H H#,(,Q#A2-# ( -" *(#1##12#() (2 > 2 C 2/2#) #:2 #*("2(A# (2%-" *U "#B 6 #:222, "(2( )1#2 #, "(2! H# 1# %0(.' (#2#( "2$ 5201, "(2( ) #2>6 +*(#,H>B *"5#$ 5 > /" #(#''1=# K2(-102(# # (B #( #@ 06B / #$.##,#(+a.%0 RER1/ELEV,11#(( ##$ 5 2( 2( 2#:""b.1#/B #(( 2( # #.#2 #2 '( " 2 ( - ":( . ,(1 2 3( " ( &# $ '(0 # (2 ( -ENLL1/LYYL,EZY(H 2 '( / #2 e:( # ( 2 2 = 2# ().(EM/ZNWZP210 " 2 " ( . e:> 2 , ( % , 2 3( "/E# (2 2 -ENYT1/EVZT,LL/TZWTVe 2 ":-# > /LLVWLMY. )ER('2 ##:#1###(2'2#", +( ;, "("2 ( )## +,+@'#, +*1 2.#( " *B #2(0"#: #@##6 )#6(> 2( 2(.(/ "$ 2+ #A2 #('(".O #.( $ 5'222(.#2:'(0LLRWLLT. )ET(#2:'(0EZY#2 * 2 ( ' " #2 e:- ) ' ) ' $/ * 3 ( " - ) # > ) #72 B C 2 #
  • 16. * + , -&. EMTT1/EVPT,.MNY2 2 " ,(1 2 2 2 " ( : e:( + 3 ; 3 / '( # @( # 3( " '#) , '#) >: (: # , > 0 EVPM3( " '#) , H >:3 (2 / 1 ).(LWE/LNVe2 2 ":_( # #(:? , 2 (2 # '*( 4LE, ) # H :# #72EVZNLE/MLP2 #2 e@ 2( 2 b 2 2 % #:7 C # :/ 2 ( 3( "1 #EMVE1/EVTL,.LYNe (:.E/LYZ2 " e:-# > /LLVWLMYe:, +R/ZEe 2 2:](# (1: 3( " ' (+ # ' )/L) - # (2EVZP,EYN%# 2 e:( ("RP2 e:3 +ELN2 e %# "(:3 # C2 (# 3 ! CG #LYYP,EZYWEZE] ( e: . - 2PN. )EZ(#2:'(0EZY(H 2 e:( # ( 2EM/ZNWZPe(:.E/LYZe 2:E/EYN" e:, +3 2 CEVLT,R/ZEe %# "(:CG #EZE2 " , e:= $ (+( 3 + 3 < 2 ,/E ENEY1/EVZV,ELN. )EV((:.E/LYVe2:3 +ELP. )LY((:.E/LYV2 e:E/EYN. )LE($ ( 2:$ ( 2 ( + % * ; b 2 2 - 1# 2 2 " 2 #2 # 2 ( "PNV1/EYPT# + #( ( # !( " C # ,, f( ( H #.(H 2:( # ( 2EM/EMM. )LL((:.E/LLRWLLT2 e:3 +ELN. )LM(#2:'(0EZY( e:.E/LYV2 e:EYN%# 2 e:( ("RP. )LN(%# "(:CG #EZY. )LP(2:3 +ELN2 e:EYN. )LR(2:EYR2 e:3 +ELP. )LT(:, +R/ZE2 e:EYN. )LZ(2:3 +ELP. )LV((: 2 ( =:(: 2 b 2 - #2 ( = #12 "( 2 " 2 & # : 2 ( " 2 ( 3 2 > & #REP1/ELEZ,2 (H:( # ( 2EM/ZE. )MY(2 " O 2 " ( ,:#1#"2"2= +2O2' 22' 12 $ (&,(2. 22 ",H#2 PTZ1/EEZL,B#C$6/ ?! H.#'7-10,". # _(2#$ 5726 #C2C2%:#A ( #' " # $ 51+K0#,H'7-10#$ 53#)@ (
  • 17. / & 0 $& 1 2# 3 *+ 0 & / 0… ' 7 )[ ([ #C (#[ (H(#'7. #1# .(( 2(# 0 #, # O *( * #- #> &#= (2 " 2' #RZM1/RMZ,# 6/( *:(= +- #'#*/3# / #'G) - #( ;.2 #2 2 & B 2 " 2 " 2 (:- , + ,( 2 Q " 3( " ( 2 # (2/EENYT1L/TE. )ME(( C(:#12:(:22" #2'( 5& B&3 2C((( [ ([ Q[[/ /, B,##> &@2 22, (2" *O *'( 5 A (:##(#%@O *3A)#> &3 2.2 '( + ( * % /* @2(:## (2 ! > (" $/ * # #? ) " 3( " ( # 2 EVZM,EZ/MLE# # 2 e:3 &BRZ. )ML(2 2 " ,(1 2 2 2 " ( ::3 ;LWE/LNV(H 2 e:( 2 ( #EM/EPN( e:.E/LYVWLENe:, +R/ZE. )MM(2:3 ;LWE/LMM( e:.E/LLT. )MN((:.E/LLT2 e:EYR2 e:3 +ELR. )MP(2:3 +ELR. )MR(:# " # # (/ ) (2# O / 2b 2 2 #B ( ( - b 2 #2 3 %# ":# (2 2 - 2 ,).(L/ELV. )MT(> (#:%# " 3 " # #"2 ( B 1#:2 ,M/LZR. )MZ((:.E/LLT2 e:EYRe:, +R/ZL. )MV(2:3 ;LWE/LMM( e:.E/LLTe2:EYRe: , +R/ZE. )NY(2:, +ELT. )NE(2:EYRe:, +R/ZL. )NL((:.E/LLZ2 e:EYT. )NM(3 +ELT. )NN(( . _(:#REY1/ELEM,2 & $ # 3" ' $ 6 / # ( ( # -10 2 # %# + C # (:RZL1/ELZM,. 2 & B 2:( 2L/EVMWEVN% /* e:( # 2 #L/VM. )NP(2:3 ;LWE/LMM( e:.E/LLZWLMY2 e:EYVe :, +R/ZEWZL. )NR(# + (2:#: ' # ( * + %0 2 -#( ( , 2 # + (2 1# 2 ( ) 2 )## 2 ' 2 -" * /Q @ 2 #: ,H # ( ( ( ) ( # # #( B O/ 2 > 22 B# 3 B #: # '2 2 2 '#) #: RNM1/ELNP,.+ 2 " 2 " ( . . 2 #2:> 2 > 2 # ( ) ( #
  • 18. * + , -&. :# (2 * . 2 " 3( "EVRZ,EM/ETY% /* e:( # 2 # EN/RT( " 2 e:? - , '2 ( % 2 # ( /Q 1 # 2 # # =( K ( *EMZM1/EVRM,RNWRP. )NT(Q #2%:# 2 2 # :B 2 = #( ( . /:( ) _( : a 2a (" ( H = G 2EVPE,ZWL/TPR2 e:3 ;LWE/ LPT(H 2 e:( # ( 2EM/ETY2 " 2 / #2 e:-10 0 (H 2 #? ) # " #? 2 3( " -10 2+/E3ENYR1 P/LEZ2 " e:-# > /LMY( e:.L/RL2 e:LMZe :, +R/VV2 e:3 +LMR%# "( e:CG #EZNe(: % 2 # ( /QRNWRP. )NZ(2:LMT( ( ( # " e:72 (: # , ' #(2#() (EVZE,NEL. )NV(%# "(:CG #EZN. )PY(:, +R/VV. )PE(%# "(:CG #EZN. )PL(#( B '2:B '2# 2 ' 2 2 - 7 '* (# 3 ' C ( #( U " 5 # B ' 2 2 3 # '.2 ,(1 2 2 " b 2 #2 # 2:# 2 2 "? * 3 ( "/N# (2 ENYP1/EVTP,EEP. )PM(2:3 ;LWE/LPT( e:.L/RLe:, +R/VV. )PN(2:LMT. )PP(2 ":-# > /LMY. )PR(2:3 +LMR. )PT((:.L/RL2 e:LMT. )PZ(2 = #( ( ' " #2% 2 % 7:1 1 # * @# 1 : ,# ).(R/MPM. )PV(2:3 +LMT. )RY(2 " ( O*:#1#_(O*(2"2,22- 1#2_(4 / 2 %: (#RMN1/ELMR,,1##2 ($ 522&b6# PPN1/EEPV,B#aC #!( "#Q (9 2(")# 1#'#. (" * 2'2 26 #( 26 #/ *.#6 #(" * 2#@ 1(H 2:( 2 ( #EM/ENR. )RE(2:3 ;LWE/LPT2 e(H:( # ( 2EM/ENR2 e:3 +LMR. )RL(2:LMT2 e:3 +LMR. )RM(2:3 ;LWE/LPTWLPZ.
  • 19. / & 0 $& 1 2# 3 *+ 0 & / 0… ( )RN(> 0:( : + 1# %0 2 -#( 2 A 1 2 > 0 ( # + 1# @ # A S#( # )PVM1/EEVR,(2" * 2 2 #.% /*: ( # 2 #EV/MPN. )RP(A 1 # #:# 2 % 2 -#( ( , 2 -#( 2 A 1 # # ( ) #1# # A S# ( : # #1# #+) 2 ( * #+@ 2 2 -" * ) @ ^ ) & B # " -" * ( /Q ##PNM1/EENZ, + 2:( ) ( #L/NPL. )RR(2:3 ;LWE/LRE#2 e:'(0EP+ 2 e:( ) ( #E/MEPe (:.E/LZMWLZN2 e:ELZe:, +R/ZRe 2:3 +ENN] ( e:. - 2PP. )RT(#2:'(0EP+ 2 e:( ) ( #E/MEP( e:.E/LZMWLZPe 2:ELZ2 e:3 +ENN. )RZ(2:ELZ. )RV((:.E/LZM2 e:ELZe:, +R/ZR2 e: 3 +ENN] ( e:. - 2PP. )TY(2:3 ;LWE/LRE#2 e:'(0EP( e:.E/LZMe2: ELZe:, +R/ZR2 e:3 +ENN. )TE(2:ELZ2 e:3 +ENN. )TL(:, +R/ZR. )TM(2:ELZ2 e:3 +ENN. )TN(:, +R/ZR. )TP(2:3 +ENN. )TR(2:3 ;LWE/LRYWLRE( e:.E/NLL2 e:ELZe :, +R/ZR. )TT(" & ":210 - # # 2#() ( * , 2 ( ( G H` U +1 ( *EVTZ,L/EMZ. )TZ(# + ( +:? * + 1# ' @ 2 $ ( ( = ,Q @ 2 1# ( 22 ( #RRY1/ELRE,.2:LYY. )TV(2:3 ;LWE/LLZ( e:.E/NNM2 e:LYYe: , +R/VR" e:( ( GL/EMV. )ZY((:.E/NNM#2 e:VM" e:( ( GL/EMV. )ZE(%:(:@#E/MNR. )ZL(( ) !( ":2 C # 2#(; $ # = ) @ 1K 1- 2 # A01 # 3 2 (/ " (: ( ' # ( # * 2 B !( " K # $ # = ; @ 1 ,H : (B ( , * ( g h '2B
  • 20. * + , -&. ) ( ; !( " K # $ # = ; @ 1 ,H : (B ( , * ( g ,RLZ1/ELMY, G 2 $ # ,RMY1/ELML(H 2 ,:( # ( 2 EM/EMP( e:.E/EP2 e:LNWLP. )ZM(2:LYEe:, +R/VR%# "( e:CG #EZL2 e:+ 3LEPWLER. )ZN(%# "(:CG #EZP2 e:3 +LEPWLER. )ZP(2:LYYe:, +R/VR. )ZR(2:LYY. )ZT(2:3 +LER#2 e:VM" e:( ( GL/EMV. )ZZ(2:LYYWLYE. )ZV(":( ( GL/EMV. )VY(#2 , ':( # (2 ( H) ( #" ( # (2#() LN3EVTN,VM" e:( ( GL/EMV. )VE(2:3 ;LWE/LLZ( e:.E/NNMWNNN. )VL(#2:'(0ZE( e:.E/LTV2 e:ELT2 e:+ 3EMV. )VM((:.E/LTZWLTV2 e:ELT. )VN(2:3 )LWE/LNM( e:.E/LTVe2:ELTe: , +R/ZPWZR. )VP((:.E/LTV2 e:ELT] ( e:. - 2PP. )VR((:.E/LTV2 e:ELT2 e:3 +EMVWENY. )VT((:.E/LTZ2 e:ELTe:, +R/ZP%# "( e: CG #EZY. )VZ(2:ELT. )VV(2:ELT2 e:3 +ENY. )EYY(2:ELTe:, +R/ZP2 e:3 +ENY. )EYE(2:3 +ENY. )EYL(2:3 )LWE/LNM( e:.E/LTV2 e:ELT. )EYM(*# +:( # ' @ * # ( ( 2 ( * 1# 2# () ( * #: ( # # : 2 # " PTL1/EETR,#2 (* # * # > = 1#:( &#M/LNM. )EYN(2:)3LWE/LLZ( e:.E/MZZe:, +R/VLe 2:3 +EZR.
  • 21. / & 0 $& 1 2# 3 *+ 0 & / 0… )EYP(#2:( &#M/LNM%:# 2 2 e:: aZWE/MEP210 e:2 (# # " 2 ( * 3( " 2 2+/LEVZN,N/LNP2 e (H:( # ( 2EL/MET–MEZ. )EYR(% ( ::3 , " - % / " , 2 2 " & #1 # # $ & & B % * ' :RNR1/ELNZ,#2:'(0 EZL. )EYT(2:3 ):LWE/LYP( e:.E/MVEWMVM. )EYZ(# + (+ Q":2 A 1 #: 1# A + ( : # b 2 2 ,(1 2 2 1# ( ( * + -#(:.E/NME. )EYV(2:3 ;LWE/LEV( e:.L/NMEe:+,R/VPe %# "(:CG #EZN2 e:3 +LYR#2 e:ZE. )EEY((:.L/NME. )EEE(%# "(:CG #ETT. )EEL(2:3 +LYR. )EEM(#2:ZE. )EEN(2:3 +LYR#2 e:ZE. )EEP(2:3 ;LWE/LEVWLLY( e:.L/NMLWNMN. )EER(2:3 )LWE/LEL( e:.E/NMNe2:EVNe: , +R/VP2 e:3 +LEY. )EET(2:3 )LWE/LEL( e:.E/NMNe:, +R/VPe 2:3 +LEY. )EEZ(:, +R/VP2 e:3 +LEY. )EEV(:, +R/VP. )ELY(2:3 )LWE/LEM( e:.E/NMNWNMP. )ELE(( - B @:2 ( - B @ %: '( #1#3 2 %: '( 2 ] 2 2 # # ' 2 #*# # ( -" *PZY1/EEZN*.% /*:# ( # 2EY/EZ. )ELL(2:3 )LWE/LLT( e:.E/NPP] ( e:. - 2PNe #2:ZN. )ELM((:.E/NPP] ( e:. - 2PP. )ELN((:.E/NPP. )ELP(] (:. - 2PY.
  • 22. * + , -&. ! )ELR(#H:( +) ( / C 4: (# 6 ' $ C (# 2 H H <# / " 1# ( 2 % 2 ( $ " #7 2 ,H % # 2%# " 4 ("2 -*( $ 3:, 2E/MTZ. )ELT((:.E/NPNe:, +R/VR2 e:3 +LENe %# "(:CG #ETV. )ELZ(#2:ZN. )ELV(:, +R/VR2 e:3 +LEP. )EMY(CG #:ETV. )EME(2:3 +LEP. )EML(#2:ZP. )EMM(2:3 )LWE/LLZ( e:.E/NPP. )EMN(# +:3a 2 : 2 # # ( - B 2 # ( : 2 1# # $ # ( /Q = ) @ #:RNY1/ELNL,% /* 2 2 #: ( # 2 #EY/LMP. )EMP(#2:'(0LRN% /* e:( # 2 #EY/LMP210 e:2P/ERN( e: .E/VRWVT2 e:TTWTZe:, +R/TR%# "( e:CG # EZM. )EMR((:.E/VR2 e:TTe:, +R/TR2 e:+ 3VT%# "( e:CG #EZM. )EMT(2:3 +VT%# "( e:CG #EZM. )EMZ(2:TT%# "( e:CG #EZM. )EMV(2:TTe:, +R/TR. )ENY(2:3 ;LWE/LPE( e:./VT. )ENE((:.L/ZT2 e:LNZe:, +R/EYY2 e: 3 +LNYWLNE. )ENL((:.L/RMZT. )ENM((:.L/ZTe:, +R/EYY. )ENN(2:3 +LNE. )ENP(2:3 )EWE/EYZ" 2 e:-+EEMe:, + R/VP! e:e +( - "TZ:.LYR. )ENR(:.LYR9(2 e:, 2 -" - "NT. )ENT(!:+( - "TZe:.LEEWLEL. )ENZ(9(2:, 2 -" - "NTWNZ. )ENV(!:+( - "TZ9(2 e:, 2 -" - "PY. )EPY(:.LEE9(2 e:, 2 -" - "NT.
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