This document appears to be notes from an English language learning course. It includes sample questions from TOEFL and TOEIC exams with answer keys. It also discusses techniques for practicing dictation, including full dictation, partial dictation, and reconstructed dictation. Various linguistic concepts are mentioned like modality, abstract vs concrete words, and techniques for analyzing scenes. Overall, the document covers English exam preparation and dictation skills practice.

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- Where does the scene take place?
- How many people are in the scene?
- What are they doing?
- Are they happy or upset?

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abstract concrete
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31. 1. TOEFL
TOEFL
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32. Bob argued with his
mother
every day.
A. Bob’s mother was here every day.
B. Bob and his mother always argued.(x)
C. Bob glued the end every day.
D. Bob spent the day with his mother.

33. 2. TOEIC
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A. The man is reading.
B. The man is signing his name. (x)
C. The man is making a telephone

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1. full
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partial dictation
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dicto-comp
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reconstructed dicto-

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