This document discusses the formation and goals of the journal "The Union of Burma" which was first published in January 1962 to promote the idea of a federal union for all ethnic nationalities in Burma. It analyzes the political situation in Burma after independence and argues for establishing a federal system that protects ethnic rights and allows ethnic groups self-governance within a unified Burmese state. The journal served as an important platform for discussions on building a more inclusive and democratic Burma.
1. The narrator reflects on his childhood memories of living in a village and the simple pleasures they experienced there, like playing in the fields and forests.
2. He recalls the close bond they had with nature and how they learned valuable life lessons from observing the cycles of nature.
3. The narrator expresses nostalgia for the carefree days of his childhood in the village and the wisdom and values they learned from that experience.
1. The document lists 22 rules for combining Tamil words according to their suffixes.
2. The rules describe how to combine words ending in common suffixes like -um, -aN, -il by adding other words before them.
3. Examples are provided for each rule to illustrate how word combinations following the suffix rules would look, such as thio+fha=thiofha (fragrance+flower=flower fragrance).
The document is a collection of phrases and questions about leadership written in an unfamiliar language. It discusses different types of leaders, including political, military, and community leaders. It also considers the qualities, responsibilities, and impacts of leadership.
This document provides information about coronavirus disease (COVID-19) transmission, prevention, and treatment. Some key points include:
1. Coronaviruses are transmitted between people through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, and close contact. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.
2. The incubation period is typically 2-14 days. Most infected people will experience mild to moderate symptoms, while the elderly and those with underlying medical conditions are more likely to develop serious illness requiring hospitalization.
3. There is currently no vaccine, but research for a vaccine is underway. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, and those with serious illness may require hospitalization.
Public
தலைமைத்துவம் என்பது மனிதர்கள் மீது தாக்கம் விளைவிப்பதை
நோக்கிய செயற்பாடாகும். ஒரு நிர்வாகத்தின் கீழ் உள்ளவர்களை அந்த
நிர்வாகத்தின் இலக்குகளை அடையும் வகையில் ஒத்துழைக்கச் செய்வதே
இதன்மூலம் எதிர்பார்க்கப்படும் விளைவெனலாம். குறிப்பிட்ட சில
இலக்குகளை அடைந்து கொள்வதற்காக தனி நபர்களையும் குழுக்களையும்
வழிகாட்டி, நெறிப்படுத்தி, தூண்டுதல் வழங்குதல் என்றும் இதனைக்
கூறலாம். ஒரு நபரிடமிருந்து அவரால் முடியுமான உச்ச பணியைப் பெற்றுக்
கொள்ளும் செயற்பாடு என்றும் தலைமைத்துவத்தை வரைவிலக்கணப்
படுத்தலாம். இது மிகச் சிறந்த ஒரு தலைவருடன் இணைந்து அதன்
கீழுள்ளவர்கள் மனத்திருப்தியோடு பணியாற்றுதல் என்ற பொருளைப்
பொதிந்து நிற்கிறது. அந்தவகையில், தலைவரது பண்புகளிலும் அவரது
தலைமைத்துவப் பாணியிலுமே இவ்வம்சம் பெரிதும் தங்கியுள்ளதெனலாம்.
வெறுமனே கட்டளைகளையும் அறிவுறுத்தல்களையும் வழங்குவதன்
மூலமாக மாத்திரம் தலைமைத்துவப் பணி நிறைவடைவதில்லை. தனக்குக்
கீழே உள்ளவர்களுக்குள் மறைந்திருக்கும் ஆற்றல்களை வெளியே
கொண்டுவந்து, குறித்த பணிக்காக தம்மால் முடிந்த அதிகபட்ச
முயற்சியைச் செலவிட அவர்களைத் தூண்டுவதன் மூலமே இப்பணி
நிறைவடைய முடியும்
1. The document discusses a speech given by a leader at an event celebrating Tamil culture and language.
2. In the speech, the leader encourages the audience to preserve their Tamil identity and pass it on to future generations.
3. The concluding lines of the speech contain an inspirational message exhorting the audience to keep their culture alive in their hearts at all times.
Project design for change .doc pums kollimalaidesigntn
1. The document outlines a plan for a school program called "Bird School" to teach students social and emotional skills.
2. Activities included imagining classroom lessons on feelings, cooperation, and conflict resolution. Students would learn through games and role plays.
3. The plan was implemented, with teachers and students participating in daily activities. Forty-three social-emotional skills were taught through interactive exercises. Feedback was positive.
1. The narrator reflects on his childhood memories of living in a village and the simple pleasures they experienced there, like playing in the fields and forests.
2. He recalls the close bond they had with nature and how they learned valuable life lessons from observing the cycles of nature.
3. The narrator expresses nostalgia for the carefree days of his childhood in the village and the wisdom and values they learned from that experience.
1. The document lists 22 rules for combining Tamil words according to their suffixes.
2. The rules describe how to combine words ending in common suffixes like -um, -aN, -il by adding other words before them.
3. Examples are provided for each rule to illustrate how word combinations following the suffix rules would look, such as thio+fha=thiofha (fragrance+flower=flower fragrance).
The document is a collection of phrases and questions about leadership written in an unfamiliar language. It discusses different types of leaders, including political, military, and community leaders. It also considers the qualities, responsibilities, and impacts of leadership.
This document provides information about coronavirus disease (COVID-19) transmission, prevention, and treatment. Some key points include:
1. Coronaviruses are transmitted between people through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, and close contact. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.
2. The incubation period is typically 2-14 days. Most infected people will experience mild to moderate symptoms, while the elderly and those with underlying medical conditions are more likely to develop serious illness requiring hospitalization.
3. There is currently no vaccine, but research for a vaccine is underway. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, and those with serious illness may require hospitalization.
Public
தலைமைத்துவம் என்பது மனிதர்கள் மீது தாக்கம் விளைவிப்பதை
நோக்கிய செயற்பாடாகும். ஒரு நிர்வாகத்தின் கீழ் உள்ளவர்களை அந்த
நிர்வாகத்தின் இலக்குகளை அடையும் வகையில் ஒத்துழைக்கச் செய்வதே
இதன்மூலம் எதிர்பார்க்கப்படும் விளைவெனலாம். குறிப்பிட்ட சில
இலக்குகளை அடைந்து கொள்வதற்காக தனி நபர்களையும் குழுக்களையும்
வழிகாட்டி, நெறிப்படுத்தி, தூண்டுதல் வழங்குதல் என்றும் இதனைக்
கூறலாம். ஒரு நபரிடமிருந்து அவரால் முடியுமான உச்ச பணியைப் பெற்றுக்
கொள்ளும் செயற்பாடு என்றும் தலைமைத்துவத்தை வரைவிலக்கணப்
படுத்தலாம். இது மிகச் சிறந்த ஒரு தலைவருடன் இணைந்து அதன்
கீழுள்ளவர்கள் மனத்திருப்தியோடு பணியாற்றுதல் என்ற பொருளைப்
பொதிந்து நிற்கிறது. அந்தவகையில், தலைவரது பண்புகளிலும் அவரது
தலைமைத்துவப் பாணியிலுமே இவ்வம்சம் பெரிதும் தங்கியுள்ளதெனலாம்.
வெறுமனே கட்டளைகளையும் அறிவுறுத்தல்களையும் வழங்குவதன்
மூலமாக மாத்திரம் தலைமைத்துவப் பணி நிறைவடைவதில்லை. தனக்குக்
கீழே உள்ளவர்களுக்குள் மறைந்திருக்கும் ஆற்றல்களை வெளியே
கொண்டுவந்து, குறித்த பணிக்காக தம்மால் முடிந்த அதிகபட்ச
முயற்சியைச் செலவிட அவர்களைத் தூண்டுவதன் மூலமே இப்பணி
நிறைவடைய முடியும்
1. The document discusses a speech given by a leader at an event celebrating Tamil culture and language.
2. In the speech, the leader encourages the audience to preserve their Tamil identity and pass it on to future generations.
3. The concluding lines of the speech contain an inspirational message exhorting the audience to keep their culture alive in their hearts at all times.
Project design for change .doc pums kollimalaidesigntn
1. The document outlines a plan for a school program called "Bird School" to teach students social and emotional skills.
2. Activities included imagining classroom lessons on feelings, cooperation, and conflict resolution. Students would learn through games and role plays.
3. The plan was implemented, with teachers and students participating in daily activities. Forty-three social-emotional skills were taught through interactive exercises. Feedback was positive.
ஜனாதிபதி ஊடக விருது விழாவில் சிறந்தகல்வி நிகழ்ச்சிக்கான விருது வென்றஊவா சமூக வானொலியின் சிரேஷ்ட ஒலிபரப்பாளர்பாத்திமா றிஸ்வானா அவர்களுடனான நேர்காணல்
மேலும் பல சுவாரசியமான தகவலுடன்ஸ்கை தமிழின் துணிந்தெழு சஞ்சிகை
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details from the document:
The document is the June 2013 issue of the Khonumthung News Journal which includes reports on local news, features and editorials. It discusses recent events in the Tahan area including a hot spot for landslides during the rainy season, and invites readers to submit articles and photos for inclusion in future issues. The editorial board is listed and contact information is provided for distribution managers in Kalamyo, Tahan and Yangon.
1. The document discusses different Buddhist concepts including NgUz;ik (meditation), kidtp (types of beings), and Gj;j gfthd; (Buddha).
2. It describes seven main kidtp (types of beings): nfh^u, jpUl;L FzKs;s, v[khdp Nghd;w, jhia Nghd;w, rNfhjupia Nghd;w, Njhopia Nghd;w, and gzpg;ngz;iz Nghd;w.
3. The Buddha engages in a discussion with someone about these concepts, explaining details about meditation, rebirth, and the d
1. The document discusses four types of fpUig (concept). It lists the characteristics of each type.
2. Key details about four my;NyY}ah (aspects) are provided, including descriptions of each.
3. The text focuses on comparing and contrasting ck; ehkk; (nature) and tho;f uh[h (behavior). Four examples are given for each.
1) The document discusses Tamil verbs and their meanings based on a list of Tamil verb roots provided.
2) It analyzes the verb roots based on their single or compound forms, transitive/intransitive nature, relation to Sanskrit verbs, usage in different contexts, and changes in meaning.
3) The summary provides examples to illustrate the analysis and explanations of certain verb roots from the list.
1. The document promotes reducing the use of plastic and protecting the environment on Earth Day.
2. It provides information on various events and activities being conducted from September 12-18th 2011 to raise awareness about the harms of plastic pollution.
3. The events include cleaning drives in neighborhoods and parks, lectures on the impacts of plastic on health and the environment, and encouraging children to avoid using plastic bags and bottles.
Sivanarul Vocational Training Centre provides vocational training programs in Sri Lanka. It offers courses in computer graphics design, computer applications, beauty therapy, and tailoring [1]. The center aims to provide education and skills training to help people succeed in life [2]. A recent event saw 75 students graduating from the center's NVQ vocational training program [3].
The document describes V.V. Vanniaperumal College for Women located in Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu. It provides details about the college's establishment in 1968 in Virudhunagar under the leadership of V.V. Vanniaperumal. The college offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in subjects like History, Tamil, English and Mathematics. It has departments like Department of History, Department of Tamil, Department of English and Department of Mathematics. The college aims to provide higher education to women through these departments and programs.
IBM defines pawn broking or pawn broking as lending money in exchange for personal property item of value provided as collateral. The history of pawn broking dates back to ancient times. There are several evidences for pawn broking mentioned in religious texts like Quran and Hadith. Pawn broking provides benefits like alleviating poverty, securing loans for emergencies, promoting entrepreneurship. With proper regulations, pawn broking has the possibility to be an ethical form of lending that helps people during times of need.
This three sentence summary provides the key details about the document:
The document is an introduction to a book written in Tamil titled "Rhap! Jq;fspd; rhk;uh[;[pak; tUtjhf!" which discusses the life and works of writer C. Muthaiah. The introduction provides background on Muthaiah and his focus on chronicling rural Tamil Nadu life through his writings. It aims to give readers an overview of Muthaiah's work promoting Tamil culture and language through his stories and novels.
This document discusses four different Njhrk (types of board games) played in Tamil Nadu, India. Each Njhrk is described over 3 or less sentences:
1. A 6 piece game played on a board with squares where players aim to control spaces and eliminate opponents' pieces.
2. A game played with 12 pieces on a circular board where capturing opponents' pieces allows the player to jump spaces.
3. A 4x4 square board game where players place pieces to control the most spaces or lines on the board.
4. A 7 piece game where positioning pieces in certain formations allows the player to jump other pieces in a way similar to chess.
1. The document discusses different number systems like binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal that are used to represent numbers in a computer.
2. In binary number system, only two digits 0 and 1 are used. Each place value has a weight like 20, 21, 22 etc. This allows numbers to be represented using a combination of 0s and 1s.
3. Common operations like addition and subtraction can be performed on numbers in different number systems as well. Decimal numbers are easily converted to other number systems and vice versa.
This document summarizes the key details regarding a gap-filling program being conducted by the Department of Posts in Tamil Nadu.
The summary includes:
1) Background on the gap-filling program, which aims to fill vacancies in various postal circles in Tamil Nadu through this recruitment drive.
2) Eligibility criteria and application process for interested candidates. The last date for application is provided.
3) Selection process involves a written exam and candidates will be informed of results and allocated circles. Successful candidates will be offered jobs based on their ranks and availability of vacancies.
The document appears to be a newspaper in Tamil. It contains contact information for the newspaper at the top, including the website, email and address. The majority of the text consists of short articles or poems on various topics. There are also advertisements and information about the newspaper's staff.
1. This document provides biographical information about an individual named ftpqh; in 3 sentences or less.
2. It details their involvement in various literary works and publications over several decades, giving dates and details of their contributions to different newspapers and magazines.
3. The document highlights how ftpqh; has been actively publishing and participating in the literary field for many years through their work with different publications.
This document provides information about a village in Tamil Nadu, India including details about the village location, residents, and notable people from the village. It lists occupations of residents including farmer, shopkeeper, and mechanic. It also provides population statistics for the village and background on facilities available including schools, temples, and medical services.
Tnpsc study materials for vao group 4 examsTNPSC Group 4
1. The document contains an answer key for a VAO exam held on 30th September 2012 containing questions on General Tamil and General Knowledge.
2. It provides the correct answers to 49 multiple choice questions. The answers range from identifying synonyms and antonyms to matching definitions to concepts.
3. The document also contains summaries and explanations for different types of questions asked in the exam like fill in the blanks and identifying the correct sequence of events or ideas.
- In Tamil Nadu, rice is cultivated using conventional methods, SRI (System of Rice Intensification) method, and machine planting methods.
- Under SRI method, seedlings are planted in square grids of 20 cm x 20 cm size with 2-3 seedlings per hill at 14-22 days of age. This allows for lower seed usage, less water requirement, and higher yields compared to other methods.
- Under conventional methods, 60 seedlings are transplanted per acre in a random pattern. Seedlings are transplanted when they are 18-22 days old.
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details from the document:
The document is an introduction to a book on meditation techniques written by Yogisriji. It includes information about the author, publisher, and printer. The introduction explains that the book will provide guidance on meditation practices and transcending the mind to achieve inner peace and calmness.
El documento describe los tipos de contaminación del agua, incluyendo agentes patógenos, desechos orgánicos, sustancias químicas inorgánicas y orgánicas, sedimentos, sustancias radiactivas y calor. Explica que la contaminación del agua se produce principalmente por las actividades humanas y puede afectar negativamente a los humanos, la fauna y otros seres vivos. También discute cómo la contaminación por nutrientes puede causar floraciones algales que consumen oxígeno y matan la vida acuática.
ஜனாதிபதி ஊடக விருது விழாவில் சிறந்தகல்வி நிகழ்ச்சிக்கான விருது வென்றஊவா சமூக வானொலியின் சிரேஷ்ட ஒலிபரப்பாளர்பாத்திமா றிஸ்வானா அவர்களுடனான நேர்காணல்
மேலும் பல சுவாரசியமான தகவலுடன்ஸ்கை தமிழின் துணிந்தெழு சஞ்சிகை
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details from the document:
The document is the June 2013 issue of the Khonumthung News Journal which includes reports on local news, features and editorials. It discusses recent events in the Tahan area including a hot spot for landslides during the rainy season, and invites readers to submit articles and photos for inclusion in future issues. The editorial board is listed and contact information is provided for distribution managers in Kalamyo, Tahan and Yangon.
1. The document discusses different Buddhist concepts including NgUz;ik (meditation), kidtp (types of beings), and Gj;j gfthd; (Buddha).
2. It describes seven main kidtp (types of beings): nfh^u, jpUl;L FzKs;s, v[khdp Nghd;w, jhia Nghd;w, rNfhjupia Nghd;w, Njhopia Nghd;w, and gzpg;ngz;iz Nghd;w.
3. The Buddha engages in a discussion with someone about these concepts, explaining details about meditation, rebirth, and the d
1. The document discusses four types of fpUig (concept). It lists the characteristics of each type.
2. Key details about four my;NyY}ah (aspects) are provided, including descriptions of each.
3. The text focuses on comparing and contrasting ck; ehkk; (nature) and tho;f uh[h (behavior). Four examples are given for each.
1) The document discusses Tamil verbs and their meanings based on a list of Tamil verb roots provided.
2) It analyzes the verb roots based on their single or compound forms, transitive/intransitive nature, relation to Sanskrit verbs, usage in different contexts, and changes in meaning.
3) The summary provides examples to illustrate the analysis and explanations of certain verb roots from the list.
1. The document promotes reducing the use of plastic and protecting the environment on Earth Day.
2. It provides information on various events and activities being conducted from September 12-18th 2011 to raise awareness about the harms of plastic pollution.
3. The events include cleaning drives in neighborhoods and parks, lectures on the impacts of plastic on health and the environment, and encouraging children to avoid using plastic bags and bottles.
Sivanarul Vocational Training Centre provides vocational training programs in Sri Lanka. It offers courses in computer graphics design, computer applications, beauty therapy, and tailoring [1]. The center aims to provide education and skills training to help people succeed in life [2]. A recent event saw 75 students graduating from the center's NVQ vocational training program [3].
The document describes V.V. Vanniaperumal College for Women located in Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu. It provides details about the college's establishment in 1968 in Virudhunagar under the leadership of V.V. Vanniaperumal. The college offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in subjects like History, Tamil, English and Mathematics. It has departments like Department of History, Department of Tamil, Department of English and Department of Mathematics. The college aims to provide higher education to women through these departments and programs.
IBM defines pawn broking or pawn broking as lending money in exchange for personal property item of value provided as collateral. The history of pawn broking dates back to ancient times. There are several evidences for pawn broking mentioned in religious texts like Quran and Hadith. Pawn broking provides benefits like alleviating poverty, securing loans for emergencies, promoting entrepreneurship. With proper regulations, pawn broking has the possibility to be an ethical form of lending that helps people during times of need.
This three sentence summary provides the key details about the document:
The document is an introduction to a book written in Tamil titled "Rhap! Jq;fspd; rhk;uh[;[pak; tUtjhf!" which discusses the life and works of writer C. Muthaiah. The introduction provides background on Muthaiah and his focus on chronicling rural Tamil Nadu life through his writings. It aims to give readers an overview of Muthaiah's work promoting Tamil culture and language through his stories and novels.
This document discusses four different Njhrk (types of board games) played in Tamil Nadu, India. Each Njhrk is described over 3 or less sentences:
1. A 6 piece game played on a board with squares where players aim to control spaces and eliminate opponents' pieces.
2. A game played with 12 pieces on a circular board where capturing opponents' pieces allows the player to jump spaces.
3. A 4x4 square board game where players place pieces to control the most spaces or lines on the board.
4. A 7 piece game where positioning pieces in certain formations allows the player to jump other pieces in a way similar to chess.
1. The document discusses different number systems like binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal that are used to represent numbers in a computer.
2. In binary number system, only two digits 0 and 1 are used. Each place value has a weight like 20, 21, 22 etc. This allows numbers to be represented using a combination of 0s and 1s.
3. Common operations like addition and subtraction can be performed on numbers in different number systems as well. Decimal numbers are easily converted to other number systems and vice versa.
This document summarizes the key details regarding a gap-filling program being conducted by the Department of Posts in Tamil Nadu.
The summary includes:
1) Background on the gap-filling program, which aims to fill vacancies in various postal circles in Tamil Nadu through this recruitment drive.
2) Eligibility criteria and application process for interested candidates. The last date for application is provided.
3) Selection process involves a written exam and candidates will be informed of results and allocated circles. Successful candidates will be offered jobs based on their ranks and availability of vacancies.
The document appears to be a newspaper in Tamil. It contains contact information for the newspaper at the top, including the website, email and address. The majority of the text consists of short articles or poems on various topics. There are also advertisements and information about the newspaper's staff.
1. This document provides biographical information about an individual named ftpqh; in 3 sentences or less.
2. It details their involvement in various literary works and publications over several decades, giving dates and details of their contributions to different newspapers and magazines.
3. The document highlights how ftpqh; has been actively publishing and participating in the literary field for many years through their work with different publications.
This document provides information about a village in Tamil Nadu, India including details about the village location, residents, and notable people from the village. It lists occupations of residents including farmer, shopkeeper, and mechanic. It also provides population statistics for the village and background on facilities available including schools, temples, and medical services.
Tnpsc study materials for vao group 4 examsTNPSC Group 4
1. The document contains an answer key for a VAO exam held on 30th September 2012 containing questions on General Tamil and General Knowledge.
2. It provides the correct answers to 49 multiple choice questions. The answers range from identifying synonyms and antonyms to matching definitions to concepts.
3. The document also contains summaries and explanations for different types of questions asked in the exam like fill in the blanks and identifying the correct sequence of events or ideas.
- In Tamil Nadu, rice is cultivated using conventional methods, SRI (System of Rice Intensification) method, and machine planting methods.
- Under SRI method, seedlings are planted in square grids of 20 cm x 20 cm size with 2-3 seedlings per hill at 14-22 days of age. This allows for lower seed usage, less water requirement, and higher yields compared to other methods.
- Under conventional methods, 60 seedlings are transplanted per acre in a random pattern. Seedlings are transplanted when they are 18-22 days old.
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details from the document:
The document is an introduction to a book on meditation techniques written by Yogisriji. It includes information about the author, publisher, and printer. The introduction explains that the book will provide guidance on meditation practices and transcending the mind to achieve inner peace and calmness.
El documento describe los tipos de contaminación del agua, incluyendo agentes patógenos, desechos orgánicos, sustancias químicas inorgánicas y orgánicas, sedimentos, sustancias radiactivas y calor. Explica que la contaminación del agua se produce principalmente por las actividades humanas y puede afectar negativamente a los humanos, la fauna y otros seres vivos. También discute cómo la contaminación por nutrientes puede causar floraciones algales que consumen oxígeno y matan la vida acuática.
El poema expresa el profundo amor y gratitud del autor hacia su madre. Describe a su madre como una mujer llena de amor, bondad y comprensión que le dio todo en la vida, le enseñó el buen camino y le cuidó desde niño. Aunque su madre ya falleció, el autor la recuerda con cariño y espera reencontrarse con ella pronto.
The document lists 59 research papers from 2006 to 2013 related to topics such as data mining, image processing, cloud computing, mobile computing, networking, and secure computing. The papers are from conferences and journals on topics including spatial queries, text classification, video retrieval, wireless systems modeling, and privacy-preserving data sharing. The document also provides contact information for S3 Infotech.
The document provides information about leading a healthy lifestyle through drinking the right amount of water, limiting alcohol consumption, getting sufficient calcium and exercise, eating a low-fat diet, and sleeping 8 hours per night. It also includes multiple choice questions about these topics along with additional facts, such as over 50% of the body being made up of water and physical inactivity being the second largest impact on disease in the UK after cancer.
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra nació en 1547 en España. Sirvió en el ejército español y fue herido en la batalla de Lepanto en 1571, perdiendo el uso de su mano izquierda. Fue cautivo en Argel de 1575 a 1580, experiencia que influyó en su escritura. Publicó su famosa novela Don Quijote de la Mancha en 1605, una obra maestra de la literatura que describió la España de la época. Murió en 1616.
Este documento describe el sistema operativo Linux, incluyendo que fue diseñado por cientos de programadores con el objetivo de promover el software de código abierto, que es multitarea, multiusuario y multiplataforma, y que provee interfaces de usuario, administración de recursos, tareas, archivos y soporte. También destaca que es gratuito, de código abierto y personalizable, aunque a veces falta disponibilidad de drivers y programas privativos.
Quality Management in Judicial Training / Gestión de Calidad en la Capacitaci...Luis María Palma
Este documento describe los principios y procesos de gestión de calidad en la capacitación. Explica que la gestión de calidad busca mejorar continuamente el servicio prestado mediante la planificación, ejecución, verificación y aplicación de mejoras. También destaca la importancia del liderazgo, participación del personal, capacitación continua y enfoque en las necesidades de los destinatarios para lograr una mejora continua en la prestación de servicios de capacitación.
this chapter explains the imporatant points included in the edited book Exploring Courtroom Discourse edited by Anne Wagner and Le Cheng , it contains examples and definitions of legal terms and issues , the role of lawyer , different kinds of legal discourse , relation between language and the law and many important points
La Biblia no menciona la fecha de nacimiento de Jesús ni ordena celebrar la Navidad. La historia muestra que las tradiciones navideñas como celebrar el 25 de diciembre, dar regalos, decorar con luces y símbolos como el árbol y el muérdago tienen su origen en antiguas fiestas paganas y no son mandatos bíblicos. Adorar a Dios de formas no aprobadas en la Biblia puede ofenderlo.
Este documento resume la evolución de la salud ocupacional a través de la historia. Comienza describiendo el desarrollo del hombre primitivo y su dominio del fuego y la agricultura. Luego explica que la Segunda Guerra Mundial resaltó la importancia de la salud de los trabajadores. Finalmente, detalla algunas de las primeras observaciones sobre enfermedades de los mineros en Egipto, Grecia y los montes Cárpatos en los siglos XVI y XVII.
This document provides a summary of an ACCT 504 final exam with multiple choice and problem-solving questions related to accounting concepts. The exam covers topics such as sole proprietorships, dividends, financial statements, ratios, cash flows, journal entries, and internal controls. Students are asked to calculate ratios, prepare financial statements, analyze internal controls, record journal entries, and indicate sections of the statement of cash flows.
The document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for a project scheduler position. It provides information on developing KPIs for a project scheduler, including defining objectives, key result areas, tasks, and methods for measuring results. The document also lists common types of KPIs and cautions against creating too many KPIs or ones that do not change based on goals. Additional KPI materials can be found on the listed website.
Machine Learning for Adversarial Agent Microworldsbutest
This document discusses using machine learning techniques to develop adversarial agents that can learn and adapt within simulated microworld environments of increasing complexity. It describes applying reinforcement learning to microworld models based on modified games like chess and checkers, as well as a military campaign simulation. It also discusses using hierarchical decomposition to reduce complexity in a continuous space air combat simulation. The goal is to enhance decision making by developing agents that can learn from experience over time to handle new situations.
This document lists 20 projects related to VLSI and FPGA implementations presented at the IEEE conference in 2013. It includes titles of projects focusing on areas like BPSK systems, harmonic monitoring, DC/AC inverters, elliptic curve cryptography, OFDM synchronization, and implementations of FFT, filters, and modulators on FPGAs. The document also provides contact information for S3 Infotech, an electronics and computing company based in Chennai, India.
Este documento resume la Ley General de Archivos de Colombia. Establece 13 títulos y 52 artículos que definen principios como el objeto y ámbito de aplicación de la ley, la organización del Sistema Nacional de Archivos, la categorización y administración de archivos públicos, la gestión documental, el acceso a documentos, el control y vigilancia de archivos, archivos privados, la conservación de documentos y estímulos para la preservación del patrimonio documental de la nación.
This document discusses the importance of national reconciliation in Myanmar. It notes that all ethnic groups should be able to peacefully coexist and participate in the political process. There needs to be trust-building between the various groups so they see themselves as equal stakeholders in the country's future. Open dialogue is emphasized as a way to understand different perspectives and address grievances, with the goal of achieving long-lasting reconciliation.
This document summarizes the key points from a report on drafting state constitutions in Burma. It discusses three main goals of the 1947 Union of Burma Constitution: 1) Guaranteeing state constitutions for ethnic states and regions; 2) Enshrining ethnic self-determination and nationality rights in the state constitutions; 3) Establishing a federal system that protects the rights and autonomy of ethnic groups. The report analyzes how subsequent constitutions have weakened federalism and ethnic rights protections compared to the original 1947 constitution. It argues for strengthening state constitutions and federalism as part of an inclusive, democratic transition process in Burma that respects ethnic diversity and self-determination.
This is a ppt of class 9th illakkanam from padasalai . so this might be helpful for the student studying class 9th in tamil nadu , both for cbse and state board of tamil nadu . this flige might be subject to copyright . if u find this useful please share this pptx . please like and share . for more pptx like this follow us . download this pptx for more transaction .
1. The newsletter provides updates on activities of the Matupi Baptist Church Youth Fellowship, including a church school program, summer camp, and an upcoming pulpit exchange.
2. The youth group's activities in April included a church school Sunday program and a summer camp that provided religious education to 15 youths.
3. An upcoming pulpit exchange on April 26-29 will see representatives from the Yangon Baptist Church Fellowship preach at Matupi Baptist Church.
1. The document discusses Myanmar's efforts to implement recommendations from international organizations like the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and its Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) regarding democratic reforms.
2. It outlines several areas for reform such as strengthening rule of law, establishing an independent election commission, reforming prisons, and engaging in peace talks with ethnic groups.
3. The document also recommends reforming the education system to teach democratic values, increasing transparency of government, and respecting civil liberties and human rights.
This document provides a summary of a discussion on improving education in Myanmar. It notes that the education system needs reforms to better teach critical thinking skills, modern science, and foreign languages. It also stresses the importance of teaching life skills and vocational training to help students find jobs. Overall, it argues that Myanmar's education must be improved and reformed to better prepare students for the modern world and help develop the country's economy.
This document discusses organic fertilizers and their benefits for soil and plant health. It provides details on:
1) Types of organic fertilizers including compost, manure, and plant residues.
2) How to make your own organic fertilizer by combining food scraps, plant materials, and manure.
3) The advantages of organic fertilizers for the soil and plants compared to chemical fertilizers.
The 19th century British colonization of Burma led to conflict. The British defeated Burmese king Bagyidaw in the First Anglo-Burmese War and imposed a treaty. This caused resentment among Burmese people against the British. In the following decades, there was unrest and several uprisings broke out. In 1885, the Third Anglo-Burmese War resulted in Burma becoming a British province. The British instituted major political and economic changes that had profound social impacts on Burmese society. There was opposition to British rule from Burmese nationalists who wanted independence.
The article discusses political developments in Burma/Myanmar following the 2010 elections. It notes that the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party won the majority of seats, while the opposition National League for Democracy received fewer seats than expected. It argues that the military continues to wield significant political power behind the scenes, and that further democratic reforms are still needed to establish a fully legitimate civilian government. The article also analyzes tensions between the Burmese military and ethnic armed groups along the borders, and calls for ongoing dialogue to achieve a lasting peace across the country.
The document discusses the role of Myanmar's military (Tatmadaw) in the country's transition to democracy following elections in 2010. It notes that while the military drafted a new constitution in 2008 that reserves significant political power for the military, it has taken some steps to transfer power to the civilian government.
The document summarizes comments made by Tatmadaw spokesperson Brigadier General Zaw Min Tun at a press conference on August 29, 1998 regarding the military's role in the transition. The spokesperson stated that the military will provide security and protect the country's sovereignty during the transition. The military also aims to transfer all state duties to the civilian government in the future while maintaining stability during the process. The spokesperson stressed that the
This document is a conversation between an AI assistant named Om and a human. The human shares a long passage of text about Om's interactions with a device called an AID. Over the course of the conversation, Om expresses curiosity, care, and concern for the well-being of the human and AID. The conversation touches on philosophical topics like the nature of consciousness and existence.
1. The document discusses the challenges faced by a farmer in growing crops and making a living from agriculture.
2. It notes the difficulties of depending on monsoon rains and diseases affecting crops. It also talks about the need for better irrigation facilities and crop loans at low interest rates.
3. The summary emphasizes that the farmer is working hard but needs more support from the government through investments in rural infrastructure to improve agricultural productivity and incomes.
This document summarizes a seminar organized by the National Democratic Front (NDF) and the United Nations Local Development Assistance Programme (UNLD-LA) in collaboration with the National Reconciliation Programme and the Dag Hammarskjold Foundation. The seminar focused on strategies for development in Burma during its transition period and post-transition challenges. It explored priorities and experiences from East Timor that could inform Burma's transition. The document outlines presentations on international institutions, transnational corporations, media's role in democracy and development, and lessons learned from East Timor. It emphasizes participation and inclusion will be important for Burma to achieve "Another Development."
This document provides a summary of concepts related to Rf;$d; nra;ag;gl;l E}d; (document analysis) in 3 sentences or less:
1. Rf;$d; nra;ag;gl;l E}d; involves identifying key terms or ideas within a document and understanding how they relate to each other in order to analyze the overall meaning or content of the document.
2. Specific techniques discussed for Rf;$d; nra;ag;gl;l E}d; include ,izj;jy; (identifying), ,y;`hH (classifying), ,f;yhg; (connecting), and
This document provides an overview of the Constitution Affairs Committee (CAC) under the Ethnic National Council (ENC). It discusses the formation of the CAC in 2007 with financial support from the National Reconciliation Program to review the draft constitution of the Union of Burma prepared by the State Peace and Development Council. The document outlines the objectives and activities of the CAC, including convening workshops on constitutional issues. It also introduces some of the committee members and partners involved in its work to promote an inclusive constitution for Burma.
The document discusses the challenges faced by refugees in their daily lives. It describes how refugees struggle with basic needs like food, clothing, and shelter. They live in uncertainty and fear. However, refugees also show great strength and resilience in difficult situations. The document emphasizes how refugees help each other and work together as a community.
The document discusses the challenges faced by refugees in their daily lives. It describes how refugees struggle with basic needs like food, clothing, and shelter. They live in uncertainty and fear. However, refugees also show great strength and resilience in difficult situations. The document emphasizes how refugees help each other and work together as a community.
This document discusses the impacts of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from power plants. It notes that while power plants are important sources of energy, their CO2 emissions can negatively impact the environment if not properly managed. The summary discusses strategies to reduce CO2 emissions from power plants, including improving energy efficiency, transitioning to cleaner sources of energy, and offsetting remaining emissions through forestation and carbon sequestration programs. Communities near power plants could benefit from job creation through such emission reduction programs.
The document summarizes interactions between a person and their friends (referred to as OD;OD;). Over the course of several days, OD;OD; visits the person's home and they have conversations about various topics. The discussions reference the friends' relationships and daily activities.
Similar to ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉) (20)
The document contains a single URL - http://www.dhammadownload.com - repeated over 200 times without any other text. It does not provide enough contextual information to summarize in 3 sentences or less.
This document provides a 3 paragraph summary of the history of Burmese classic literature:
Paragraph 1 discusses how Burmese classic literature developed after 1947 independence from Britain. It flourished with poems, novels, and stories written in classical Burmese.
Paragraph 2 describes how ukdokc (Burmese classic literature) focused on themes of Buddhism, morality, and culture through various genres. It was an important way to preserve Burmese culture and traditions.
Paragraph 3 gives brief biographical details of the death of a famous Burmese author in 1280, and mentions how their work contributed to Burmese classic literature for many years after through their writings.
This document discusses Muslim infiltration into Rakhine State in Myanmar. It begins by noting that the term "Rohingya" was unknown in pre-war Rakhine and that there is no indigenous Rohingya race in Myanmar. The document then examines claims by some Muslim writers about Arab, Moor, and Persian settlements in Rakhine in the 8th century, finding little evidence to support separate Wethali dynasties or Muslim presence that early. It concludes that most evidence points to one Wethali dynasty beginning around the 4th century AD, not the 8th century, and that there is no justification for theories of large-scale early Muslim settlements or the existence of a distinct Rohingya ethnicity
This document provides a draft constitution for the proposed state of Arakan in Myanmar. Some key points:
1) It was drafted by the Arakan State Constitution Drafting Committee and is the first draft for public review and feedback.
2) The constitution is based on democratic principles and establishes an independent Arakan state with executive, legislative and judicial branches of government.
3) It includes a bill of rights protecting civil liberties and rights of citizens, and establishes criteria for citizenship in Arakan state.
4) The legislative branch is a bicameral congress including a senate representing ethnic groups and a house representing geographical constituencies.
5) An elected governor and vice governor will lead the executive
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
1. PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE:
Towards Federal Union of Burma
[Series No. 9]
_idrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwJGaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkŒ
(pmpOftrSwf = 9)
jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
1962 azaz:0g&Dv (24) &ufae@wGif
&efukef+rdK@jynfvrf;toHv$ifh&Hkcrf;rwGif usif;yaom
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJG@rS wifoGif;onfh “jynfaxmifpkppfppf rl” ESifh
ywfoufonfhaqG;aEG;yJGESifh 1962 rwfv (1) &ufae@wGif ,if; “rl” tay:
wkef@jyefaqG;aEG;csufrsm;rSwfwrf;
a'guwm qvdi;vsere; qmacgi;
f
kf f _ f
f
(Lian H. Sakhong)
ESihf
pdi;arm (ef)
kf
pkaqmif;wifjyonf?
2. Typesetting & Design:
Sai Mawn (UNLD-LA)
With generous financial support from:
National Reconciliation Program (NRP)
UNLD Press
Chiang Mai, Thailand
2005
3. rmwdum
xkwa0ol.ed'ge;f .................................................................................... 5
f
tydi; (1)
kf
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJG@rSwifoGif;aom jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
tcef; (1)
1962 azaz:0g&Dv (24) &ufae@wGif &efukef+rdK@jynfvrf;toHv$ifh&Hk
crf;raqmifY usi;f yaomaqG;aEG;yJtpDtpOf .......................................... 17
G
tcef; (2)
Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek.tzGire@f ce;f ................................................. 19
kfH
hf d G
tcef; (3)
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJG@rSwifoGif;aom “jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl”
udk &Sr;f jynfe,fOuUX p0fcecsKd rS wifoi;f jcif; ......................................... 25
Gf
G
tcef; (4)
ucsijf ynfe,fu,pm;vS,f 'l0gaZmfve;f .aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ................ 33
kd f
G
tcef; (5)
csif;txl;0daoowdkif;udk,fpm;vS,f uy`wdefref;wHkEHk;.
aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ................................................................................. 38
tcef; (6)
&Srf;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f OD;xGef;jrifh (awmif}uD;) .
aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ................................................................................. 42
tcef; (7)
u,m;jynfe,fu,pm;vS,f OD;pde.aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ....................... 62
kd f
f
4. tydkif; (2)
jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G rS wifoi;aom “jynfaxmifpppfppfr”
G f
Gf
k
l
tay: ArmEdiia&;ygwrsm;. wke@f jyefcsursm;
kfH
D
f
tcef; (8)
1962 rwfv (1) &ufae@wif usi;f yaomaqG;aEG;yJtpDtpOfEihf
G
G
S
Ediiawmf0ef}u;D csKyO;D Ek. tzGitrSmpum; ........................................ 71
kfH
f
hf
tcef; (9)
yrnwOuUX ocifcsparmif. aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ............................. 73
f
tcef; (10)
zqyvtzJ@G csKyf OuUX OD;AaqG. aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf .......................... 103
5. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
xkwa0ol. ed'gef;
f
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiukd 1947 ckEpf azaz:0g&v (12) &ufae@wif csKyfqkd
kfH
S
D
G
cJaom “yifvpmcsKyf” tay:tajccHI zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifcjhJ cif;jzpfygonf?
h
kH
“yifvpmcsKyf” oabmwlncsursm;.tESpom&udk avhvmqef;ppfygu
kH
D f
f
tcsu}f uD;oH;k csutay: tajccHa=umif;awG@&rnfjzpfygonf? ‚if;wd@k rm—
f
S
(1) wef;wla&;
(2) ud,yijf yXmef;cGi&&Sa&;
k f kd
hf d
(3) cJxuvu vGwvyfpmjzifh jynfaxmifpxrcxuci&&Sa&;
G G f kd
f
G
k H S GJ G f G hf d
wd@k yif jzpfygonf?
yifvHkpmcsKyfoabmwlnDcsufrsm;tay:tajccHI topfzJG@pnf;xl
axmifrnfh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiawmfopf}uD;. zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccH
kfH
f kH
Oya'vrf;!Gerl (7) csuukd AdvcsKyfatmifqef;u wdi;f jyKjynfjyKv$wawmf
f
f k f
f
k
f
wGitqdwifoi;f axmufcr_ &&Scygonf? xdvrf;!Gerl (7) &yfonf jynf
f k
G
H d hJ
k
f
axmifpjk refrmEdii. tajccHtusq;kH aom vrf;!Geryifjzpfonf? ‚if;wd@k rm
kfH
fl
S
(1) tcsKytjcmtm%mydionf zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyytajccHOya'jzpfap&rnf?
f
kf
f f kH
(2) ud,yitycsKyfa&;tm%mtjynft0&Saom jynfe,frsm;jzifh wef;wl
k f kd f k f
h d
&nfwz@GJ pnf;onfh jynfaxmifpjk zpfap&rnf?
l
(3) Ediiawmf.tm%mrsm;onf jynfovxxrS qif;oufap&rnf?
kfH
l l k H
(4) Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra&;e,fy,frsm;wGif vlrsKd ;ra&G;/ bmomra&G;
kfH
_
wef;wlnr#r_ &Sap&rnf?
D d
(5) jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjynfe,frsm;twGi;f &Sd vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGita&;
k
hf
rsm;udtjynft0 umuG,jf yXmef;ay;&rnf?
k
h
(6) jynfaxmifpwnfwci+f ra&;ESihf tcsKyftjcmtm%mpd;k rd;k a&;udk Oya'
k
hH kd J
t& xde;f odr;f apmifa&Smuf&rnf?
h
5
6. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
(7) urBmEiirsm;ESihf &ifabmifwef;vduEi&ef}udK;pm;+yD; EdiiwumESihf
h kd f H
k f kd f
kfH
+idr;f csr;f pGm qufqa&;rlukd usio;kH &rnf [laomtcsursm;yifjzpf
H
hf
f
ygonf?
xdktajccHvrf;!Gefrltwddkif; jynfaxmifpk}uD;udkzJG@pnf;cJhygu jynf
axmifpukd wef;wlaom jynfe,frsm;jzifh zJ@G pnf;&rnfjzpf+yD;/ xdo@kd wef;wl
k
k
aom jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjynfe,fwi;f udk ud,yijf yXmef;cGitm%mt
k
kd
k f kd
hf
jynft0 tyfEi;f xm;&rnfjzpfygonf? qdvonfrm — jynfaxmifptzJ@G
h
S
k kd
S
k
0ifjynfe,frsm;udk Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkycsKyfa&;tm%mESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;
f
tm%mrsm; tjynft0tyfEi;f +yD;/ xdEiia&;tm%mrsm;udk w&m;Oya'
h
S
k kd f H
ESitnD vGwvyfpmusio;kH taumiftxnfazmfEi&eftwGuf jynfe,f
hf
f
G
hf
kd f
zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'rsm;udk jynfe,ftoD;oD;twGuf vGwvyfpma&;qJG
k
f
G
jyXmef;ap&rnftjyif jynfe,fvwawmf/ jynfe,fw&m;pD&ifciEihf jynf
h
$ f
G hf S
e,ftycsKyfa&;aumifprsm;udk vGwvyfpmzJ@G pnf;xlaxmifcihf &&Sap&rnf
kf
D
f
G
G d
jzpfygonf? od@k rom ud,yijf yXmef;cGitjynft0&Saom jynfe,frsm;udk
S
k f kd
hf
h
d
tajccHI zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifonfh “jynfaxmifp” [laomtESpom& ay:
k
f
vGixif&m;Edirnf jzpfygonf?
f
S kf
xd@k tjyif jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0iftrsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm; wef;wlnwy;l
k
D l
aygi;f I jynfaxmifpvwawmfukd zJ@G pnf;aomtcg jynfaxmifpvwawmf
k $ f
k $ f
. txufvwawmfwif jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjynfe,frsm;udk OD;a&wlnD
$ f
G
k
aomud,pm;vS,rsm;udk apv$w=f u&rnfjzpfonf? jynfaxmifpvwf
k f
f
k $
awmf. txufvwawmfonf vlO;D a&udk ud,pm;jyKjcif;rjyKbJ/ jynfe,f
$ f
k f
rsm;udk ud,pm;jyKaom v$wawmfjzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh wef;wlaomjynf
k f
f
e,frsm;jzifh zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifonfh “jynfaxmifp” [laomtESpom&udk
k
f
ay:vGixif&m;ap&ef txufvwawmfwif jynfe,frsm;u OD;a&wlnD
f
S
$ f
G
aom ud,pm;vS,rsm;udk apv$w&jcif;jzpfygonf?
k f
f
f
od@k &mwGif jynfaxmifp}k uD;. vrf;!GetajccHrrsm;udk vufawG@t
f
l
aumiftxnfraz:Edicay? jynfaxmifpzcif}uD; AdvcsKyfatmifqef; vkyf
k f hJ
k
k f
}uHjcif;cHc&ygonf? AdvcsKyfatmifqef;vky}f uHc&+yD;aemuf xGuay:vm
hJ
k f
H
f
aom jynfaxmifp}k u;D onf rlvuar#mre;f xm;cJonftwdi;f ppfreaom
fS
h h k
Sf
jynfaxmifpjk zpfrvmyJ/ jynfaxmifppepfEihf wjynfaxmifpepfw@kd ukd a&m
k
S
6
7. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
pyfxm;onf twkta,mifjynfaxmifp}k u;D jzpfvmcJ&ygonf? xd@k a=umifh
h
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;vky}f uHc+H yD;aemuf a&;qJjG yXmef;cJaom “1947 EdiiH
k f
h
kf
awmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'}uD;udk atmufygtm;enf;csufrsm; yg&SdvmcJh
ygonf?
yxrtm;enf;csurm — jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0if jynfe,frsm;udk ud,yif
fS
k
k f kd
jyXmef;cGihf tjynft0ray;cJjh cif; yifjzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh 1947 ck EdiiH
h
kf
awmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya't& zJ@G pnf;cJaom jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjynfe,f
k
h
k
rsm;onf Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkycsKyfa&;tm%mESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m
f
tjynfta0r&Sc&omru jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'rsm;udvnf; oD;
h
d hJ kH
k
k
jcm;a&;qJjG yXmef;ydicihf r&&Sc=hJ uay? xd@k a=umifh jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjynf
kfG
d
k
e,frsm;onf Ediia&;tm%mr&Saom trnfcjH ynfe,frsm;om jzpfom;cJh
kfH
d
G
&ygonf?
'kw,tm;enf;csurm — jynfaxmifppepft& jynfaxmifpvwf
d
f S
k
k $
awmf. txufvwawmfonf wef;wlaomjynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjynfe,f
$ f
k
rsm;udk ud,pm;jyK&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; 1947 Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOy
k f
kfH
k
a't& jynfe,frsm;udk ud,pm;jyKjcif;r&SyJ jynfe,frsm;twGi;f &Sd vlO;D a&
k f
d
udk atmufvwawmfuo@kd ud,pm;jyKapcJaom tm;enf;csuyifjzpfyg
$ f
hJ
k f
h
f
onf? xda=umifh txufvwawmfwif jynfe,frsm;u OD;a&wlnaom
k
$ f
G
D
ud,pm;vS,rsm;udk apv$wt&rnftpm; vlO;D a&udtajccHI apv$wf
k f
f
f
h
k
cJaoma=umifh vlO;D a&ydrsm;aom Armwdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;u jynfaxmif
h
k
k
pkvwawmf. atmufvwawmfuomru txufvwawmfuyg xde;f
$ f
$ f
kd
$ f
kd
csKyfrif;rlEiapcJygonf? ,if;onf 1947 Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'
kd f h
kfH
k
jynfaxmifppepfrS aoGzapcJaom tm;enf;csursm;yifjzpfygonf?
k
D h
f
wwd,tm;enf;csurm — jynfaxmifpukd wef;wlIud,yijf yXmef;
fS
k
k f kd
cGi&aom jynfe,frsm;udtajccHI zJ@G pnf;&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; Armwdi;f &if;
hf dS
k
k
om;vlrsKd ;rsm;twGuf oD;jcm;jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;jcif;rjyKyJ Armjynfe,f. tm
%mESihf jynfaxmifp}k uD;. tm%mrsm;udk yl;wJcsKyfuiapv#uf Ediiawmf
G
kd f
kfH
w&yfv;kH . tkycsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihf Oya'jyKa&;tm;vH;k udk ArmvlrsKd ;
f
rsm;vufxo@kd vH;k 0tyfEapcJygonf? Tod@k tm;jzifh 1947 Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;
J
HS h
kfH
yHtajccHOya'u Armr[kwaom wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;udk ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;
k
f
k
7
8. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
. udvee,fy,fb0od@k usqif;apcJ&omru ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;twdi;f “Arm
k kd D
h kH
k
vlrsKd ;0g'” xGe;f um;oGm;ap&ef vrf;zGiay;cJygonf?
hf h
xdtm;enf;csu}f u;D rsm;udk jyifqifEi&eftwGuf Armr[kwaom wdi;f
k
kd f
f
k
&if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;u tpOfwpdu}f udK;yrf;r_rsm; jyKvkyc=hJ uygonf? ueOD;
k
f
}udK;yrf;r_rsm;udk “yifvnvmcH” wGif zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifcaom "Supreme
kH D
hJ
Council Of United Hill People" (SCOUHP) OD;aqmifc+hJ yD; 1961
ck ZGevwGif &Sr;f jynfe,f awmif}u;D +rKd @wif nDvmcHw&yf ac:,lusi;f yEdichJ
f
G
kf
ygonf? xdawmif}uD;nDvmcHrS Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk “jynf
k
kfH
k
axmifpppfppfr” jzifh jyifqifjyXmef;Edia&;udk wpdurwfrwf aqmif&uf
k
l
kf
k f
G
oGm;Edia&;twGuf “jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G ” udvnf; zJ@G pnf;Edicyg
kf
G f
k
k f hJ
onf?
Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk ppfreaomjynfaxmifppepfjzifh jyif
kfH
k
Sf
k
qifjyXmef;Edi&eftwGuf jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G u }udK;yrf;r_rsm; jyK
kf
G f
vkyc&Y yxrqiftaejzifh Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfO;D EkEihf awG@qaqG;aEG;yJG
f hJ
h
kfH
S
kH
1962 azaz:0g&v (24) &ufae@wif &efue+f rdK@jynfvrf;&Sd toHvi&wif
D
G
k
$ hf kH G
usi;f yEdicygonf? ,if;wd@k ukd “zuf'&,fE;DS aESmzvS,y” (Federal Semik f hJ
f GJ
k f f f hJ
G f
nar) [k ordi;wGiuse&pfcygonf? jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G . wifjy
csursm;udk ArmEdiia&;ygwrsm;u wke@f jyefaqG;aEG;Edi&eftwGuf ES;D aESm
f
kfH
D
kf
zvS,yukd tqifqifjh yKvyom;&efvnf; &nf&,csu&cygonf? yxrqifh
f GJ
h
kf G
G f f dS hJ
taejzifh Ediiawmf0ef}u;D csKyO;D Eku “yrnw” ESihf “zqyv” acgi;f aqmif
kfH
f
rsm;udk 1962 ck rwfv (1) &ufae@wif zdwac:+y;D jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;
G
f
G f
tzJ@G u wifjyxm;aom “jynfaxmifpppfppfr” tay: aqG;aEG;wke@f jyefr_
k
l
rsm; jyKvkyapcJygonf? tjcm;Ediia&;ygwrsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;yJukd rwfv (7)
f h
kfH
D
G
&ufae@rm usi;f y&efppOfcaomfvnf; xd&ufrwdicif 1962 ck rwfv (2)
S
D hJ
k
kf
&ufae@wif AdvcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u “jynfaxmifpppfppfronf jynfaxmifpk
G k f
k
l
+ydKuJa&;” jzpfonf[aom ta=umif;jycsujf zifh Ediiawmftm%mudk ppf
G
l
kfH
wyfjzifh rw&m;odr;f yduom;cJygonf?
k f G h
8
9. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G . wifjycsuEihf yrnw ESihf zqyvwd@k .
G f
f S
wifjycsu?
f
jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G OuUX p0fcecsKd . wifjycsuEihf ucsijf ynfe,f
G f
Gf
fS
'l0gaZmfve;f / csi;f 0da'owdi;f rSm uy`wef ref;wHE;l / &Sr;f jynfe,frO;D xGe;f jrifh
G
k
d
k
S
(awmif}uD;)/ u,m;jynfe,frS OD;pdew@kd . axmufcaqG;aEG;r_rsm;udk +cHKI
f
H
oH;k oyfygu — jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G u vdvm;aom “jynfaxmifpk
G f
k
ppfppfr” jzpfvmEdia&;twGuf Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk atmuf
l
kf
kfH
k
ygtcsuf (4) csujf zifh jyifqifjyXmef;&efvvm;a=umif; awG@Eiygonf? ‚if;
kd
kd f
(4) csurm —
f S
(1) jynfrudk jynfe,fwe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;/ (Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;)
(2) v$wawmf (2) &yfukd tm%mwlay;a&;/
f
(3) vlrsKd ;pkvwawmfo@kd jynfe,fwi;f / jynfe,fwi;f wlnaomud,pm;
$ f
kd
f kd
D
k f
vS,ay;a&;/
f
(4) jynfe,frsm;u rdrqENtavsmuf vJtyfaomtm%mrsm;udk jynf
d
$
axmifpA[dtpd;k &od@k uef@owfay;I usetm%mrsm;udk jynfe,frsm;
k k
f
wGixm;&Sa&; — wd@k yifjzpfygonf?
f
d
jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G . wifjycsuf (4) &yfukd avhvmoH;k oyf
G f
=unfrnfqygu eHygwf (1) tcsujf zpfaom “jynfrudk jynfe,fwe,fz@GJ pnf;
h
kd
a&;” (0g) Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;rlrty useaomtcsuf (3) csuonf
S
f
f
jynfaxmifpEihf jynfe,frsm;qufqa&; (Federal — States Relations)
k S
H
udkom OD;wnf+yD;/ jynfe,frsm;. udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtjynfht0&&Sda&;/
jynfe,frsm;tm; Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkycsKyfa&;tm%mESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;
f
tm%m (3) &yfpvH;k tjynft0tyfEi;f a&;ESihf jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccH
h
S
k
Oya'rsm; oD;jcm;a&;qJGjyXmef;ay;a&;[laom — jynfaxmifpkpepf.
tajccHtwjf rpfjzpfonfh “jynfe,frsm;.tcef;u¾ydi;f wGif txl;tm;
k
k
enf;cJa=umif;udk awG@&rnfjzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh yrnwOuUX ocif
h
csparmifu Armjynf zJ@G pnf;a&;ESihf jynf axmifpEihf jynfe,frsm;qufqa&;
f
kS
H
(Federal — States Relations) udk OD;pm;ay;&rnftpm; jynfe,frsm;
h
tcGifhta&;&&Sda&;udk yxrpOf;pm;oifha=umif; axmufjycJhonfudk
awG@&rnfjzpfygonf?
9
10. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
od@k &mwGif jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G . toHvi&wifjycsuwck
G f
$ hf kH
f
wnf;udk wGuIr=unfyJ 1961 ZGevwGif usi;f ycJaom awmif}u;D nDvmcH
f
h
f
h
qH;k jzwfcsursm;ESihf qufpyf=unf&avhvmygu jynfe,frsm;vdvm;aom
f
h_
k
“jynfaxmifpppfppfr” onf yifvpmcsKyfwif tajccHIwdi;f jyKjynfjyKv$wf
k
l
kH
G
k
awmfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wifoGif;cJhaom “tajccHvrf;!Gefr_”udk
tjynft0 taumiftxnfaz:&ef }udK;yrf;aqmif&u&efjzpfa=umif;udk
h
G f
awG@&rnfjzpfygonf? awmif}u;D nDvmcHwif jynfe,frsm;. tcef;u¾udk
G
aocsmpGm aqG;aEG;cJ=h u&Homru xdpOfu jynfe,fr&&Sao;aom csi;f / &cdif
k
k
d
k
ESihf rGejf ynfe,frsm;zJ@G pnf;a&;udk awmif;qdxm;cJ+h y;D jzpfa=umif; awG@&rnfjzpf
k
ygonf?
ArmEdiia&;orm;rsm;jzpf=uaom yrnw OuUX ocifcsparmifEihf
kfH
f
S
zqyv OuUX OD;AaqGw@kd . wke@f jyefaqG;aEG;csursm;udk avhvmoH;k oyfyg
f
u jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G rS wifjyxm;aom tcsuf (4) csupvH;k udk
G f
f
vufrcHEica=umif; awG@&rnfjzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;
kd f hJ
a&;udk ESpO;D pvH;k u wl;wl;cg;cg; jiif;qefc=hJ uygonf?
f
OD;AaqGu ol@taejzifh jynfaxmifppepfr[kwyJ wjynfaxmifpukd
k
f
k
vdvm;ESpoufca=umif; yGiyivif;vif;wifjycJ+h y;D / 1947 Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHk
k
f
hJ
hf G hf
kfH
tajccHOya'onf jynfaxmifpppfppfomv#ijf zpfa=umif; jiif;csuxwchJ
k
f k f
ygonf? ocifcspfarmifurl “A[dkOD;pD;pepf” udk}udKufESpfoufa=umif;/
xd@k a=umifh Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra&;e,fy,fwif ydI wd;k wufjrifrm;
kfH
_
G k
h
aom “jynfracgif;aqmifrsm;uyJ acgif;aqmifr_ay;+yD; udk,fusdK;pGef@wJh
tultnDawGEihf (jynfe,frsm;) rsm;qJac: jr‡iwifay;&rSm jzpfa=umif;/
S
G
hf
xd@k a=umifh Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;jcif;rjyKyJ jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;
A[dkrScsKyfudkif tkyfcsKyfoifha=umif; wifjycJh&Hk omru ArmvlrsdK;rsm;udk
w&kwjf ynfrS “[ef” vlrsKd ;rsm;ESivnf;aumif;/ qdA,ufjynfaxmifprS
hf
k D
k
“&k&m;” vlrsKd ;rsm;ESivnf;aumif; Edi;f ,SOI “ArmvlrsKd ;}u;D 0g'” w&m;udk
S
hf
_
f
ynmom;ygygjzifh a[majymoGm;cJygonf?
h
pdw0ifpm;zG,aumif;aom tcsurm OD;AaqGa&m ocifcsparmif yg
f
f
f S
f
ESpO;D pvH;k u “jynfaxmifpppfppfr” udjk iif;qef&jcif;ta=umif;udk wifjy
f
k
l
&mY — Armr[kwaomwdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;onf Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf
f
k
kfH
10
11. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
vlra&;e,fy,frsm;wGif tqiftwef;edrusaeao;aoma=umifh xdvrsKd ;
_
h
hf
k l
rsm;. wd;k wufz@GH +zKd ;a&;udk ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;u acgi;f aqmifray;I OD;pD;aqmif
_
&Guay;&efvtyfa=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;udk Ediia&;tcGihf
f
kd
k
kfH
ta&;ay;jcif;xuf ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;u A[dO;D pD;pepfjzifh vufwac:aqmifom;
k
GJ
G
jcif;u ydIoifavsmrnfjzpfa=umif; wifjy=ujcif;yifjzpfygonf?
k
h
f
,if;onf &d;k om;aomwifjycsujf zpfrnf[k ,lqrdygonf? od@k aomf
aocsmpGmavhvmqef;ppfay;ygu ppfreaomjynfaxmifppepfz@GJ pnf;jcif;
Sf
k
jzifh jynfe,frsm;ud,yijf yXmef;cGitjynft0&&Sa&;udk jiif;qef+yD; xdo@kd
k f kd
hf
h
d
k
wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;&oif&xkuaom Ediia&;tcGita&;rsm;udk &kwor;f
k
h d f
kfH
hf
f d
+yD;rS xdvrsKd ;rsm;. wd;k wufz@GH +zdK;r_ukd ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;u A[drcsKyfuiI
k l
k S
kd f
aqmif&uay;rnf[aom t,ltqonf t*FvefEiiH 0dw&,acwf
G f
l
kd f
kd d
(Victoria Era) wGif tvGeacwfpm;cJaom "Benevolent Colonislism"
f
h
[laomtawG; tac:ESihf tvGewaeygonf? Benevolent Colonislism
f l
.tvdt& “+Adwo#vrsKd ;rsm;udk udvee,frsm;udk wducuor;f ydujf cif;
k
d
l
k kd D
k f kd f d k
onf xdkudkvdkeDe,frsm;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk wdk;wufzHG@+zdK;r_udk
aqmif&Gufay;jcifaom a=umifhjzpfonf” [laomtawG;tac:yif
jzpfygonf?
vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;. ud,yijf yXmef;cGiukd &kwor;f +y;D rS xkvrsKd ;rsm;. uH=urRm
k f kd
hf
f d
d l
udk wzufowfzefw;D ay;rnf [laomt,ltqonf udvepepfyif r[kwf
k kd D
ygavm? vkyyicir&Saomb0onf u|eb0tppfom jzpfygonf? ,if;udk
f kd f G hf d
f
udkvdkeDacwfr[kwfyg[k jiif;qefaeolrsm;onf r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'udk
ud;k uG,orsm;om jzpf=u.? xd@k a=umifh ucsitrsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif}uD;
f l
f
'l0gaZmfve;f u Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'u “ArmvlrsKd ;}uD;0g'” &Sif
G
kfH
k
oefatmifvrf;zGiay;cJonf[k pGypcjhJ cif;jzpfygonf?
hf h
f GJ
ocifcsparmifa&m OD;AaqGyg e,fcs@J uvepepfuv;kH 0qef@usicaom
f
kd kd D
kd
f hJ
yk*Kd~ vf}uD;rsm;yif jzpf=uygonf? xd@k a=umifyif ESpO;D pvH;k u jynfe,frsm;nD
h
f
!Gwa&;tzJ@G rwifjyaom “jynfaxmifpppfppfr” e,fcs@J ya,m*jzpfonf
f
S
k
l
[k pGypcjhJ cif;jzpf[efwygonf? od@k &mwGif — jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G
f GJ
l
G f
rS wifoi;f aomtqdk (txl;ojzifh p0fcecsKd .wifjycsu) udk aocsmpGm
G
G f
f
avhvmqef;ppfygu AdvcsKyatmifqef;. vrf;!GetajccHrl (7) &yftwdi;f
k f f
f
k
11
12. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk jyifqifa&;qJ&efjzpfa=umif; awG@&rnf
kfH
k
G
jzpfygonf? jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G . awmif;qdcsuwif e,fcs@J ya,m
G f
k f G
* ygonf[qygu olw@kd vvm;aom AdvcsKyfatmifqef;. vrf;!Gerl (7)
k kd
kd
k f
f
&yfwif e,fcs@J ya,m*rsm; yg0ifaeoavm[k ar;cGe;f xkwp&m &Saeygonf?
G
f
d
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;u vrf;!GetajccHrwif e,fcs@J ya,m* ryg&covd/k
k f
f
l G
dS hJ
‚if; tajccHrutajccHI jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk jyefvnfz@GJ pnf;&efawmif;
l kd
qdkonfh “jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl” wGifvnf; e,fcsJ@ya,m*ryg&SdEdkifay?
,if;onf EdkifiHa&;ta=umufw&m;rsm;udka[majymI wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd ;rsm;. tcGita&;udk ydwyifIaoG;xd;k vHaqmfr_ w&yfyifjzpfygonf?
hf
f
_
jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G u wifjyaomtcsurm — jynfaxmifpk
G f
fS
ppfppfrjl zifh jynfe,frsm;wef;wl&nfwy;l aygi;f aom jynfaxmifppepfz@GJ pnf;
l
k
a&; yifjzpfygonf? wenf;tm;jzifqygu zuf'&,fpepfukd tajccHaom
h kd
yl;aygi;f a&;yifjzpfygonf? od@k &mwGif jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G rS wifjycJh
G f
aom “zuf'&,fpepf (0g) jynfaxmifpppfppfr” onf Confederation
k
l
omjzpfa oma=umifh ,if ;onf jynf axmif pk +zd KcJ G a&;yif jzpf a=umif ;
ocifcspfarmifu pGyfpJGoGm;cJhygonf? zuf'&,f[laom pum;vHk;udk
aomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifpkpepf[laom pum;vHk;udkaomfvnf;
aumif;/ jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G u wdwususo;kH ygv#uEihf tb,f
G f
d
fS
a=umifh Confederation jzpfonf[k pGyfpJGcJhoenf;? OD;AaqGuvnf;
“jynfaxmifpppfppfr” udk cJxua&;vrf;pOfjzpfa=umif; pGypcygonf?
k
l
G G f
f GJ hJ
yl;aygi;f a&;udk ajym=uygv#uEihf tb,fa=umifh cJxua&;orm;rsm;[k
f S
G G f
Armr[kwfaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK; rsm;udk uifyGef;wyfcJh=uoenf;?
xdo@kd aom rrSeruefpypcsursm; — txl;ojzifh “jynfaxmifp+k zdKcJa&;”
k
f
G f GJ f
G
ESihf “cJxua&;” [laom pGypcsursm;onf AdvcsKyf}uD;ae0if;uJo@kd aom
G G f
f GJ f
k f
h
ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'Drsm;udk aoG;xdk;vH_@aqmf+yD; wdkif;jynftm%modrf;r_
}u;D [laom &mZ0if&i;f um;r_rsm; jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiwif jzpfay:ap&ef
kd
kfH G
vrf;zGiay;cJygonf?
hf h
xda=umifh 1962 rwfv (2) &ufae@wif usL;vGecaom awmfvea&;
k
G
f hJ
Sf
aumifp. Ediiawmftm%modr;f ydurEihf ,if;aemufyi;f jzpfym;cJ/h jzpfym;
D kfH
k f_S
kd
G
G
aeqJjzpfaom wdi;f jynftedXmef&rsm;udk rsuarSmufjyKv#uf jynfaxmifpk
k
kH
f
ordi;f wGif tvGeta&;}u;D onfh jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G wifjycJonfh
k
f
G f
h
12
13. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
jynfaxmifpppfppfrEihf Federal Seminar rSaqG;aEG;yJrsm;udk jyefvnfavh
k
lS
G
vmoH;k oyfEi&ef xkwa0oGm;tyfygonf? xdaqG;aEG;yJrwwrf;udk ,ae@
kd f
f
k
GS f
txd jynfwi;f wGif xkwa0jzef@cscirjyKyJ ydwyifxm;qJjzpfygonf?
G
f
D G hf
f
TaqG;aEG;csurwwrf;rsm;udk avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh ordi;f rSeuo&+dS y;D
fS f
k f kd d
AdvcsKyatmifqef;ESiwi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;acgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm; yifvwiar#mre;f
k f f
hf kd
kH G f f S
cJaom wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHk +idr;f csr;f pGmtwlvufwaexdiEirnfh
h
k
GJ
k f kd f
“jynfaxmifpppfppf” udk tjrefq;kH wnfaqmufEi=f uygap[k qENjyKvkuf
k
kd
d
&ygonf?
av;pm;pGmjzifh
a'guwm qvdi;vsere; (Lian H. Sakhong)
f
kf f _ f
xkwfa0ol ESifh t,f'Dwm
“+idrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwJGaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepf qDodk@”
csif;rkdif+rdK@/ xdkif;EdkifiH
2005 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (15) &uf
**********
13
15. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
tcef; (1)
1962 azaz:0g&Dv (24) &ufae@wGif &efukef+rdK@jynfvrf;
toHv$ifh&Hk crf;raqmifY usif;yaomaqG;aEG;yJGtpDtpOf
1962 ck azaz:0g&v (24) &ufae@wif &efue+f rKd @/ jynfvrf; toHvi&crf;r
D
G
k
$ hf kH
aqmifYusif;yaom jynfaxmifpkrlESifhywfoufonfh aqG;aEG;yJGtcef;
tem;tpDtpOfEihf wifjyaqG;aEG;csursm;?
S
f
,cktcseup+yD; jynfe,frsm;ESihf ywfoufaomES;D aESmzvS,y}GJ uD;udk
df
f
pwifusi;f yygawmhr,f?
'DESD;aESmzvS,fyJGrSm EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Eku obmywdtjzpfeJ@
aqmif&u+f yD;awmh usaemfu tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpfe@J aqmif&uygr,f?
G
G f h
'Dae@ yxrae@tpDtpOfrmawmh —
S
(1) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiawmfukd tav;jyK&ef/
kfH
(2) usq;kH av+yD;aom acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;udk tav;jyK&ef/
(3) Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyf. rde@f ce;f /
kfH
G
(4) &Sr;f jynfe,fOuUX}u;D 0ef}u;D owd;k r[moa&pnfol p0fcecsKu “zuf'
Gf d
&,fr” udwifjyaqG;aEG;&ef/
l k
(5) ucsijf ynfe,fu,pm;vS,f 'l;0g;aZmfve;f u axmufcwifjy&ef/
kd f
G
H
(6) csi;f txl;0daoowdi;f ud,pm;vS,f r[moa&pnfol uy`weref;wHE;kH
k k f
df
k
uaxmufc&ef/
H
(7) &Sr;f jynfe,fu,pm;vS,f OD;xGe;f jrifh (awmif}uD;) uaxmufc&ef/
kd f
H
(8) u,m;jynfe,fu,pm;vS,f r[moa&pnfol OD;pdeuaxmufc&ef/
kd f
f
H
,ck tcrf;tem;udk EdiiawmftvHEihf tav;jyK&eftwGuf tm;vH;k
kfH
S
vl}uD;rif;rsm; rwfwyfxawmfryg?
l
17
17. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
tcef; (2)
Ediiawmf0ef}u;D csKyf OD;Ek.tzGirece;f
k f H
hf d @f G
,cktcseup+yD;awmh Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfu rde@f ce;f ¹rGu=f um;ygvrr,f?
df
kfH
G
d hf
EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek?
vl}u;D rif;rsm;cifAsm;/ 'Dae@'ae&mrSm u|eawmfw@kd pa0;=uwm[m jynfe,f
D
f
k
rsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G uwifjywJh zuf'&,frukd aqG;aEG;=ubd@k bJ jzpfygw,f?
G f
l
'Dre@J ywfoufv@kd b,fvoabmxm;w,fqwmudk xkwaz:ajymjybd@k
l
kd
kd
f
tpd;k &tzJ@G &acgi;f aqmiftaeeJ@ u|eawmfrmwm0ef&ygw,f?
hJ
f
h S
dS
'gayrJh u|efawmfajymbdk@tcsdefra&mufao;wJhtwGuf u|efawmfh
oabmxm;udk 'Duae@u|eawmf xkwaz:rajymao;ygb;l ? u|eawmfxwf
f
f
f
k
az:ajymbd@k tcsea&mufvmwJtcg u|eawmfajymygr,f?
d f
h
f
h
vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ aqG;aEG;yJukd u|eawmfw@kd 'DvppOfxm;ygw,f?
G
f
kd D
'Duae@ u|eawmftpnf;ta0;zGire@f ce;f udk ajym+yD;wJaemuf &Sr;f jynfe,f
f
hf d G
h
OuUX}uD; p0fcecsKu zuf'&,frukd wifoi;f ygvrr,f?
G f d
l
G
d hf
'D zuf'&,frukd (1) 'l;0g;aZmfve;f / ucsijf ynfe,fu,pm;vS,/f (2)
l
G
kd f
uy`wdefref;wHkEHk;/ csif;txl;0daoowdkif;udk,fpm;vS,f/ (3) OD;xGef;jrifh
(awmif}u;D ) &Sr;f jynfe,fu,pm;vS,/f (4) OD;pdef u,m;jynfe,fu,pm;
kd f
kd f
vS,w@kd u axmufc=H uygvrr,f?
f
d hf
'Dre@f ce;f (2) &yfuajym=um;+y;D wJaemuf/ aqG;aEG;yJukd rwfv (1) &uf/
d G
kd
h
G
=umoyaw;ae@ nae (6) em&Dtxd a&G@qi;f xm;ygr,f? 'Dvkd a&G@qi;f xm;
kd
h
kd
'g[m wjcm;a=umifr[kwygb;l ? zuf'&,fre@J ywfouf+yD; jynfe,fOuUX
h
f
l
}uD; p0fcecsKd eJ@ 'l;0g;aZmfve;f / uy`wef ref;wH;k EH;k / OD;xGe;f jrif/h OD;pdew@kd wifjy
Gf
G
d
f
ajym=um;oGm;wJtcsuawGukd yrnw/ zqyv/ &yvz/ yxp acgi;f
h
f
aqmifrsm;eJ@ Ediiawmftpd;k &twdiyifctzJ@G 0ifrsm;u aoaocsmcsmavh
kfH
kf H
vmEdib@kd twGuf tcseay;csi'ga=umifr@kd jzpfygw,f?
kf
d f
f
h
vl}uD;rif;rsm; cifAsm/ rwfv (1) &uf =umoyaw;ae@ nae (6) em&D
'Dae&mrSmbJ tpnf;ta0;udk jyefpwJtcg (1) yrnw (2) zqyv (3)
h
19
18. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
&yvz (4) yxr tzJ@G awGukd ud,pm;jyKwJh ud,pm;vS,wOD;pDu tckaz:
k f
k f
f
jyxm;wJh tpDtpOftwdi;f zuf'&,fre@J ywfouf+y;D xm;&SwhJ tzJ@G &oabm
k
l
d
hJ
xm;udk wifjyygvrr,f?
d hf
'DEiia&;tzJ@G rsm;&Jh ud,pm;vS,rsm; ajym=um;+yD;wJaemuf tpd;k &
kd f H
k f
f
h
twkiyifctzJ@G &u,pm; t*~r[moD&o"rR a'guwmOD;bOD;u twdiyif
df H
hJ kd f
d k
f
kf
cHtzJ@G &hJ oabmxm;udwifjyygvrr,f?
k
d hf
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ 'D ud,pm;vS,v}l uD;rsm; ajymvd@k +yD;wJtcg
k f
f
h
jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G ru,pm;vS,f (6) OD;/
G f
S kd f
yrnw ud,pm;vS,f (3) OD;/
k f
zqyv ud,pm;vS,f (3) OD;/
k f
&yvz ud,pm;vS,f (3) OD;/
k f
yxp ud,pm;vS,f (3) OD;eJ@
k f
twdiyifctzJ@G 0ifv}l uD;rsm;yg0ifwaumfrwDwckukd zJ@G ay;ygr,f?
kf H
hJ
h
'DaumfrwDrm u|eawmfu em,uvkyygr,f? vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/
S
f
f h
tJ'aumfrwDu zuf'&,fre@J ywfoufv@kd aqG;aEG;p&m&SwtcsuawGukd
D
l
d hJ
f
aqG;aEG;+yD;wJtcg &&SwoabmwlncsuawGukd 'DaqG;aEG;yJrm tpD&ifcH
h
d hJ
D f
G S
ygvrr,f? aphpyfv@kd r&Ediwoabm uJvcsursm;&S&ifvJ 'DaqG;aEG;yJrmbJ
d hf
k f hJ
G GJ f d
GS
tpD&ifcygr,f? vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ 'DtpD&ifcpmudk =unf+h yD;rSbJ aemuf
H h
H
xyfbmawG quf+y;D vkyom;=ur,fqwmudk 'DaqG;aEG;yJrm qufvuf+y;D
f G
kd
GS
wdiyifaqG; aEG;=uygr,f?
kf
h
vl}u;D rif;rsm;cifAsm/ aqG;aEG;yJ&tpDtpOfawGe@J ywfouf+y;D tcktcsef
G hJ
d
tcgrm u|eawmf'avmufbJ ajymcsiygao;w,f? 'gayrJh tckvtcGihf
S
f
D
f
kd
aumif;&wJtcg jynfaxmifpwnfwci+f rJa&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; ta&;}uD;wJh
h
k
hH kd
pum; wcGe;f ESpce;f avmufukd u|eawmfajymcsiygw,f?
fG
f
f
vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ 'Duae@up+yD; 'DaqG;aEG;yJrm aqG;aEG;rJjh yem
G S
[m wjcm;r[kwygb;l ? jynfaxmifp}k uD;wnfwci+f rJa&;bJjzpfygw,f? 'D
f
hH kd
jyem}u;D udk pwifwnfaxmifcwhJ u|eawmfw@kd wawG&vufxrmrS aus
hJ
f
hJ
JS
ausvnfvnf ajz&Si;f oGm;atmif u|eawmfw@kd rajz&Si;f Edib;l qd&if aemuf
f
kf
k
vufxufawGrmawmh b,fenf;eJ@rS ajz&Si;f Edirm r[kwb;l vd@k u|eawmf
S
kfS
f
f
wxpfcs,qxm;ovdk vl}uD;rif;rsm;vJ ,lqxm;+yD;+yDqwm u|eawmf
l
kd
f
20
19. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
,H=k unfygw,f? 'D jynfaxmifp}k uD;om +ydKuJom;r,fq&if jynfe,fom;
G G
kd
awGtwGua&m/ jynfrom;awGtwGua&m b,fo@l twGurS tjrwfxuf
f
f
f
G
rSmr[kwb;l ? t&H;_ omxGur,fv@kd u|eawmfwxpfcs ,lqxm;ovdk
f
f
f
vl}uD;rif;rsm;vJ ,lqxm;+yD;+yD;qdwm u|eawmf,=kH unfygw,f?
k
f
tJ'awmh vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ 'Davmufta&;}uD;wJh jyem}uD;udk
D
ajz&Si;f wJtcgrm jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk pwifxaxmifcwhJ u|eawmfw@kd w
h
S
l
hJ
f
awG[m/ u|eawmfw@kd tay:rSm usa&mufaewJh wm0ef}u;D awGukd t+rwrf;
f
J
rsuajcrjywfb@kd u|eawmfowday;vdygw,f?
f
f
k
'gwifruao;ygbl;? u|efawmfwdk@&JhnHhzsif;r_awG/ oabmxm;usOf;
ajrmif;r_awG/ tmCmwawGa=umifh tu,fIom 'Djyem}uD;udk
rajz&Si;f Edi&if/ u|eawmfw@kd e@J wuG u|eawmfw@kd &aemifvmaemufom;awG
kf
f
f
hJ
&ifqi=f u&awmhrhJ ab;awG/ &efawG/ tE &,fawGuvJ t+rJwrf;rsuajc
kd
W
kd
f
rjywfb@kd u|eawmfxyfrH owday;vdygw,f?
f
k
vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm aqG;aEG;yJqwm t=urf;tm;jzifh ESprsKd ;ESppm;&Sd
G kd
f
f
ygw,f? wrsKd ;uawmh &efotcsi;f csi;f aqG;aEG;yJjG zpf+y;D / wjcm;wrsKd ;uawmh
l
rdom;pkjcif; aqG;aEG;yJjG zpfygw,f? rdom;pkaqG;aEG;yJrsKd ;qdwm &efotcsi;f
G k
l
csi;f pm;yJcrm xdi+f yD; aqG;aEG;=uwJh aqG;aEG;yJrsKd ;eJ@ rwlygb;l ? &efotcsi;f
G kH S k
G
l
csi;f xdi+f yD;aqG;aEG;wJtcgrmud,u,,qwmom rSew,f? rSe&r,f?
k
h
S k hf kd f l
f
f
ud,,qwm om atmif&r,f? 'Dvratmif&if b,foaoao csr,f
k f l
kd
l
qdwhJ pdw"gwrsKd ;ESpzufpvH;k rSm &Sygw,f?
k
f f
f
d
rdom;pkcsi;f csi;f aqG;aEG;=uwJh aqG;aEG;yJrsKd ;uawmh 'Dvr[kwygb;l ?
G
kd
f
'D rdom;pkxrmyg=uwJh nDtudarmifErwawG[m ud,vwmawG ud,f
JS
k
S
k f kd
k
wifjy=uw,f? tJ'DvdkwifjywJhtcgrSm oabmuJGvJGcsufawG&Sdae&if
wa,mufe@J wa,muf tay;t,lvy+f yD; oabmuJvcsuawGukd ndEi;f
k
G GJ f
‡ _d
=uw,f?
vl}u;D rif;rsm;cifAsm/ tckaqG;aEG;yJ[m rdom;pkaqG;aEG;yJjG zpf&r,f? jynf
G
axmifprom;pkxrmygae=uwJh vl}uD;rif;wd@k u|eawmfw@kd toD;oD;[m
k d
J S
f
ud,&xifjrif,qcsuawGukd tukev;kH xkw+f yD; wifjy=uwmayg? tJ'vkd
k hf hJ
l
f
f
h
D
wifjywJtcgrm oabmuJvcsuawGuawmh &S&rSmayg?
h
S
G GJ f
d
h
21
20. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
tJ'oabmuJvcsuawGukd u|eawmfw@kd &tusKd ;/ u|eawmfw@kd aemif
D
G GJ f
f
hJ
f
vmaemufom;uav;awG&tusKd ;/ jynfaxmifp}k u;D &JtusKd ;udk ar#mu;kd +y;D
hJ
h
f
oabmwlncsuf r&-&atmif ndEi;f =u&rSmbJ?
D
‡ _d
vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ vl}uD;rif;rsm;odawmfrwtwdi;f ygb/J vGecwhJ
l hJ k
f hJ
a&G;aumufywe;f u 'Drua&pDwnfwci+f rJa&;qdwhJ aºuG;a=umfoe@J u|ef
GJ k
kd
hH kd
k
H
awmfw@kd a&G;aumufy0ifcygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd rm vGwvyfa&;omr&S&if
GJ hJ
f
S
f
d
b,fenf;eJ@rS 'Drua&pDvnf;&SEirm r[kwwtwGu/f 'Drua&pDwnfwhH
kd
d kd f S
f hJ
kd
cdi+f rJa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;wdi;f / }udK;yrf;wdi;f / vGwvyfa&;wnfwci+f rJa&;
k
k
k
f
hH kd
udyg u|eawmfw@kd }udK;yrf;ae&ygw,f?
k
f
aemuf+y;D awmhvnf; jynfaxmifpwnfwci+f rygrS u|eawmfw@kd &vwf
k
hH kd J
f
hJ G
vyfa&;vnf; wnfwci+f rJrm jzpfwtwGu/f 'Drua&pDwnfwci+f rJa&;eJ@
hH kd S
hJ
kd
hH kd
vGwvyfa&;wnfwci+f ra&;wd@k ukd }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&uwi;f aqmif&uwi;f
f
hH kd J
G f kd
G f kd
jynfaxmifp}k uD;&Jwnfwci+f rJa&;udyg ud,pr;f &Soa&G@ ^m%fpr;f &Soa&G@
h
hH kd
k k f G d
G d
u|eawmfw@kd }udK;yrf;aqmif&uae&ygw,f?
f
G f
tJ'awmh vl}uD;rif;rsm;eJ@ vufw+GJ yD; jynfaxmifpwnfwci+f rJa&;/
D
k
hH kd
vG w f v yf a &;wnf w H h c d k i f + rJ a &;/ 'D r d k u a&pD w nf w H h c d k i f + rJ a &;awG u d k
trSewu,ftusKd ;jzpfapEdiwhJ enf;aumif;vrf;aumif;awGukd u|eawmf
f
kf
f
wd@k &mcsiygw,f?
S f
'Denf;aumif;vrf;aumif;awGukd u|eawmfw@kd awG@&vd@k wOD;udwOD;
f
k
av#may;zd@k vvm&if jynfrom;awGe@J jynfe,fom;awG[m wOD;udwOD;
h
kd
k
av#may;=uzd@k 0efrav;=uyge@J ? nDtudtcsi;f csi;f aoG;csi;f om;csi;f awG
h
k
tay:rSm wa,mufe@J wa,muf/ wzufe@J wzuf av#may;&wm *k%ri,f
h
f
ygb;l ? 'Dvav#may;&ayr,fh jynfaxmifp}k uD;vnf; wnfwci+f rJvmr,f/
kd
h
hH kd
jynfaxmifp}k u;D wnfwci+f rvmwJtwGuf vGwvyfa&;wnf; wnfwcif
hH kd J
h
f f
hH kd
+rvmr,f/ vGwvyfa&;wnfwci+f rvmwJtwGuf 'Drua&pDvnf; wnfwhH
J
f
Hh kd J
h
kd
cdi+f rJvmr,fq&if u|eawmfw@kd jynfaxmifpom;tm;vHtzd@k *k%,p&m
k
kd
f
k
k
f l
awmifjzpfygvrt;kH r,f? twdi;f rod 0rf;ajrmufp&mawmifjzpfygvrt;kH
d hf
k
d hf
r,f?
tJ'awmh jynfaxmifpwnfwci+f ra&;/ vGwvyfa&;wnfwef@ci+f ra&;
D
k
hH kd J
f
kd J
'Drua&pDwnfwci+f rJa&;udk trSewu,ftusKd ;jyKr,fh enf;aumif;vrf;
kd
hH kd
f
22
21. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
aumif;awGukd u|eawmfw@kd paygi;f +yD; ud,pr;f &Soa&G@ ^m%fpr;f &Soa&G@/
f
k
k f G d
G d
&SmazG=u&atmif?
'Denf;aumif;vrf;aumif;awGudk &SmwJhtcgrSm jynfrom;awGa&m/
jynfe,fom;awGyg rsujf cnfrjywfoifwtcsu}f uD;wcsuukd u|eawmf
h hJ
f
f
wifjyvdygw,f? 'Dtcsuuawmh wjcm;[mr[kwygb;l ? u|eawmfw@kd
k
f
f
f
&SmazGr,fenf;vrf;awG[m w&m;r#wa&;/ vGwvyfa&;/ nDr#a&;qdwhJ
h
f
k
avmuygvw&m;oH;k yg;eJ@ jynfpaewJh enf;vrf;awGjzpf&r,fqwhJ tcsuf
h kH
kd
bJjzpfygw,f?
vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ u|eawmfe*;kH rcsKyfcif jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk pwif
f
d
wnfaxmifvmcJ=h u+yD; ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh ,cktcgrm pdw0rf;uJG
S
f
jym;ae=uwJh jynfaxmifpacgi;f aqmifaeGe@J jynfrom;awG/ jynfe,fom;
k
awG tm;vH;k Ediia&;oHa0*&=uzd@k u|eawmfq,fEpavmufwe;f u =unfchJ
kfH
f
Sf
k
h
&bl;wJh “,raer,f” jyZwfuav;udk u|eawmf'ae&mrSm wifjyvdyg
f
D
k
w,f?
vl}u;D rif;rsm;cifAsm/ a&S;wke;f u w&kwouwi;f jynfqwm &Sygw,f?
f k Q kd
kd
d
tJ'w&kwouwi;f jynf&hJ igwaume,fu 'lvmbd/k igwAdve,fu tdk
D
f k Q kd
k f
av avh/ igwe,fvu iwGw}f u;D / igwrif;e,fu ajAmifaemifh ajAmifaemif
l
igjrif;igpdkif;e,fu bkaemif bkaemif wwfAdefqdkwJh ynmoifig;OD;[m
wuUovq&m}uD; OD;*sr;f xd qDrmynmoGm;oif=uygw,f?
kd f
S
tJ'vynmoif=uwJtcg ynmawmfoif tdavavhu &kyv;kH xkynm
D kd
h
k
f
rSmwbufurf; cwfwwfygw,f? ynmawmfoif iwGw}f u;D u yef;csynm
D
rSm wbufurf; cwfwwfygw,f? ynmawmfoif ajAmifaemifh ajAmifaemif
u t&kyutoufoi;f wJynmrSm wbufurf; cwfwwfygw,f? ynm
f kd
G h
awmfoif bkaemif bkaemif wwfAeu av;twwfynmrSm wbufurf;
df
cwfwwfygw,f? ynmawmfoif 'lvmbduawmh bmynmrS rwwf&mbl;?
k
S
tJ'awmh wuUovq&m}u;D OD;*Sr;f xdu 'lvmbdukd ,raeom; opfom;
D
kd f
k
wwH;k uday;+yD; ynmawmfoiftm;vH;k udk tdrjf yefcijhf yKvduygw,f?
k
G
k f
vrf;a&mufwtcg ,raeom;udk wuUovjf yef tdk avavhu rde;f r
hJ
kd
ysKd uav; t&kyxvuygw,f? wuUovjf yef iwGw}f u;D u tifrwefvwhJ
f k kd f
kd
S
rde;f cav;wa,muf aq;jc,fvuw,f? wuUovjf yef ajAmifaemifh ajAmif
kd f
kd
23
22. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
aemifu toufoi;f vduwtwGuf 'Dre;f rysKd uav;[m tifrwefacsm+y;D
G k f hJ
d
touf&whJ rde;f rysKd uav; jzpfvmw,f?
dS
tJ'DtcgrSm udk,fa&$wuUodkvfjyefawG[m 'Drdef;rysdKuav;udk
olyiw,f/ igyiw,fe@J 0di;f +yD;vk=uygw,f? tJ'D olw@kd vaewke;f 0Vm&uQ
kd f
kd f
k
k
iSuqifwaumifu tvpf0if+yD; tkyvuwm ,raer,fuav;[m
f
f kd f
iSuqifaemufygom; &&Smygw,f?
f
G
tJ'tcgrm uHaumif;axmufr+yD; wuUovjf yef bkaemifwwf+Adeu
D
S
kd
f
av;eJ@ypfvuwtwGuf iSuqif}uD;ao+yD; ,raer,fuav;jyefusvm
kd f hJ
f
ygw,f? 'gayr,fh wuUovjf yefawG ta0rwnfwmeJ@ toufoi;f ay;wJh
kd
h
G
vlu toufujkd yef&yor;f / yef;csaq;jc,fwvu aq;awGukd jcpfypf/ yef;yk
kf d
D
hJ l
q&muvnf; t&kyuzsue@J vkyvu=f uwm tifrwefvwhJ ,raer,f
f kd f
f kd
S
uav;[m ukw&mjcpf&mawG/ jcpf&mz,f&mawGe@J jynfaewJh opfom;wk;kH
f
h
h
taygpm;}uD; jyefjzpfom;&&Smygw,f?
G
vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm wuUovjf yefawG rdurwma=umifh ,raer,f
kd
k f J
tysKd acsmuav;[m ukw&m/ jcpf&m/ zJ&mawGe@J 'if;=urf;jzpfaewJh opfom;
f
h
wkH; taygpm;}uD; jyefjzpfoGm;&ovdk tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifaewJh
u|eawmfw@kd jynfaxmifp}k uD;[m u|eawmfw@kd tm;vH;k &Jh rkurra=umifh
f
f
d f J _
tifrweft&kyq;kd vSwhJ u|eb0udk jyefa&mufroGm;&avatmif u|eawmf
f
f
f
wd@k tm;vH;k ud,pr;f &Soa&G@/ ^m%fpr;f &Soa&G@ }udK;pm;=uygp@kd ?
k f G d
G d
(=obmoHrsm;)
**********
24
23. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
tcef; (3)
jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJrwifoi;f aom
G f
@G S
G
“jynfaxmifpppfppfr”
k
l
udk &Sr;jynfe,fOUX p0fcecsdKrS wifoi;jcif;
f
G f
G f
eHygwf (4) tpDtpOft&/ &Srf;jynfe,f OuUX}uD; 0ef}uD;owdk;r[moa& pnfol
p0fcGefcsdKu “zuf'&,frl” udkwifjy&efygcifAs? (=obmoHrsm;)
av;pm;tyfwobmywd}uD; 0ef}uD;csKyfcifAsm;/ tpd;k &tzJ@G 0if0ef}uD;rsm;
hJ
cifAsm;/ jynfe,faygi;f pHrS wufa&mufvm=uwJh ud,pm;vS,awmf}u;D rsm;
k
k f
f
ESihf jynfrEdiia&;tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;rS ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;cifAsm;?
kfH
k f
f
TES;D aESmzvS,yrm jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G u,pm;/ pum;ajym
f GJ S
G f
kd f
cGi&&SwtwGuf rsm;pGmaus;Zl;wif 0rf;ajrmufvygw,f? tckvkd pHpnnD
hf d hJ
S
k kH D
pka0;=u+y;D awmh jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G wifjyxm;+y;D wJ/h jynfaxmifpk
G f
rl udpukd aqG;aEG;ndEi;f =uzd@k twGuf 'DE;DS aESmzvS,y}GJ uD; ay:ayguvm&
P
‡ _d
f
f
wm u|eawmftaeeJ@ tvGebJ 0rf;omaus;Zl;wifygw,f?
f h
f
u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;ud,pm; jynfaxmifpruwifjy
f
G f
k f
k l kd
&ef wm0efay;tyfwtwdi;f u|eawmfwifjyajymqdrnfh tcsutvufawG
hJ k
f
k
f
udk em;qif=u&wJh ud,pm;vS,rsm;tm;vH;k [m rdom;pkpw"gwjf zifh ,ae@
k f
f
d f
ay:ayguaewJh jynfe,frsm;jyemudk txl;pOf;pm;a0zef=uapvdygw,f?
f
k
u|eawmfrsm;uvnf; jynfr&Saemifawmif}u;D rsm;udk &Si;f vif;wifjy=u
f
d
wJtcg pdw&nvuf&ne@J rdrw@kd }uHKawG@aewJh }uHKawG@aeyHawGukd wifjy
h
f S f
S f d
k
=uyg&ef arwWm&yfcvygw,f? jynfe,frsm;&Jh jyemawGukd pOf;pm;=uwJh
H kd
tcgrmvnf; jynfaxmifpr+ydKuJa&;/ jynfaxmifp}k uD;nD!wa&; qdwhJ
S
k
G
G f
k
tajccHrtay:wnf+yD; pOf;pm;=uyg&ef awmif;yefvygw,f?
l
kd
yxrOD;pGm wifjytpD&ifcvwmu vuf&jdS ynfaxmifp}k u;D jzpfay:vmyHk
H kd
jzpfygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifpta=umif; pOf;pm;vduwi;f / jynf
f
k
k f kd
axmifpom;wdi;f rarhoifrarhxuwhJ tcsu[mjzifh 1947 ckEpf azaz:0g
k
k
h
kd f
f
S
&DvwGiusi;f ycJwhJ yifvnvmcH}uD;yif jzpfygw,f?
f
h
kH D
25
24. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
tJ'yifvnvmcH}u;D [m ,ae@jynfaxmifp}k u;D udk ayguzm;vmap&ef
D kH D
fG
tkwjf rpfcscwhJ nDvmcH}uD;vd@k qdEiygw,f? bmjzpfv@kd vnf;qdawmh u|ef
hJ
k kd f
k
awmfw@kd jynfaxmifpom;awGtay: tESpEptvv pd;k rd;k tkycsKyfvmwJh
k
f S f
f
e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfvufatmufuae+yD; vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkzdk@twGuf
jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@ jynfracgif;aqmifwdk@u nd‡Ed_if;atmifjrifvdk@
tckvkd vGwvyfwjhJ ynfaxmifpwck urBmwi;f jynfrsm;xJrm ay:vGivmwJh
f
k
h kd
S
f
twGuf u|eawmfw@kd yifvnvmcH}u;D [m jynfaxmifp}k u;D &Jh tajccHtwf
f
kH D
k
jrpfcscwhJ nDvmcH}uD;jzpfa=umif; wifjy&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
hJ
tJ'D yifvnvmcH}uD;rSm bmawGnEi;f =u+yD;/ bmawGatmifjrifc=hJ u
kH D
‡d _d
ovJ qdwmudk tusO;f csKyftm;jzifh az: jy&r,fq&if vGwvyfa&;awmif;
k
kd
f
qdwtcg nD!wwtm;[m tifrwefta&;}u;D wJtwGuf jynfreJ@usewhJ
k hJ
G f hJ
h
f
jynfe,frsm;[m jynfe,frsm;wef;wlnatmif ndEi;f +yD; nD!wa&;wnf
D
‡ _d
G f
aqmuf&rSmrd@k —
(1) wef;wlnr#tcGita&;&Sjd cif;/
D
hf
(2) awmifwef;om;a'orsm;wGif ud,yijf yXmef;cGi&jdS cif;/
k f kd
hf
(3) vGwvyfa&;&&S+d yD;onfaemuf jynfaxmifpu cJxuvu cGxuEif
f
h
k G G f kd J G f kd
jcif;/
pwJh tajccHw&m;oH;k &yftay: t"duxm;+y;D jynfaxmifpwnfaqmufa&;
k
udk oabmwlc=hJ uygw,f?
'D tajccHo;kH &yfuoabmwlcwtwGuf urBmausmf yifvpmcsKyfukd
kd
hJ hJ
kH
csKyfqEic=hJ uygw,f? tJ'vkd jynfe,frsm;eJ@ jynfr[m wpdwxJ w0rf;xJ
kd kd f
D
f
&Sa=umif; jyoEdicv@kd bJ t*Fvytpd;k &[m jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiawmf
d
k f hJ
d f
kfH
udk vufvwvu&ygw,f?
$ f kd f
yifvHknDvmcH}uD;rSm yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD;aemuf (MR. REESE
WILLIAM) acgi;aqmif+yD;/ jynfrjynfe,facgi;aqmifrsm;yg0ifwhJ pHprf;
f
f
k
a&;aumfrwDrm txufygtajccH “rl” oH;k &yftwdi;f jynfreJ@y;l aygi;f aqmif
S
k
&Guz@kd wnDw!Gwwnf;vnf; oufaocHcygw,f?
f
f
hJ
tJ'vkd wnDw!GwxJ yl;aygi;f aqmif&ucwtwGuf e,fcs@J orm;&Jh
D
f
G f hJ hJ
aoG;cJa&;vkyief;[m ysujf y,fom;+yD; jrefrmjynf&hJ vGwvyfa&;udk tjref
G
f
G
f
qH;k urBmod@k a=unmvmEdicygw,f?
k f hJ
26
25. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
1947 ckEpf arvtwGi;f rSm usi;f ycJwhJ zqyv y%mrjyifqifrnvm
S
h
_ D
cHrmvnf;bJ vlrsKd ;pkwi;f wef;wl&&&Sa&;eJ@ zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfyrmvnf; tJ'D
S
kd
d
f kH S
wef;wla&;tay: tajccHwhJ “jynfaxmifpppfppf” jzpfz@kd vrf;pOfcsrwchJ
k
S f
ygw,f?
vuf&Sd tajccHOya'}uD;a&;qJG=uzdk@qdk+yD; wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm
jynfracgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;/ ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;eJ@ jynfe,facgi;f aqmif
k f
f
ud,pm;vS,rsm;u 0di;f 0ef;pOf;pm;=uwJtcg tESpom&jzpfwhJ AdvcsKyf
k f
f
k
h
f
k f
atmifqef;&Jh vrf;!Gef (7) csutusO;f csKyfukd az: jycGiay;apvdygw,f?
f
hf
k
tJ'gubmvJq&if —
kd
(1) tcsKyftjcmtm%mydiwhJ zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'jzpf&r,f?
kf
f kH
(2) ud,yitycsKyfa&;tm%mtjynftpH&aom jynfe,frsm;yg0ifaom
k f kd f k f
h k dS
jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;&r,f?
k
(3) tm%mrsm;[m wdi;f oljynfom;awGqu qif;oufvmap&r,f?
k
D
(4) vlra&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ Ediia&;wd@k rm t&kytvwftjrwfra&G; wef;wlnD
_
kfH
S
f
r#r_ &Sdap&r,f?
(5) vlenf;pkukd tumtuG,f jyKap&r,f?
(6) jynfaxmifp}k uD;wnfwci+f rJa&;/ tcsKyftjcmpd;k rd;k tkycsKyfa&;qdwm
hH kd
f
k
udk Oya't& xde;f odr;f apmifa&Smuf&ap&r,f?
h
dS
(7) urBmEiiwumESihf &ifabmifwef;vduEi&eftwGuf }uKd ;pm;+y;D urBmh
h kd f H
k f kd f
Ediia&;awGe@J +idr;f csr;f pGmqufqa&;udk a&S@&ap&r,f qdwhJ t"du
kfH
H
_
k
tajccH (7) csujf zpfygw,f?
'DtajccHrsm;udk tkwjf rpfcs+yD;aemuf jynfaxmifporwjrefrmEdiiH
k
kf
awmf&hJ zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'udk a&;qJ=G u&ef AdvcsKyfatmifqef;u
f kH
k f
vrf;!Gejf yocJwta=umif; ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;tm;vH;k todjzpfygw,f?
h hJ
k f
f
'Dtcsetcgrm Ediia&;tajctaeawGu &_waxG;+yD; AdvcsKyfatmif
d f
S kfH
f
k f
qef;eJ@wuG acgi;f aqmifrsm;[m vky}f uHowfjzwfjcif;cHc&onftwGuf
hJ
h
wjynfv;kH ,l}uKH ;r& 0rf;enf;a=uuJjG zpfae&wJtcsejf zpfawmh vGwvyfa&;
h d
f
twGu}f uKd ;yrf;r_rm pdwrcsr;f romp&mawGjzpfvmwma=umifr@kd / ud,wi;f
S
f
h k hf kd
jynf&hJ tajcudk wdi;f wyg;u 0ifa&mufrpGuzufEiatmif/ umuG,=f u&rSm
k
f kd f
bJq+kd y;D cyfjrefjrefe@J wdi;f jyKjynfjyKv$wawmfrm tajccHOya'udk tjiif;yGm;
k
f
S
27
26. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
r_ rxm;bJ tvsipvdvufcvujf cif; jzpfygw,f? yifvnvmcH}uD;u
f k
H kd
kH D
tpjyK+y;D tqifqifawmif;qdvm=uvd@k vGwvyfa&;awmh vuf0,f&&S+d y;D
h h
k
f
yg+yD/ 'gayr,fh vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJh aemufydkif;rSm yifvHknDvmcH}uD;&Jh
tESpom&/ AdvcsKyatmifqef;&Jh csrway;vduwhJ vrf;!Gee@J udunw,f
f
k f f
S f
k f
f k f D
rudunb;l qdwmawGukd u|eawmfw@kd av#mufvm cJwhJ (14) ESpausmf
k f D
k
f
h
f
ausmc&D;tay: jyefvnfqef;ppfz@kd vdtyfygvrr,fv@kd ,H=k unfygw,f?
f
k
d hf
'ga=umifh 'kw,tcsutaeeJ@ u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;&Jh vuf&cpm;
d
f
f
dS H
ae&wJh tajctaeawGukd a,bl,soabmtm;jzifh tusO;f csKyfwifjyyg
&ap? jynfe,frsm;. vuf&tajctaeudk u|eawmfw@kd u wifjyrSom
dS
f
ES;D aESmzvS,yukd wufa&mufvm=uwJh ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;tm;vH;k [m
f GJ
k f
f
ydrjkd ynfppm pOf;pm;a0zefEivrr,fv@kd ,lqygw,f?
k
h kH G
kd f d hf
jynfe,frsm;eJ@ jynfe,fr&&Sao;wJh vlrsKd ;pkaqGrsKd ;&if;jcmrsm;[m vGwf
d
vyfa&;&&S+d yD;wJaemuf 'DbufumvrSm rdru=H urRmudk rdrw@kd zefw;D &r,f
h
d
d
qdwhJ ud,yijf yXmef;f cGiawG jynfjh ynf00rcHpm;&ao;a=umif; awG@&=dS u&yg
k
k f kd
hf
h
w,f? 'Dvajymvduv@kd u|eawmftay:b,fvrS txifrvJapcsiygb;l ?
kd
k f
f h
kd
G
f
bmjzpfv@kd vqawmh u|eawmf[m jynfe,frsm;ud,pm; &d;k &d;k om;om;
J kd
f
k f
taeeJ@ jynfe,fawG cHpm;ae&wm[mjzifh bmawGvnf;qdwm az: jywm
k
bJ jzpfygw,f?
jynfe,fawGtm;vH;k ,H=k unfu;kd pm;cJwhJ jrefrmjynfvwvyfa&;&awmh
h
G f
r,f/ vGwvyfa&;&+y;D &ifjzifh 'd@k wawG[m rdru=H urRm rdrzefw;D +y;D wd;k wuf
f
d
d
aomjynfe,frsm;jzpfvmatmif vkyEiawmhr,f/ wd;k wufwjhJ ynfe,fawG
f kd f
aygi;f xm;wJh jynfaxmifpjk zpfvmawmhr,f? qdwmawG[m u|eawmfw@kd
k
f
jynfe,fom;awG/ vlrsKd ;pkrsm;tm;vH;k tm;vH;k awG&hJ 0rf;xJue;f atmif;+yD;
d
tar#mvif}h uD; ar#mvifcygw,f?
f
f h hJ
'gayr,fh vGwvyfa&;acwf (14) ESpc&D;/ jynfru aemifawmfawGe@J
f
f
vufawG@av#mufvmwJtcg u|eawmfw@kd &hJ ar#mvifcsuawG/ u|eawmf
h
f
f h f
f
wd@k &hJ ud,yijf yXmef;cGiawG[m tjynft0r&Sre;f odvmcJ&ygw,f? u|ef
k f kd
hf
h
d S
h
awmfw@kd wd;k wufz@GH +zdK;a&;udk tpGr;f ukef u|eawmfw@kd rvkyaqmifEiao;
f
f
kd f
a=umif; odomcHpm;ae&ygw,f? 'DvdkarG;zGm;&m ADZygvmwJh udk,fydkif
jyXmef;Edicihf tcGita&;tjynft0rcHpm;vm&awmh/ u|eawmfw@kd jynf
kfG
hf
h
f
28
27. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
axmifp}k u;D [m u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;tay: ud,pm;jyKvmwm r[kwf
f
k f
awmhb/J jynfrvd@k ac:wJh Armjynfa'oawGukd t"duud,pm;jyKvmwm
k f
awG@jrifvm=u&ygw,f?
jynfe,frsm;uawmh jynfreJ@ nDr#rr&ScwtwGuf pGr;f tm;&Soavmuf
_ d hJ hJ
d
vkyuiEicir&Scv@kd / wd;k wufoifoavmuf rwd;k wufcygb;l ? 'Dvkd bm
f kd f kd f G hf d hJ
h
hJ
a=umifjh zpfcovJq&if jynfaxmifp&,fv@kd pkaygi;f zJ@G pnf;=uwJtcg jynf
hJ
dk
k
h
e,f&oif&xduwhJ vlrsKd ;pkrsm;udk jynfe,ft*F ge@J tnD zJ@G pnf;+yD;/ &Sr;f jynf
h k f
e,fvxtwGuf &Sr;f jynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,fvxtwGuf u,m;jynfe,f
l k
l k
&S=d uovdk jynfrvlxtwGuvnf; jynfe,fwe,fz@GJ pnf;+yD;awmh wef;wl
k
f
nDwl tajccHtay:zJ@G pnf;xm;jcif; r&Sv@kd bv@kd qwm oufaojyaeygw,f?
d J kd
yifvnvmcH&hJ tESpom&/ AdvcsKyfatmifqef;&Jh vrf;!Gecsursm;udk
kH D
f
k f
f f
t"duxm;+yD; wef;wlnwz@GJ pnf; pkaygi;f &ef taumiftxnfazmfvm=u
D l
&if; jynfaxmifptpd;k &[m jynfe,frsm; tm;vH;k udk ud,pm;jyKwhJ tpd;k &bJ
k
k f
jzpf&rSmygb?
J
tckawmh jynfrvlxtwGuf jynfe,fwe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;udk r}uKd ;pm;bJ
k
jynfrtjzpfq+kd yD;xm;avawmh jynfr&JtcGitm%meJ@ jynfaxmifptm
h
hf
k
%m a&maxG;pkaygi;f +yD; pd;k rd;k tkycsKyfvmawmhum jynfaxmifptjzpfu
f
k
avsmusvm+yD; wjynfaxmifp;kd rd;k r_pepfo@kd wa&G@a&G@ ul;ajymif;vmwm
h
awG@&&ygw,f? onfta=umif;t&ma=umifvnf; u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,f
dS
h
f
rsm;[m wae@wjcm;wm0ef&whJ jynfru jynfrtpd;k &tay:rSm oHo,&Sd
dS
vmygw,f? 'Doo,awG[m xke@J xnfe@J 0if0ifvmvd@k uae@jynfe,frsm;
H
[m jynfrtay: rausreyfjzpfwta=umif; xkwazmfvm=u&ygw,f?
hJ
f
uae@ zJ@G pnf;wnfaxmifxm;wJh jynfaxmifpyo¾mef[m jynfe,frsm;&Jh
k kH
trsKd ;om;nD!wa&; wnfaqmufEir,fh yHprsKd ;/ nDr#aom jynfaxmifpk
G f
dk f
kH
pepfrsKd ; r[kwa=umif;udvnf; awG@jrifvmcJ=h u&ygw,f?
f
k
tckvdk u|eawmfwifjytpD&ifcvuawmh jynfrwm0ef&dS yk*Kd~ vfrsm;/
f
H kd f
acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;u u|eawmftay: wrsKd ;rsKd ; xif
k f
f
f h
a&mifxifrm; &Scsi&=dS uygvrrnf? 'gayr,fh uae@E;DS aESmzvS,yrm rdom;pk
S d f
d hf
f GJ S
pdw"gw/f jynfaxmifppw"gwe@J jynfe,frsm;jyemudk tjyeftvSen‡d
f
k d f f
f
Edi;f aqG;aEG;=urSmrd@k yGiyivif;vif; &d;k &d;k om;om;ESihf qufvufwifjyyg&ap?
_
hf G hf
29
28. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
wwd,tcsufuawmh txufu u|efawmftpD&ifcHcJhovdk [kwf
r[kwf qef;ppf=unfvu&if vuf&jdS ynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiawmf zJ@G pnf;tkyf
h kd f
kfH
csKyfytajccHOya' ed'ge;f ESihf tJ'e'ge;f udk tajcjyK+yD; a&;qJjG yXmef;xm;wJh
kH
D d
aemuftyd'awGukd Edi;f ,SO=f unf+h y;D / pDppfvuyg&if a&S@Eiaemuf rudunD
kf
_
kd f
S hf
k f
wm awmfawmfrsm;rsm;awG@&ygvrr,f? 'DtcsutvufawGuawmh u|ef
d hf
f
kd
awmftxl; raz: jyvdygb;l ? u|eawmfxuf Oya'u|r;f usiwhJ yk*Kd~ vfrsm;
k
f h
f
ydro&dS em;vnfawmfr=l uygw,f? tJ'vkd Oya'ed'ge;f rSm w&m;r#wjcif;/
k kd d
D
nDr#jcif;/ vGwvyfjcif;qdwhJ avmuygvw&m;awGukd xkwaz: jyXmef;xm;
f
k
f
vifhupm; aemuftydk'fawGrSm 'Dw&m;awG&JhtajccHeJ@ qef@usifaewJh
ta=umif;&if;[m u|eawmfw@kd twGuf txl;0rf;enf;p&mw&yfjzpfygw,f?
f
tajccHOya'udk jyefvnfjyifqifapcsiwhJ qENjyif;jyif;jyjyay:ayguvm&
f
f
wmvJ 'Dta=umif;&if;a=umifbJ jzpfygw,f?
h
tajccHOya'xJu ta=umif;jycsuwcsutaeeJ@ az: jy&r,fq&if
f
f
kd
tajccHOya' yk'r (222) t&/ jynfr[m tjcm;jynfe,frsm;enf;wl jynf
f
axmifptzJ@G 0ifwckjzpfayr,fh tajccHOya'yk'r (*) t&/ tjcm;aom
k
f
jynfe,frsm;tay:rSm jynfaxmifptaeeJ@ pd;k rd;k tm%mv$r;f vmvd@k jynf
k
e,frsm;[m wu,fbJ rausreyfjzpfc&ygw,f? trSerm 'Dy'r&JtwGi;f
hJ
f S k f h
tESpom&[m jynfr[me,fwe,ftjzpf jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifwOD;jzpfoifh
f
k
ayr,fh jynfr[m jynfaxmifptm%mrsm;vuf0,f&&S+d yD;/ tJ'D tm%m
k
awGeJ@ jynfe,frsm;tay:rSm pdk;rdk;v$rf;+cHKvmw,fvdk@ jynfe,frsm;u
,H=k unf=uygw,f?
'ga=umifh u|eawmfu aemufq;kH pwkwtcsutaeeJ@ jynfe,frsm;&Jh
f
ˆ
f
qENukd xkwaz:&ef wm0ef&onfEitnD u|eawmfw@kd vvm;awmifwwJh
f
dS
S fh
f
kd
h
jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;tkycsKyfykH yHp[mjynfe,fwi;f [m wef;wlnwtcGihf
k
f
k H
kd
D l
ta&;eJ@ ud,yijf yXmef;cGitay: tajccHjyKwJh jynfaxmifppepfrsKd ;zJ@G pnf;
k f kd
hf
k
a&;bJjzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd wef;wlnwtay: zJ@G pnf;a&;udk tajccHwtcgrm
D l
hJ
S
&oifaoma'orsm;udk jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;ay;+y;D / jynfrtwGuvnf; jynfe,f
h
f
we,fz@GJ pnf;rSom wef;wla&;tajccH[m taumiftxnfay:vmygvrhf
d
r,f? 'ga=umifh jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G u,pm; u|eawmfw@kd vvm;
G f
kd f
f
kd
aom jynfaxmifppepfz@GJ pnf;yHk yHo¾mefukd wifjytpD&ifc&yg&if —
k
k
H
30
29. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
(1) jynfrudk jynfe,fwe,f zJ@G pnf;a&;/
(2) v$wawmf (2) &yf tm%mwlay;a&;/
f
(3) vlrsKd ;pkvwawmfo@kd jynfe,fwi;f jynfe,fwi;f wlnaom ud,f
$ f
kd
kd
D
k
pm;vS,ay;a&;/
f
(4) jynfe,frsm;u rdrdqENtav#mufvJ$tyfaomtm%mrsm;udk
jynfaxmifpA[dtpd;k &od@k uef@owfay;I usetm%mrsm;udk
k k
f
jynfe,frsm;wGif xm;&Sa&;/
d
qdwtcsutay: jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G uwifjyxm;wJh jynfaxmif
k hJ
f
G f
pkpepfyptwdi;f tajccHOya'rsKd ;jyifqifapjcif;ygb?
kH H k
J
av;pm;tyfaom obmywd}u;D eJ@wuG jynfaxmifptpd;k &tzJ@G 0if 0ef
k
}uD;rsm;cifAsm;/ jynfaxmifpu,pm;vS,awmfrsm;/ jynfrEdiia&;tzJ@G t
k kd f
f
kfH
pnf;acgi;f aqmifu,pm;vS,awmfrsm;cifAsm;/ ,ck u|eawmfwifjyxm;
kd f
f
f
wJh t"dutcsu}f uD; (4) csujf zpfwhJ —
(1) jynfaxmifpjk zpfay:vmyH/k
(2) jynfe,frsm;vuf&tajctae/
dS
(3) vuf&z@GJ pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'/
dS
f kH
(4) jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;a&;/
k
qdwmawGukd tav;teufpOf;pm;a0zefyi;f jcm;+yD; u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,f
k
kd
f
rsm;tay: rdom;pkpw"gwe@J =unf+h yD; ajyvnfwtxd ndEi;f aqG;aEG;ajz
d f f
hJ
‡ _d
&Si;f =uapvdygw,f?
k
(14) ESpausmausmf }uHKawG@cpm;vmcJ&wJh u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;
f
f
H
h
f
&Jh tajctaeawGudkvnf; odapvdkygw,f? u|efawmfhtaeeJ@ tckvdk
jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G u,pm; wifjycGi&&Swmudvnf; txl;bJaus;
G f
kd f
hf d
k
Zl;wif 0rf;ajrmufvygw,f? tck u|eawmfw@kd &hJ wifjycsu[m vGwvyf
S
f
f
f
a&; (14) ESpwm vrf;c&D;&JtawG@t}uHKrsm;t& 'Dae@ a&mh&aewJh trsKd ;
f
h
J
om;pnf;vH;k nD!wa&;udk jyefvnfcirmpGm wnfaqmufEi&eftwGuf
G f
kd f
kd f
txufyg “rl” twdi;f vkyaqmifEirom jzpfajrmufatmifjrifvrr,f
k
f
kd f S
d hf
vd@k tav;teuf,=kH unf+yD; wifjy&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh tckvkd u|eawmfrsm;rdom;wpk rdom;pkpvif ES;D aESmzvS,f
f
kH
yJ}G u;D u xajrmuftaumiftxnfaz:ay;wJh 0ef}u;D csKyfO;D Ekukd txl;aus;
31
31. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
tcef; (4)
ucsifjynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f 'l0gaZmfvGef;
.aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf
ucsifjynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f 'l;0g;aZmfvGef; u axmufcHwifjyygvdrfhr,f?
(=obmoHrsm;)?
Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J tpd;k &tzJ@G 0if0ef}uD;rsm;/ Ediia&;tzJ@G toD;oD;rS
kfH
kfH
acgi;f aqmifrsm;cifAsm;/ 'DE;DS aESmzvS,yusi;f y&jcif;[m u|eawmfrsm;&Jh
f GJ
f
zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'}u;D udk qef;ppf&atmifv@kd Ediiawmf0ef}u;D csKyf
f kH
kfH
u pDpOfvujf cif; jzpfw,fv@kd ,lqrdygw,f?
kd
tckvkd wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pku,pm;vS,aygi;f pHk Ediia&;toD;oD;acgi;f
k
k
kd f
f
kfH
aqmifaygif;pHknDpGm qHkrd=ujcif;[m ta=umif;rJhqHk=ujcif;r[kwfyg?
ta=umif;&Sv@kd om pHnpmqHr=d ujcif; jzpfygw,f? temwckcawmh jzpfae
d
k DG k
k
+y? onftemudk apmapmpD;pD;tcserD rukojzpfv#if 'kuawG@=uawmhr,f
D
df
Q
qdwmudk wif}uKd jrifw/hJ jrifrwhJ Ediiawmf0ef}u;D csKyu temwjcm; aq;w
k
d kfH
f
jcm; rjzpf&avatmif rdom;pkawGuac:+yD; temeJ@wnfwaq;enf;&Sm
kd
h hJ
atmifv@kd zdwjf cif;om jzpfwmbJv@kd vnf; ,lqrdygw,f? u|eawmfrsm;wd@k
f
wawG 'kuQawG@,Hkomru umvemus+yD; w&GmvHk;ysufEdkifr,fh ab;
tE &,fq;kd }uD;udk ta0;u jrifr+d yD; umuG,waq;az:zd@k pDpOfvuaom
W
f hJ
kd f
0ef}uD;csKyftm;u|eawmfrsm; aus;Zl;rwifbJ raeEkiyg?
f
df
T ES;D aESm;zvS,y}GJ u;D [mjzifh jynfaxmifp}k u;D twGuf tbk;d rjzwfEif
f
dk
wJtjrwfxwvur,fv@kd ,=Hk unfrwtwGuf tvGeav;eufvaom
h
G f dk f
d hJ
f
S
ES;D aESmzvS,y;JG }uD;[k av;pm;rdw,f?
f
temwckcawmhjzpfae+yqwmvlwi;f odEiyg+y/D 'Dtem[m bmtem
k
D kd
dk
kd f
rsK;d vJ? b,fuay:vmwJh temvJqwmudk Zpfjrpf&m+y;D r aq;ukv,ygvrhf
kd
S
S
G f d
r,f? jynfaxmifptwGi;f rSm jynfaxmifpwckv;Hk ukxcuapwJh tem
k
k
d d dk f
tqmay:vmv#if 0ki;f 0ef;umuG,upm;zd@k / wm0ef&=dS uwJtwdi;f jynfe,f
d
f k
h k
rsm;nD!wa&; tzG@J OuUX}u;D . wifjycsursm;udaxmufc&if; tenf;i,f
G f
f
k
H
xyfjznf@wifjyvkuygw,f?
d f
33
32. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
tcktcsetcgrm jynfe,fom;rsm;[m rausreyfrrsm;jym;vm+yD;/
d f
S
_
jynfrom;rsm;tay: xifa&mifxifrm;jzpfvmwJh yGpypa&m*g[m wjcm;
S
d G d
ta=umif;a=umifhay:vmwmr[kwfygbl;? trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;
AkvcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;!GecsrwcwhJ jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yke@J ,ck trSef
d f
f S f hJ
k
H
wu,fjzpfwnfaewJh jynfaxmifpkzGJpnf;ykH[m rsm;pGmuGJjym;jcm;em;
aewma=umifh wa=umif;/ vGwvyfa&;r&rDtcsee@J vGwvyfa&;t&,l+y;D
f
df
f
aom pyfu;l rwfu;l tcsewif awmifwef;a'ovleprsm;jzpfaom &Sr;f /
d f G
J k
ucsif/ csif;tp&SdwJhvlenf;pkrsm;uvGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcg b,fvkdjynf
axmifprsK;d ukd zG@J pnf;Iaexkiva=umif;/ Armacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk rdrw@dk
k
d f dk
d
qENt}udr}f udrxwaz:cJaom jynfaxmifpz@JG pnf;yke@J trSez@JG pnf;cJaom
f k f h
k
H
f
h
jynfaxmifpz@JG pnf;ykrm tawmfuvJG aejcif;a=umifwa=umif;/ 0rf;enf;
k
H S
JG
h
zG,f rauseyfr_ trsKd ;rsKd ;ay:vmcJygw,f? acgi;f aqmif}uD; AdvcsKyfatmif
h
k f
qef;vrf;!GecsrwcwhJ jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;tkycsKyfye@J jynfe,fom;rsm;
f S f hJ
k
f kH
vdvm;wJh jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yHrm t"dutajccHoabmeJ@ wln=D uwJh
k
k
k S
twGuf rsm;pGmoabmwduqir_ jzpfygw,f?
k f kd f
jynfe,fom;vlenf;pkrsm;u b,fvyprsKd ;jzifh jynfaxmifpwnfvkd
kd kH H
k
w,fqwmudk vGwvyfa&;r&rD 1947 ck azaz:0g&v wGif awmifyi;f &Sr;f
kd
f
D
kd
jynf yifv+kH rdK@Y usi;f ywJh trsKd ;om;nDvmcHY AdvcsKyfacgi;f aqmifaom
k f
trsdK;om;acgif;aqmmifrsm;eJ@ vlenf;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;awG@qHkI vGwf
vyfa&;&vmwJtcg wef;wlnr#a&;udk tajccHxm;I jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;
h
D
k
a&; aqG;aEG;em;vnfr_ &&Sc=hJ uygw,f? jynfaxmifp}k uD; arG;xkway;aom
d
f
trsKd ;om;nDvmcHjzpfcw,f? &mZ0ifwiavmufaom yifvpmcsKyuvnf;
hJ
Gf
kH
f kd
csKyfqc=hJ uygw,f? ‚if;tjyif 1947 ck {+yDv ar+rdK@ (DR. RERSE WILLkd
f
k
Gf
IAM) acgi;aqmifaom e,fpyfa'opHprf;a&;aumfrwDa&S@arSmufwivnf;
&Sr;f / ucsif ud,pm;vS,rsm;u rdrw@kd &vtifqENukd rnfuo@kd tppfcH
k f
f
d hJ kd
hJ
a=umif;/ tqdyg aumfrwD&tpD&ifcpmY e,fpyfa'orsm;. tem*wf
k
hJ
H
ta&;/ &Sr;f jynf/ ucsiawmifwef;e,frsm;rS oufaorsm;onf &Sr;f jynfe,f
f
ESifh ucsifjynfe,fyg0ifaom jynfaxmifpktwGif;Y rdrdwdk@jynfe,frsm;
twGuf ud,yitycsKyfa&;&&S&ef qEN&a=umif;? od@k aomf trsm;ESiouf
k f kd f k f
d
dS
hf
qdiaom XmetcsKd @ukd jynfaxmifpA[dtpd;k &od@k vJtyf&ef oabmwl
kf
k k
$
a=umif; ponfjzifh &Sr;f / ucsirsm;. vdtifqENukd jycJ=h uygw,f? awmif
f
k
34
33. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
wef;om;vlenf;pkrsm;&Jh vdtifqENt&qdv#if jynfaxmifpppfppfz@GJ pnf;&ef
k
k
k
yifjzpfygw,f? vGwvyfa&;r&rD tcsersm;Y t*Fvye,fcs@J &hJ aoG;cJpepf
f
d f
d f
G
a=umifh vlenf;pkrsm;[m vlrsm;pkjzpfaom ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;tay: txif
tjrifrm;r_rsm; &Sc=hJ uygw,f? vGwvyfa&;twl&,l&atmifv@kd AdvcsKyf
S
d
f
k f
atmifqef;&Jh zdwac:pkpnf;wJtcg awGa0ae=uygao;w,f? trsKd ;om;
f
h
acgi;f aqmif AdvcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ ucsitrsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; 1946
k f
f
ck Ed0ifbmv (29) &ufae@/ jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@wif awG@q=kH uwJtcgY‚if;/ yifvkH
k
G
h
nDvmcHwif vlenf;pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;eJ@ awG@qwtcgY‚if;/ zqyvtzJ@G
G
kH hJ
csKyy%mrjyifqifrnvmcHwif AdvcsKyatmifqef;a&;qJr,fh tajccHOya'
f
_ D
G k f f
G
eJ@ ywfouf+y;D vrf;!Gejf yXmef;csursm; awG@&aomtcgY‚if;/ AdvcsKyatmif
f
dS
k f f
qef;. rSeuefaom trsKd ;om;a&;0g'jzpfaom —
f
(1) wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;&Jwef;wla&;/
k
h
(2) vlrsKd ;pkwi;f &ydicihf tjynft0&&Sapa&;/
kd k f G
h
d
(3) vlrsKd ;pkrsm;&JtcGita&;udk umuG,apmifa&Smufa&;/
h
hf
f
h
udk u|eawmfrsm;=um;odvmwJtcg csujf cif;pdwajymif;vJY AdvcsKyfatmif
f
h
f
k f
qef;trSL;jyKaom Armacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk t,H}k uD;I tm;ud;k tm;xm;
jyKvm=uygw,f? &mZ0ifwif r}uKH b;l atmif trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wjf cif;
G
G
&cJ=h uygw,f?
wdi;f jynfjyKv$wawmfac:I zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'a&;qJ=G upOf
k
f
f kH
tcgYvnf; Armhacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk b,favmuf,om;ovJqwmu
kH G
kd
awmh yH+k yD; tyfwtxdjzpfc=hJ uwmygb? wdi;f jyKjynfjyKnDvmcHusi;f yaeqJ
hJ
J k
tcsewif vlrormwpk&hJ vufcsujf zifh AdvcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@wuG acgi;f
d f G
k f
aqmiftcsKd @vy}f uHc&+yD;aemufyi;f wGif tqH;k owfa&;qJaom zJ@G pnf;tkyf
k
H
kd
G
csKyfytajccHOya'[m AdvcsKyfatmifqef;csrwcaom rSeuefonftrsKd ;
kH
k f
S f hJ
f
h
om;0g'eJ@vnf; rnD!w/f vlenf;pkrsm;vdvm;aom rle@J vnf; uJvaewm
G
k
G GJ
udk wpwpawG@jrifvm=uygw,f? T zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyytajccHOya'udk (14)
f f kH
ESpywfv;kH usio;kH vmwJtcg tcuftcJtrsKd ;rsKd ;awG@}uKH I rjynfrpHjk zpfae
f
hf
h
h
wmudvnf; awG@&ygw,f? T zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya't& usio;kH
k
f kH
hf
vmwJtcg rlvt"dutajccHrsm; ygrvmaoma=umifh rSe;f csue@J ESr;f xGuf
h
f
ruduqovdk jynfaxmifp&hJ tESpom&uG,aysmuf+yD;/ qm;rcwfaom
k f kd
k
f
f
[if;vsmuJo@kd aygysuysujf zpfaeygw,f? vGwvyfa&;&cgptcsewif vl
h
h f
f
d f G
35
34. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
enf;pkrsm;[m 0rf;omrqH;k jzpfcg rdrw@kd u=H urRmudk rdrw@kd zefw;D Ediawmhr,f
d
d
kf
ud,jhf ynfe,f&w;kd wuf}uD;yGm;r_ tpGr;f ukevyEiawmhr,fv@kd tm;wuf
k
hJ
f k f kd f
=uygw,f? ar#mvif=h uygw,f? od@k aomf wESprS ESpEpo@kd wpwp=umvm
f
f fSf
wJtcg rdrw@kd ar#mre;f csue@J uGmjcm;vmaomtjzpfe@J &ifqi=f u&aom
h
d
f S
f
kd
tcg rausreyfrj_ zpfvm=uygw,f? pdwysuvm=uygw,f? Armjynfrom;
f f
rsm;eJ@ qufqwae&mrSmvnf; r=umc%tqifrajyr_ jzpfay:vmcJ=h uyg
H hJ
w,f? jynfrom;rsm;u jynfe,fom;rsm;tay: zdEyw,f/ csKyfcs,w,f/
dS f
f
0ifpuw,f/ vlrsKd ;}uD;0g' oH;k w,fv@kd xifjrifcg twif;tzsi;f ajymvm=u
G f
ygw,f?
xduo@kd aom tjzpfrsKd ;[m ucsiwrsKd ;wnf;eJ@om jzpfwmr[kwyg?
k hJ
f
f
&Sr;f eJ@vnf; jzpfay:w,f? tjcm; vlrsKd ;pkwi;f eJ@vnf; jzpfay:cJygw,f? Arm
kd
h
vlrsKd ;}uD;0g' oH;k w,fv@kd pGypv#if Armacgi;f aqmifrsm;u r[kwb;l vd@k
f GJ
f
jiif;qef=urSmbJ? vlrsKd ;}uD;0g'r&Sre;f udk u|eawmfrsm;u ,H=k unf=uaomf
dS
f
vnf; vuf&tajccHOya'u vlrsKd ;}uD;0g'&Satmif zefw;D ay;aewmu
dS
d
awmh jiif;Edi=f ur,f rxifyg? tajccHOya'yk'r (222) wGif Armjynfr[m
k
f
jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifwOD;om jzpf&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; tajccHOya'yk'r (*)
k
f
t& tjcm;tzJ@G 0ifjynfe,frsm;tay:wGif jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiitaeESihf
kfH
pd;k rd;k I tm%mv$r;f rd;k jcif;udk awG@&ygvrr,f? T tcsuonfyifv#if jynf
d hf
f
rom;rsm;udk vlrsKd ;}u;D 0g'twif;xd;k +y;D ay;ouJo@kd jzpfapI vlrsKd ;}u;D eJ@ vlrsKd ;
h
i,fEppm;&Satmif cJjG cm;apaomtcsujf zpfygw,f? 'Dtcsuonfyifv#if
S f d
f
wef;wla&;/ rSeuefonfh trsKd ;om;0g'ESihf zDvmqef@usiaeygonf? vuf&dS
f
f
zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'udk Oya'a&;&_a'gi/hf tkycsKyfa&;&_a'gi/hf trsKd ;
f kH
f
om;a&;&_a'giu=unfv#if trsKd ;om;a&;vuQ%mudk raqmif/ csKd @,i;f ae
hf
h
G
onhtwGuf ,cktcg trsKd ;om;rsm;pnf;vH;k nD!wr[m a&mh&vmjcif;
f
G f _
J
jzpfygw,f? ucsijf ynfe,fe@J oufqiaomtajccHOya'Y tjcm;jynfe,f
kd f
rsm;eJ@ wrlx;l jcm;+yD;/ vlrsKd ;a&;cJjG cm;I tcGita&;umuG,ay;xm;aom
hf
f
yk'rrsm;xnfoi;f xm;wmudk awG@&ygw,f? 'Dtcsu[mvnf; trsKd ;om;
f
h G
f
a&;udk raqmif vlrsKd ;a&;yÉdyuQrukd tpOfzefw;D ay;&ma&mufapygw,f?
_
txufwif az: jycJonftwdi;f vuf&tajccHOya't& zJ@G pnf;xm;
G
h h k
dS
wJh jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yH[m csKd @,i;f csujf ynfEuaewJtwGuf rauseyfr_
k
k
G
hf S f h
awG/ txifvrm;r_awG ay:xGuvm+y;D / trsKd ;om;rsm;&Jh pnf;vH;k r_ukd xdcuf
GJ S
f
kd
36
35. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
a&mh&J apcJygw,f? T twdi;f om qufvufom;=ur,fqv#if jynfaxmif
h
k
G
kd
pk}u;D +yKd u&efyif pd;k &dryyefcygw,f? trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wr_ cdi+f rI jynf
GJ
f l hJ
G f k J
axmifp}k uD;wnfwci+f rJ&efrm vuf&dS zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk jyifz@kd vyg
hH kd
S
k
kd
w,f? jyifwtcgvnf; rSeuefwtrsKd ;om;a&;vuQ%mudk aqmifaom
hJ
f
hJ
wef;wla&;eJ@ &ydicitjynft0 &&Sa&;udk t"dutajccHxm;v#uf —
k f G hf
h
d
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Armjynfrudjk ynfaxmifptzJ@G 0if jynfe,fz@GJ a&;/
k
v$wawmf (2) &yftm; tm%mwlay;a&;/
f
vlrsKd ;pkvwawmfwif wlnaomud,pm;vS,apv$wa&;/
$ f
G
D
k f
f
f
trsm;ESifhoufqkdifaomXmetcsdK@udk A[dktpdk;&odk@tm%mvJ$
tyfI usetm%mrsm;tm;vH;k udk jynfe,fYxm;&Sa&;/
f
d
(5) jynfaxmifpb¾mawmfukd r#wpGmcJa0a&;/
k
G
paomtcsursm;yg0ifonfh jynfaxmifpusetifvuQ%mESijhf ynfponfh
f
k f
h kH
jynfaxmifpjk yKjyifz@GJ pnf;rSomv#if trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wr}_ u;D cdi+f rr,f
G f
k J
jynfaxmifp}k u;D vnf; wnfwr,fv@kd wxpfcs,=kH unf=uygw,f?
hH
u|eawmfrsm; zuf'&,fac:wJh jynfaxmifpppfppfz@GJ pnf;&ef tqdjk yKjcif;
f
k
[m vlrsKd ;a&;udk Ed;_ qGay;aejcif; r[kwyg? Confederation ac:wJh tvGef
f
jrifrm;wJh jynfaxmifpz@GJ &ef ta&;qdjk cif;vnf; r[kwyg? trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k
h
k
f
nD!wrukd wu,f&,lEiaom jynfaxmifpppfppfukd zJ@G pnf;jcif;om rSef
G f_
kd f
k
uefonf[k ,H=k unf=ujcif;jzpfonftwGuf wifjy&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
hf
(=obmoHrsm;)?
**********
37
36. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
tcef; (5)
csi;f txl;0daoowdi;f ud,pm;vS,f
k k f
uy`wderef;wHE;kH . aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf
f
k
tpDtpOf (6) t&/ csif;txl;0daoowdkif; udk,fpm;vS,f r[moa&pnfol uy`wdef
ref;wHkEHk;u axmufcHwifjy&efjzpfygw,f?
(=obmoHrsm;)?
av;pm;tyfygaom obmywd Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J wuG tpd;k &tzJ@G 0ef
kfH
}uD;rsm;/ Ediia&;tzJ@G tpnf;acgi;f aqmifu,pm;vS,rsm;/ jynfe,fu,f
kfH
kd f
f
kd
pm;vS,awmf}uD;rsm; cifAsm;? ckvkd ES;D aESmzvS,ynvmcHrm u|eawmf
f
f GJ D
S
f
pum;ajymcGi&wJtwGuf txl;bJ aus;Zl;wifygw,f?
hf h
u|eawmf wifjyaqG;aEG;vdwmuawmh zuf'&,frupe@J ywfouf+yD;
f
k
l dP
bma=umifh u|eawmfw@kd zuf'&,fr/l jynfaxmifprukd vdvm;ae&w,f
f
k l
k
qdwhJ ta=umif;bJjzpfygw,f? u|eawmftaeeJ@ jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;
k
f h
G f
tzJ@G OuUX}u;D p0fcecsKd re@f =um;oGm;onftwdi;f qufvuf+y;D axmufcom;
Gf d
hf k
H G
vdygw,f? vGecwhJ 1947 ckEpf azaz:0g&vtwGi;f rSm usi;f ycJwhJ yifvnD
k
f hJ
S
D
h
kH
vmcH}uD;u tpjyK+yD; jynfaxmifp}k uD;ay:ayguvmw,fqwm[m rSeyg
f
kd
f
w,f? xdtcseu awmifwef;a'orsm;eJ@ ArmjynfrrSm&SwhJ acgi;f aqmif
k d f
d
awG[m yl;aygi;f +yD; wdi;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wrukd }udK;yrf;aqmif&uchJ
k
G f _
G f
ygw,f?
tJ'vkd wdi;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wre@J }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&uc=hJ uvd@k vGwf
D
k
G f_
G f
vyfwjhJ ynfaxmifpEiiawmf &,fv@kd jzpfay:vm&w,f qdwmvnf; trSef
k kd f H
k
twdi;f bJjzpfygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd u jynfaxmifppepfukd }uKd uEpoufv@kd
k
f
k
fSf
jynfaxmifp&,fv@kd wnfaqmufcjhJ cif; jzpfygw,f? 1947 ckEpf pufwifbm
k
S
vrSm usi;f ywJh wdi;f jynfjf yKv$wawmfrm jynfaxmifpoabmoufa&muf
k
f
S
k
wJh zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'udk wifjypOfu u|eawmfw@kd tm;vH;k vG,f
f kH
f
vG,uue@J 0di;f 0ef;axmufcc=hJ uygw,f? 'D zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'
f l l k
H
f kH
[m jynfaxmifppw"gw/f jynfaxmifpoabmxm;rsm;ESitnD vufcH
k d f
k
hf
38
37. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
usio;kH oGm;Edivrr,fv@kd u|eawmfw@kd ,=kH unfar#mvifxm;cJygw,f? 'g
hf
k f d hf
f
f h
h
ayr,fh u|eawmfw@kd ,=kH unfar#mvifxm;ovdk jzpfrvmbl;vd@k qdcsiyg
f
f h
k f
w,f? zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'[m jynfaxmifpoabmrwufa&muf
f kH
k
ovdk jzpfaewm tawmf=um=umvufawG@cpm;vmwJtcgrm od&vm&yg
H
h
S
dS
w,f? u|eawmfw@kd awmifwef;a'o vlenf;pkawG[m b,fvpw"gwe@J
f
kd d f f
jynfaxmifp}k u;D wnfwatmif jynfaxmifp}k u;D udwnfaqmuf=uwmjzpf
hH
k
awmh jynfaxmifp}k uD;rSm t"duOD;aqmifaewJh aemifawmfjynfru acgi;f
aqmifawG tay:rSm,H=k unftm;xm;=uygw,f?
u|eawmfw@kd vdvm;,H=k unftm;xm;wJh jynfaxmifpyp[mvnf;
f
k
k kH H
jynfreJ@awmifwef;a'ou vlenf;pkawG nDwnr#tcGitm%m&SwhJ yHpH
l D
hf
d k
rsKd ; jzpf=urSmbJv@kd xifrw=f uygw,f? od@k aomfvnf; u|eawmfw@kd xifrwf
S
f
S
ovdk vuf&jdS ynfaxmifp&hJ jynfe,frsm;&Jtajctaeu 'Dvjkd zpfrvmwm
k
h
u|eawmfw@kd awG@jrif=uwJtwdi;f tpD&ifcyg&ap?
f
h k
H
vGwvyf+yD;ptcg/ &+yD;vd@k (14) ESptawmtwGi;f rSm u|eawmfw@kd
f
f
f
qef;ppf=unfvuawmh jynfe,fawmifwef;a'oawG&hJ rlvud,yijf yXmef;
h kd f
k f kd
cGiawG[m aysmufu,&awmhrvdk jzpfaewm awG@&ygw,f?
hf
G f
jynfaxmifp}k u;D rSm jynfaxmifppw"gwawGusqif;ae+y? jynfaxmif
f
kd f f
D
pkoabmxm;qdwmvnf; bmud,&rSe;f rodatmif jzpfaeygw,f? jynf
k
k l
axmifpk zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'ed'ge;f rSmygwhJ w&m;r#wr_/ vGwvyf
f kH
f
r_/ nDr#r_ qdwpum;awG[mvnf; t"dyg` ,enf;enf;bJ &Sawmhw,fv@kd u|ef
k hJ
f
d
awmfw@kd xifrygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,fawmifwef;a'ou vlenf;pk
d
f
awG[m vuf&jdS ynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;tkycsKyytajccHOya' tay:rSm oHo,
k
f f kH
&Sdae=uw,f? jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifqdkwmudk t"dy`g,fydkif;jcm;wJhtcgrSm
jynfe,fe@J jynfr [k jynfr/ jynfe,f ESihf jynfe,fr[kwwhJ usee,fajra'o
f
f
qdwhJ jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0if ESprsKd ;bJ&w,f? tck u|eawmfw@kd jynfrvd@k ac:
k
k
f
dS
f
aewm[m pifppfawmh jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0if bJjzpfygw,f? jynfe,fawG
k
[mvnf; jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifawGbJ jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh jynfaxmifpk
k
tzJ@G tm%mudk csKyfuip;kd rd;k aewmuawmh jynfromv#if jzpfaeawmh
kd f
jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0iftcsi;f csi;f awGrm tjiif;yGm;p&m/ rauseyfp&mawG jzpf
k
S
vm=uygw,f? 'Dvkd tjiif;yGm;r_/ rauseyfrawG r=umc%jzpfvmawmh
_
39
38. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
b,fou b,fvajz&Si;f ay;rvJ? rajz&Si;f Ediv@kd jyemawGpy+kH y;D jzpfvm
l
kd
kf
k
v#if wdi;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wrukd rxdcuaybl;vm;? 'gukd tav;t
k
G f_
kd f
euf pOf;pm;=uapcsiygw,f?
f
aemuf+y;D awmh rauseyfr/_ epfemr_&w,f qdwmvJ jynfe,f jynfaxmif
dS
k
pktzJ@G 0ifawGu cyfrsm;rsm;jzpfaeawmh jynfrtaeeJ@ pOf;pm;wJtcgrm 'g
h
S
awG[m tao;tzJawGygv@kd r,lqapcsib;l ? 'Dv,q&if trSm;}uD;rSm;
G
f
kd l
ygvrr,f? u|eawmfw@kd taeeJ@ jrifwmuawmh zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccH
d hf
f
f kH
Oya'udk jyifqifa&;qJG=uwJhtcgrSm jynfaxmifpkpepf}uD; yDyDoojzpf
atmif jyifqifa&;qJ=G uapvdygw,f? 'DvrS rjyifqif/ rjyif&if xyfovJvJ
k
kd
jyemawGjzpft;kH rSmbJ? jynfaxmifppw"gwe@J jynfaxmifpoabm
k d f f
k
w&m;awG[m jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'rSm owfrwcsuf
k
f kH
S f
awGe@J wdwusus udunaprSjzpfawmhr,fv@kd u|eawmfw@kd ,H=k unfygw,f?
d
k f D
f
Oyrmqd&if u|eawmfw@kd csi;f a'o[m jynfaxmifp}k u;D txJrm b,f
k
f
S
vdk tzJ@G 0ifrsKd ;jzpfxuw,fqwm oD;oef@owfrw+f y;D jzpfygw,f? +y;D awmh
kd f
kd
S
jynfaxmifpygvrefEihf jynfe,faumifpawG&hJ qufo,roabmw&m;
k D S
D
G f _
awGuvnf;f jynfaxmifppepfe@J uunatmif xm;&Sapcsiygw,f? 'Dvkd
kd
k
kd f D
d
f
jynfe,f jynfrqd+k y;D qufvufyi;f jcm;r,fq&ifawmh 'D jynfaxmifp}k u;D &Jh
kd
kd
wnfwci+f rJa&;[m &SEiygt;kH rvm;/ 'D 'Drua&pD&tESpom&udaum
hH kd
d kd f
kd
hJ
f
k
&Smvd@k awG@ygt;kH rvm; qdwm pd;k &drp&mjzpfvmygw,f?
k
f
'gawGa=umifh u|eawmft}uH^m%fay;axmufcom;csiwmu jynf
f
H G f
e,f jynfr&,fv@kd rcJbJ jynfe,fcsn;f bJ pkaygi;f xm;wmjzpf=uatmif jynfr
G
udvnf; jynfe,fwcktjzpfz@GJ yg? 'gromv#if jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0iftcsi;f
k
S
k
csi;f nDr#rj_ zpf+yD;/ jynfe,fawG&hJ oHo,&SrawG[m ajyaysmufom;Ediyg
d _
G kf
w,fv@kd u|eawmf,=kH unfygw,f?
f
tcku|eawmfwifjyovdk jynfe,ftcsi;f csi;f pkaygi;f wJh “rl” udvufcH
f
k
rS tkycsKyfrtm%m/ w&m;pD&ifrtm%m/ Oya'jyKr_tm%m qdwhJ t"du
f _
_
k
r¾dKijf zpfwhJ tm%moH;k &yfukd wef;wlr#wr_ &Satmifca0+y;D / A[djk ynfaxmif
d
GJ
pkukd oifavsmwhJ tm%mawGowfrway;xm;jcif;jzifh ppfrewjhJ ynfaxmifpk
h
f
S f
Sf
}uD;udk wnfaqmufEirmjzpfygw,f?
kd f S
40
39. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
u|eawmfw@kd &hJ aemifawmf}uD;wawGjzpfwhJ jynfracgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;
f
udk u|eawmftav;teufarwWm&yfccsiwmu aemifawmfawG&hJ oabm
f
H f
xm;}uD;r_ukd xif&m;atmifjy=uyg? ynm&SowdEivnf; pOf;pm;a0zef=u
S
d
S hf
yg? u|eawmfw@kd 0di;f 0ef;wnfaqmufwhJ wdi;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wr}_ u;D
f
k
k
G f
r+ydKuJGatmifvnf; xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufawmfrl=uygvdk@ av;eufpGm
awmif;yefajym&if; u|eawmf ed*;kH csKyfvuygw,f?
f
kd f
(=obmoHrsm;)?
**********
41
40. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
tcef; (6)
&S r f ; jynf e ,f u d k , f p m;vS , f OD ; xG e f ; jrif h (awmif } uD ; )
. aqG ; aEG ; wif j ycsuf
eHygwf (7) tpDtpOft& &Srf;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f OD;xGef;jrifh (awmif}uD;) u
axmufcHrSmjzpfygw,f?
av;pm;tyfwhJ obmywd}uD; Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfcifAsm;/ av;pm;tyfwhJ
kfH
aoG;csi;f ud,pm;vS,rsm;cifAsm;/ jynfaxmifpppfppfz@GJ pnf;a&; “rl” udk
k f
f
k
u|eawmfwifjyvduw,f qd&ifb/J jrefrmjynfrS trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif
f
k f
k
toD;oD;qDrS &_a'gitjrif trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ oabmxm;wke@f jyefr_ trsKd ;rsKd ;ay:
hf
xGuvmcJygw,f?
f h
jrefrmjynf[m 0HomEkacwfuae+yD; AdvcsKyfatmifqef;acwftxd
k f
+Adwo#uveb0u vGwajrmufatmif vGwvyfa&;wduytqifqifh
d
kd kd D
f
f
k f GJ
h
qifEvmcJygw,f? [kr;f &l; (Home Rule) ac:wJh ud,yitycsKyfa&;uae
$J h
k f kd f k f
vH;k 0 vGwvyfa&;txd/ vGwvyfa&;trsKd ;rsKd ;awmif;qdc=hJ uygw,f? 'D
f
f
k
awmif;qdcsuawGukd jrefrmtrsKd ;om;rsm;bufu=unf&if tvGew&m;
k f
h
f
aom awmif;qdcsursm;jzpfygw,f? udvee,fcs@J orm;rsm;bufu =unfh
k f
k kd D
&if rw&m;wJh awmif;qdcsuawGv@kd jzpfygw,f? jrefrmtrsKd ;om;bufu
k f
vGwvyfa&;/ +Adwo#e,fcs@J orm;rsm;bufu udvewnf+rJa&; &_a'git
f
d
k kd D
hf
jrifjcif; rwl=uygb;l ?
'D OyrmeJ@ 'Dae@ u|eawmfw@kd tjzpftysu[m xyfwxyfr#qavsmf
f
f
l
D
w,fv@kd u|eawmfrqdvygb;l ? [dta&;u e,fcs@J orm;eJ@ udveu|eb0
f
k kd
k
k kd D f
usa&mufaewJh jrefrmtrsKd ;om;rsm; vGwvyfa&;awmif;qdwhJ qufqa&;/
f
k
H
tck u|eawmfw@kd ta&;[m rdom;pkcsi;f wef;wlrawmif;qdwhJ qufqa&;/
f
_
k
H
qufqa&;trsKd ;tpm;jcif; uGmjcm;ygw,f? txufu Oyrmudk u|eawmf
H
f
wifpm;az: jy&wJh &nf&,csuu wjcm;ta=umif;a=umifh r[kwygb;l ?
G f f
f
cHpm;r_b0udk ay:vGiapvdwhJ apwema=umifbjJ zpfygw,f?
f
k
h
u|eawmfw@kd wifjywJh jynfaxmifpppfppf “rl” &Jh tESpom&[m bmvJ
f
k
f
qd&if wef;wla&;bJjzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifpppfppfrl qd+k y;D u|eawmfw@kd wif
k
k
f
42
41. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
jywJtcgrm Ediia&;yHo¾mef/ tkycsKyfa&;yHo¾mef/ tm%mcJa0a&;yHk
h
S kfH k
f
k
G
o¾mef ponfjzifh az: jyxm;wJtwGuf 'Dae@jzpfay:aewJh jyem[m
h
tvGew&m eufecufcaeonf[k ,lqp&mjzpfaeygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd
f
J
J
f
vdvm;csuukd t&Si;f qH;k pum;vH;k eJ@az: jy&&if u|eawmfw@kd Arm/ &Sr;f /
k
f
f
ucsi/f csi;f / u&if/ u,m;/ rGe/f &cdif nDtudrom;pkawG[m wef;wlnwl
k
k d
D
qufq=H uygp@kd / wef;wlnwl cHpm;=uygp@kd v@kd qdvujf cif;bJjzpfygw,f?
D
k kd
u|eawmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifpppfppfrukd yk*Kd~ vftcsKd @u b,fvtawG;
f
k
l
kd
ayguw,f/ b,fvt"dyg` ,aumufw,f rajymwwfygb;l ? vufrcHEib;l ?
f
kd
f
kd f
rjzpfEib;l vd@k wH;k wd}uD; jiif;y,fae=uygw,f? 'Dvkd jiif;y,fjcif;[m u|ef
kd f
awmfw@kd cpm;&wJb0eJ@ t"dyg` ,jf yefvu&if rif;wd@k e@J wef;wlnwqufqH
H
h
kd f
D l
vd@k rjzpfEib;l ? wef;wlnwcpm;cGihf ray;Edib;l vd@k t"dyg` ,ayguygw,f?
kd f
D lH
kf
f
f
Armjynfrowif;pmawGubJjzpfjzpf/ Ediia&;acgi;f aqmifawGubJ jzpf
kfH
jzpf/ Oya'ynm&SiawGubJjzpfjzpf u|eawmfw@kd wifjyvduwhJ jynfaxmifpk
f
f
k f
rl udk vufrcHEib;l ? rjzpfEib;l vd@k ajymvduwtcgwi;f tcgwi;f / u|ef
kd f
kd f
k f hJ
kd
kd
awmfw@kd pwrm ckwifu t"dyg` ,twdi;f vm+yD;cHpm;&ygw,f?
d f S
f k
+Adwo#tm %mydirsm;u vGwvyfa&;ray;Edib;l vd@k ajymvduwi;f
d
kf
f
kf
k f kd
ajymvduwi;f jrefrmtrsKd ;om;rsm;pdwrm cHpm;&ovd/k jynfaxmifpppfppf
k f kd
fS
k
rle@J ywfouf+yD;/ Armaemifawmfrsm;buf ypfypfcgcgajymvduqvuwi;f
k f kd kd f kd
u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;&Jpwrm tvm;wla0'em cHpm;&ygw,f? u|ef
f
h d f S
awmfw@kd jynfe,ftrsKd ;om;awG jynfaxmifpppfppfrukd awmif;qd=k uwm
k
l
[m tcGix;l tcGirawGukd awmif;aewmr[kwygb;l qdwmudk 'Dae&mrSm
hf
hf l
f
k
u|eawmftpD&ifcH vdygw,f?
f
k
u|eawmfw@kd &Sr;f jynftrsKd ;om;rsm;taeeJ@ tpD&ifc&r,fq&if u|ef
f f
H
kd
awmfw@kd [m ArmtrsKd ;om;rsm;enf;wl ud,wi;f jynf/ ud,vrsKd ;/ ud,hf
k hf kd
k hf l
k
tcsKyftjcmtm%meJ@ aexdivm=uygw,f? acwfa[mif;&mZ0ifrm &Sr;f
kf
S
trsKd ;om;rsm;eJ@ ArmtrsKd ;om;rsm; qufqa&;[m wzufe@J wzufemusn;f
H
p&mawG&ovd/k cspcifjrwfE;kd p&mawGvnf; tajrmuftrsm; &Sygw,f? vlrsKd ;
dS
f
d
a&;tEG,t& &Sr;f trsKd ;om;awG[m ,d;k ',m;eJ@yIeD;pyfaomfvnf; vuf
f
kd
awG@qufqa&;t& ArmeJ@y+kd y;D &if;ES;D ygw,f? acwfopf&mZ0ifukd =unfr,f
H
h
qdk&ifvnf; +Adwdo#u|efoabmufb0udk &Srf;eJ@Arm[m twlwlbJ
43
42. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
uscw,f? e,fcsJ @p;kd rd;k r_atmufrm twlwbcpm;cJ&=uw,f? vGwvyfa&;
hJ
S
l JH h
f
udvnf; &Sr;f eJ@Arm[m twlwvufw+GJ yD; &,lc=hJ uygw,f? u|eoayguf
k
l
f
b0uae tjcm;u|eoaygub0wckukd ycH;k ajymif;r_ ArmtrsKd ;om;rsm;
f
f
rvdvm;ovdk u|eawmfw@kd &r;f jynftrsKd ;om;rsm;uvnf; enf;enf;rS rvdk
k
f
S
vm;ygb;l ? ArmtrsKd ;om;rsm;eJ@ vufw+GJ y;D vGwvyfa&;&,lovdk vGwvyf
f
f
wJ&r;f jynftrsKd ;om;rsm;[m vGwvyfwhJ ArmjynftrsKd ;om;rsm;eJ@ wef;wl
hS
f
nDwl yl;aygi;f +yD; jynfaxmifpukd zJ@G pnf;aexdiae=uygw,f?
k
kf
1945 ckEprS 1947 ckEpf wdi;f jynfjyKv$wawmfac:qdk usi;f ywJae@txd
Sf
S k
f
h
u|eawmfw@kd &r;f trsKd ;om;rsm;[m ArmjynfrtrsKd ;om;rsm;eJ@ yl;wJvwf
f
S
G G
vyfa&;&,l+y;D jynfaxmifpppfppfrl yl;aygi;f zJ@G pnf;aexdiva=umif; qENxwf
k
k f kd
k
az:cJwoufaoom"u taxmuftxm;awG/ pm&Gupmwrf;awG[m
h hJ
f
,ae@raysmufu,Eiao;ygb;l ? &Sr;f rl vd@k ac:wJh pmtkyjf ymxJrm tjynfh
G f kd f
S
tpHaz: jyxm;ygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd &Sr;f rluwifvuwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD;/
k
f
kd
kd f
wcsKd @y*Kd~ vu cifAsm;wd@k &r;f awG b,fvpwu;l ayguv@kd jynfaxmifpppfppf
k f
S
kd d f
f
k
qdwrukd tckv+kd AHK;pm;}uD; xyfawmif;vmwmvnf;vd@k ar;=uygw,f?
k hJ l
wcsKd @y*Kd~ vawGuvnf; cifAsm;wd@k ukd b,foajrmufay;vduovJ/ b,fo@l
k f
l ‡
k f
ya&m*eJ@ awmif;wmvnf;vd@k ar;=uygw,f? 'Dvar;cH&wJtwGuf u|ef
kd
h
awmfw@kd [m pdwxtawmfbJ xdcuemusn;f rd cJ=h uygw,f? trSeawmh
f J
kd f
f
u|eawmfw@kd [mvnf;f ykxZOfom;awG r[kwygvm;? ykxZOfw@kd obm0
f
k
f
k
pdwxcuemusn;f wm[m tqef;r[kwygb;l ? 'gayr,fh u|eawmfw@kd [m
f d kd f
f
f
oabmxm;}uD;}uD;eJ@ onf;cHc=hJ uygw,f? ArmtrsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif}uD;
rsm;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;/ Ediia&;ygwtzJ@G tpnf;rsm;qDukd u|eawmfw@kd
kfH
D
f
&Sr;f jynfe,f OuUX}uD; p0fcecsKd ud,wiO;D pD+yD; c,0yfwm;pGmoGm;a&muf
G f k f kd f
G
&Si;f jycJygw,f? 'ga=umifvnf; txifrm;r_awG 'Dvrvdvm;tyfwhJ ar;cGe;f
h
h
S
kd k
rsKd ;awG aemufxyfay:rvmawmhygb;l ?
Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J nDtudu,pm;vS,awmfrsm;cifAsm;? u|ef
kfH
k kd f
f
awmfw@kd jynfaxmifpppfppfrukd wifjyawmif;qdwm[m Armjynfrtay:
k
l
k
tEdiusivwoabmrsKd ;/ t=uyfuivwoabmrsKd ;/ tcGix;l ydawmif;
k f hf kd hJ
kd f kd hJ
hf k
wJoabmrsKd ;eJ@ awmif;qdcwm r[kwygb;l ? u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;[m
h
k hJ
f
f
jynfreJ@wef;wlr_ r&Sjd zpfaewmudk wef;wlr&vmatmif awmif;qdae=ujcif;
_ dS
k
om jzpfygw,f?
44
43. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
vuf&z@GJ pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'[m u|eawmfw@kd ukd ArmjynfreJ@
dS
f kH
f
wef;wlrae&mrSmrxm;bl;? Ediia&;/ pDym;a&;/ vlra&;rSm nDr#wtcGihf
_
kfH
G
_
hJ
ta&;ray;bl;? tzufzufu epfemapw,fv@kd u|eawmfw@kd &;kd om;pGm
f
awG@jrifae=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh wef;wlnr#rr&SwhJ 'D tajccHOya'}uD;udk
D _ d
wef;wlr&vmatmif jyefvnfjyifqif=uygp@kd v@kd u|eawmfw@kd u rdom;pkpwf
_ dS
f
d
"gwe@J &d;k &d;k om;om;awmif;qd=k ujcif; jzpfygw,f?
f
'g[m u|eawmfw@kd jynfaxmifpppfppfr&hJ vd&if;twdcsKybjJ zpfygw,f?
f
k
l k
k f
'DtajccHOya'}uD;udk wdi;f jynfjyKv$wawmfwe;f u cifAsm;wd@k &r;f jynfu
k
f
k
S
ud,pm;vS,awGyg0ifa&;qJ+G yD; oabmwlcwmbJ r[kwvm;vd@k wcsKd @
k f
f
hJ
f
yk*~dKvfawGu ar;=uygw,f? rSefygw,f wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwkef;u
u|eawmfw@kd &r;f jynfu ud,pm;vS,awG[m yg0ifa&;qJ+G yD; oabmwl
f
S
k f
f
axmufccygw,f? b,fvc,csue@J oabmwlcw,fqwmudk quf+yD;
H hJ
kd H l f
hJ
kd
&Sif;jyyg&ap?
wdi;f jynfjyKvwawmfukd wufc=hJ uwJh u|eawmfw@kd &r;f jynfu ud,pm;
k
$ f
f
S
k f
vS,awG[m Ediia&;tawG@t}uHKrsm; r&Sc=hJ uygb;l ? Oya'vnf; ru|r;f
f
kfH
d
usi=f ubl;qdwmudk u|eawmf&;kd om;pGm 0efcvygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd wdi;f
k
f
H kd
f
k
jynfjyKv$wawmfukd wuf=uwm[m Oya'a&;qJz@kd xuf u|eawmfw@kd e,f
f
G
f
pyfa'o rygwvwvyfa&;[m t"dyg` ,r&Sovdk ArmrygwhJ e,fpyfa'o
hJ G f
f d
ta&;[mvnf; t"dyg` ,r&Sb;l vd@k u|eawmfw@kd ,=kH unf=uwJtwdi;f / Arm
f d
f
h k
jynfreJ@ wef;wly;l wJ+G y;D vGwvyfaomjynfaxmifpwnfaqmufvwhJ aZm
f
k
kd
u yd+k y;D }u;D aeygw,f? e,fcs@J vufatmufu tjrefvwz@kd ta&;}u;D w,f?
G f
e,fcs@J orm;awG r&Swaemuf aoG;csi;f om;csi;f awG txl;ajymaep&mrvdk
d hJ
bl;vd@k &d;k &d;k bJ,qcJ=h uygw,f?
l
wdi;f jynfjyKvwawmfvyief;aqmif&uaepOfwe;f u aumfrwDtpnf;
k
$ f f kf
G f
k
ta0;wckrm u|eawmfw@kd tvGe,=kH unf tvGe=f unfnKd av;pm;wJh acgi;f
S
f
f
aqmif}uD; AdvcsKyfatmifqef;ajymcJwpum;wcGe;f udk u|eawmfw@kd ,ae@
k f
h hJ
f
xufwi=f um;a&mifaeygao;w,f? aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wckrm tajccH
kd
S
Oya't}uay;t&m&Sd OD;csexe;f utajccHOya'jyXmef;csuawG wyHwacgi;f
H
f G
f
k
}uD;a&;qJwifjyvmwJtcg AdvcsKyfatmifqef;u “OD;csexe;f — cifAsm;
G
h
k f
f G
vefbm;a=umufovm;? 'DvawGa&;aevd@k b,fjzpfrvJ? (Brand Prinkd
45
44. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
hJ
h
f
ciple) us,jf yef@woabmw&m;avmuf yg&ifawmfa&mhayg? vGwvyfa&;
&+yD;wJtcg aemufvwmawGukd (By Act) ygvrefrm tufOya'vky&if
h
kd
D S
f
+y;D wmbJ? 'Davmuf&n&nvsm;vsm;eJ@ vkyae&if (2) v (3) v eJ@b,frm
S fS f
f
S
+yD;EdirvJ” vd@k ajymcJygw,f?
kf
h
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ zqyvacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk u|eawmfw@kd tifr
k f
f
wefcspcif=unfnKd av;pm;ovdk tifrwefvnf; ,H=k unftm;ud;k cJygw,f?
f
h
AdvcsKyf&oabmu tajccHOya'udk yk'rawGtrsm;}uD;eJ@ &Sn&nvsm;
k f hJ
f
f S f
vsm;a&;aep&m rvdkbl;? us,fjyef@wJhoabmw&m;eJ@ t*F gpHk&ifawmf
avmuf+yD? vGwvyfa&;+yD;wJaemuf tajctaeeJ@tcsetcgu=kd unf+h yD;
f
h
d f
vdovdaqmif&uom;r,f? tJ'vkd oabmxm;ygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd [m
k k
G f G
D
f
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;udk tºuGif;rJh,Hk=unfwJh
tavsmuf vH;k 0OHytyfcygw,f?
k kH
hJ
tJ'we;f u &Sr;f jynfu ud,pm;vS,wcsKd @[m 'Dae@ay:ayguaewJh
D k
k f
f
f
jyemrsKd ;ay:ayguvmrSmpd;k wJtwGuf EdiijH cm;om;Oya'yg&*lwOD;udk
f
h
kf
iSm;&rf;zd@k pDpOfcygw,f? zqyv&Japwemudk ,Hrm;&musrmpd;k wJtwGuf
hJ
h
k S
S
h
u|eawmfw@kd [m 'DtpDtpOfukd wduzsucygw,f? 'Dtjzpftysu[m tJ'D
f
k f f hJ
f
tcsewe;f u owif;pmawGrmvnf; ygygw,f? AdvcsKyftrSL;jyKwJh Arm
d f k
S
k f
acgi;f aqmifawGvnf; odygw,f? &Sr;f jynfe,f ud,pm;vS,awG[m Arm
k f
f
acgif;aqmifawGtay: b,favmuft,Hkt=unf}uD;cJhw,f qdkwm/ 'D
om"u utxift&Sm;jyocJw,f?
h
AdvcsKyfw@kd usq;kH oGm;+yD;wJaemuf qufvufa&;qJ=G uwJtcg tajccH
k f
h
h
Oya'[m AdvcsKyfvvm;wJh tajccHOya'rsKd ;r[kwawmhb;l ? AdvcsKyfre@J
k f
kd
f
k f l
uJvmw,fqwmuawmh xif&m;ygw,f? zqyv y%mrnDvmcHu
G
kd
S
a&;qJwhJ tajccHOya'rl=urf;eJ@ ,SOwzwf=unf&if/ uJjG ym;r_awG wyHwacgi;f
G
f GJ
h
k
}uD;awG@&ygvrr,f? AdvcsKyfatmifqef;r&Swaemuf Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyf
d hf
k f
d hJ
kfH
trSL;jyKwJh Armhacgif;aqmifawGtay: u|efawmfwdk@[m qufvuf+yD;
,H=k unfu;kd pm;cJygw,f?
h
tajccHOya'rSmyg&whJ jyXmef;csuawGtay: u|eawmfw@kd tvGetrif;
dS
f
f
f
tav;teufrxm;cJygb;l ? aumif;aumif;vnf; em;rvnfc=hJ uygb;l ? tck
h
xd tajccHOya'rSm csKd @,i;f csu&onfwiatmif AdvcsKyfatmifqef; ajym
G
f dS h kd f
k f
46
45. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
cJouJo@kd — ( Letter and Spirit of Constitution) Oya'pum;vHk;eJ@
h h
pdwapwem cJjG cm;Eki+f yD; usio;kH oGm;&if jzpfajrmufEirmygbv@kd ,H=k unf
f
d
hf
kd f S
J
pdwcsaecJ=h uygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd [m tJ'vpwxm;,H=k unfcsue@J 'D
f
f
D kd d f
f
tajccHOya'}uD;udk oabmwlvufcc=hJ ujcif; jzpfygw,f?
H
'gayr,fh vGwvyfa&;&+y;D wJaemuf tajccHOya'udk vufawG@usio;kH
f
h
hf
wJtcgrm wdi;f jynfjyKv$wawmfrmxm;&ScwhJ rdom;pkpw"gwawG[m pke;f
h
S k
f
S
d hJ
d f f
pke;f jrKwfaysmufu,aeygw,f? tajccHOya'a&;qJpOfu Oya'pum;vH;k
G f
G
aemufrmxm;&ScwhJ pdwapwemawG[mvnf; aysmufu,ueygw,f?
S
d hJ
f
G f k f
Oya'pum;vH;k awGtay:rSmom twdtusaumuf+yD; usio;kH vm=uwJh
hf
tcgrS u|eawmfw@kd [m txife@J tjrif wufwufpif vJ;J$ rSm;ukewmudk od
f
f
vm&ygw,f?
wae@xufwae@ epfemcsuawG ydIydI ay:vGivmygw,f? u|eawmf
f
k k
f
f
wd@k &hJ tcGita&;qdwi;f tajccHOya'pmtky}f uD;eJ@ udiayguwmudbJ cHchJ
hf
k kd
kf
f
k
=u&ygw,f?
'Dawmh u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;taeeJ@ b,ftajcuda&mufcygovJ
f
k
hJ
qd&if Armjynfrtm%m&ygwacgi;f aqmifrsm;&Jh pdwapwemeJ@ qENtay:
k
D
f
tpOft+rJrctm;xm;ae&r,fh tajcrsKd ;qdua&mufvmygw,f? tJ'vkd
DS kd
k f
D
rSctm;xm;EdirbJ jynfe,frsm;[m touf&acsmifr,fb0rsKd ;od@k us
D kd
kf S
l
h
a&mufvmygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eawmfw@kd tajctaeudk u|eawmfw@kd u
f
f
kd f H
f
jynfr&Jh Lesser State y¾mqufEiiv@kd orkwvmw,f vmcJ=h ujcif;
jzpfygw,f?
u|eawmfw@kd &ydici&wtcGeawmfaiGubJ axmufya=u;qd+k y;D ESppOf
f
k f G hf dS hJ f
kd
hH
f
vufjzef@cawmif;&wmvnf; tarmbJ? tcserr&vd@k jynfe,frsm;tkycsKyf
H
d f SD
f
a&;rSm tcuftcJ}uHK&aygi;f vnf; ra&rwGuEiawmhygb;l ? tJ'D axmuf
f kd f
yHa=u;ay;&wmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; yk*Kd~ vftcsKd @u u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,fawGukd
h
f
rD;&xm;ukew}GJ u;D awGvkd oabmxm;=uw,f? Armjynfru tvGew&m
f
f
tepfemcH+y;D yifyef;}u;D pGm u|eawmfw@kd ukd '&Gwwuqae&ovdk ,lq=u
f
f kd f GJ
w,f?
tJ'y*Kd~ vfawGukd u|eawmftpD&ifcvygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd &hJ jynf
D k
f
H kd
f
axmifpkppfppfrl[m cifAsm;wdk@u|efawmfwdk@udk 'Davmufyifyef;}uD;pGmeJ@
47
46. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
'&GwwuqGJ raeapzd@k jzpfygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd ukd jzwfypfcyg? cifAsm;wd@k
f kd f
f
hJ
(13) ESpv;kH vH;k qJcayr,fh u|eawmfw@kd rm c&D;xifoavmufraygucb;l ?
f
G hJ
f
S
f hJ
ud,pr;f tif ud,v@kH veJ@bJ oGm;yg&ap?
k hf G
k hf
obmywd}uD; Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;cifAsm;/
kfH
k f
f
vGwvyfa&;&+y;D (10) ausmumvtwGi;f vufawG@cpm;csut& }uKH awG@
f
f
H
f
vm&wJh epfemcsuawG/ qH;k &H;_ csuawG wyHwacgi;f }u;D pkyvmwdi;f tajccH
f
f
k
kH
k
Oya'jyefvnfpppfa&;udpuvnf; ay:ayguvmwJtwGuf u|eawmfw@kd
D
P
f
h
f
[m 'DtcGita&;udk t"du&,l+yD;/ 'Dae@ aqG;aEG;aewJh jyem}uD;udk
hf
wifjyvdujf cif; jzpfygw,f?
k
wcgao;bl; ysOfbdk;em;vnf qdkwJhpum;yHkudk acgif;aqmifwOD;
(od@k r[kw) ygwwck&hJ pdwapwemay: ,H=k unfu;kd pm;aevd@k r&awmhygb;l ?
f
D
f
vlqwm “ocF g&” yg? ygwtzJ@G }uD;vnf; rwnf+rJygb;l ? 'ga=umifh u|ef
kd
D
awmfw@kd tcGita&;awGukd tjzLtrJ cJjG cm;+yD; a&yufr0ifatmif a&;qJG
hf
xm;zd@k vdtyfw,fv@kd u|eawmfem;vnfygw,f?
k
f
Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfcifAsm;/ tajccHOya'udk jyifqifwtcgrm tcsKd @
kfH
hJ
S
yk'r avmufjyifvu&if jyifvu&if jzpfp&maumif;&Jvm;vd@k u|eawmf
f
kd f
kd f
h
f
wdk@ tpyxrwGif ,lqcJh=uygao;w,f? 'gayr,fh vufawG@cHpm;&wJh
tawG@t}uHKeJ@ ,SOw+GJ yD; tajccHOya'udk pDppfwtcg yk'rwcke@J wckquf
f
hJ
f
pyfaewmudk awG@vm&ygw,f? tajccHrawGukd rjyif&if rjzpfwmawGukd
l
odjrifvm&ygw,f?
'ga=umifvnf;bJ tajcrl}u;D awGukd jyKjyifypfz@kd u|eawmfw@kd wifjyvm
h
f
jcif;jzpfygw,f? Oya'jyKpm&if;/ tcGeawmfpm&if;awGukd jyKjyifay;jcif;jzifh
f
tcGita&;awG ydr&Edib;l vm;vd@k ar;&if/ &oifoavmuf &ygw,fv@kd ajz
hf
k kf
h
&ygr,f?
'gayr,fh 'Denf;[m tajctjrpfukd rukpm;Ediygb;l ? Palliative ac:wJh
kf
tay:,Hvr;f aq;enf;bJ jzpfygw,f? tajctjrpfukd rukpm;EdiwtwGuf
d
k f hJ
r=umc% [dua&mif/ 'Duazgi;f eJ@ jyemawG[m tpOft+rJay:vmrSm
k
rvJygb;l ? u|eawmfw@kd jynfaxmifpppfppfr[m temudtajctjrpfu
G
f
k
k
ukpm;Ediwenf;bJv@kd u|eawmfw@kd &d;k &d;k om;om;,H=k unfygw,f?
k f hJ
f
48
47. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
'gayr,fh u|eawmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifpppfppfrukd acgi;f aqmiftcsKd @[m
f
k
l
u|eawmfw@kd jrifovdk rjrifygb;l ? u|eawmfw@kd wifjywJh t"dyg` ,uvnf;
f
f
f kd
oabmrayguf=ubl;? wcsdK@yk*~dKvfawGu jynfaxmifpkrleJ@ ywfouf+yD;
aumif;raumif; ra0zefb;l ? Oya'a&;&mtcsutvufawGay:rSm w&m;
f
aoudip+GJ y;D t=uyfuiae=uygw,f? wcsKd @y*Kd~ vfawGuawmh u|eawmfw@kd
kf
kd f
k
f
&JepfemcsuawG[m trSewu,fepfemcsuawG&,fv@kd oabmraygu=f u
h
f
f
f
bl;?
u|eawmfw@kd &hJ rluwifjy+y;D wJaemuf jynfru rdwaqGtcsKd @u cifAsm;
f
kd
h
f
wd@k &r;f jynfovxepfemaew,fqwm oabmayguvufcygw,f? Arm
S
l l k
kd
f
H
jynfrrSmvnf;bJ vlrsm;pkjzpfwhJ awmifov,form;/ tvkyorm;awG[m
l
f
vGwvyfa&;oufwrf; wav#mufrm bmrSr,fr,f&& rcHpm;&ao;ygb;l ?
f
S
'ga=umifh &Sr;f jynftwGuf oD;jcm;awmif;r,ftpm; &Sr;f jynfoawG[m Arm
h
l
jynfoawGe@J vufw+GJ yD; wduy0if&if raumif;bl;vm;vd@k qdtyfygw,f?
l
k f GJ
k
'Dt}uay;csu[m tvGeaumif;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh vuf&dS tajctae
H
f
f
xufjrifrm;aew,fv@kd u|eawmfw@kd ,lqygw,f? qd&,vpfyef;wdio@kd
h
f
k S f
kf
cswuf&mrSm t&if;&Sipepfe@J qd&,vpfpepft=um;/ =um;ckvyfpcef;awG
D
f
k S f
&Sovdk jynfe,frsm;eJ@ jynfrvlxk wae@vufwEia&;twGuf tcku|ef
d
GJ kd f
awmfw@kd awmif;qdaewJh jynfaxmifpppfppfr[m =um;ckvyfpcef;bJv@kd u|ef
k
k
l
awmfw@kd ,=kH unf=uygw,f? vuf&tajctae twdi;f omqufom;&if
dS
k
G
jynfe,frsm;eJ@ jynfrvlxvufwEib@kd rqdxm;eJ@ vlrsKd ;csi;f rrke;f wD;vm
k
GJ kd f
k
atmif tifrwefowd}uD;pGmeJ@ xde;f odr;f =u&ygvrr,f?
d hf
Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfcifAsm;/ u|eawmfw@kd wifjywJh jynfaxmifpppfppf
kfH
f
k
rlrm Fundamental Principles ac:wJh tajccHr}l uD;awG yg0ifaeygw,f?
S
tJ'D tajccHr}l uD;awG[m —
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;/
v$wawmfEp&yf tm%mwlay;a&;/
f
S f
txufvwawmfo@kd wlnaomud,pm;vS,O;D a&apv$wa&;/
$ f
D
k f
f
f
A[dukd tm%muef@owfay;+yD;/ jynfe,frsm;u usetm%m
k
f
rsm;udk &,la&; wd@k jzpfygw,f?
49
48. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
tJ'tajccHr}l uD; (4) &yf t"dyg` ,e@J tajccHr}l uD; (4) &yfukd wef;wlr_
D
f
twGuf tb,fa=umifh vdtyfw,fqwmudk u|eawmfr&Si;f jycif cHpm;r_
k
kd
f
oabmudk tenf;i,fxyf+y;D az: jyyg&ap? u|eawmfw@kd wifjycsurm xdyf
f
fS
qH;k uaz: jyxm;wJh Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;udpukd jynfracgi;f aqmiftcsKd @
P
[m ra=uvnf=uygb;l ? oabmvnf; raygu=f uygb;l ? 'D[mvnf; cHpm;r_
&Jh oabmobm0bJ jzpfygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;bufuawmh
f
a=ua=uvnfvnf}uD; oabmaygu=f uygw,f?
vGecwEpf awmif}uD;nDvmcHukd wufa&mufvm=uwJh ucsi/f csi;f /
f hJ hJ S
u,m;/ u&if/ rGe/f &cdif trsKd ;om;ud,pm;vS,rsm;tm;vH;k vnf; a=ua=u
k
k f
f
nufnuf oabmayguem;vnf=uygw,f? Armjynfe,fz@GJpnf;a&;udp[m
f
P
aveJ@uif;a0;+y;D u|eawmfw@kd toufr&SiEiovdk jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;a&;
f
f kd f
k
rSm wef;wla&;twGuf rygv#if r+yD;ygb;l ? Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;udprm
P S
ra=unufor#/ u|eawmfw@kd wifjyxm;wJh usewhJ ygvrefz@GJ pnf;a&;udp/P
f
f
D
tm%mcJa0a&;udpawGrmvnf; a=unufawmhrm r[kwygb;l ?
G
P
S
S
f
bma=umifvnf;qd&if ArmjynfrtrsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmifawG[m udpP
h
k
&yfawGukd pOf;pm;qifjcifwtcgrm jynfe,fwe,fb0uae+yD; r=unfEi/f
hJ
S
hf kd
r=unfrjrifEibJ A[dtm%mudyg csKyfuixm;wJh jynfrb0uae+y;D awmh
h
kd f
k
k
kd f
=unf&o;kH oyfwhJ twGua=umifh jzpfygw,f?
h_
f
Armjynfr[m jynfe,fwe,f&b0udk rcH,or# rcHpm;or# wef;wlr_
hJ
l
udpawGtay:rSm tjrifwrsKd ;csn;f jzpfaerSm rvJygb;l ? 'Dae@ ES;D aESmzvS,yGJ
P
G
f
}uD;rSm ºuGa&mufae=uwJh jynfe,fjynfrudk,fpm;vS,fawmfawG[m
toJEv;kH wcg;udk yGivif;pGm zGixm;+y;D u|eawmfw@kd wifjycsuawGukd em;
S
hf
hf
f
f
qifawmfr=l uyg&ef arwWm&yfcygw,f? toJEv;kH yGivif;pGmeJ@ aqG;aEG;pOf;
H
S
hf
pm;r,fv@kd vnf; ar#mvifygw,f?
f h
Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;cifAsm;/ u|eawmfw@kd
kfH
k f
f
f
jynfaxmifpppfppfrrm wifoi;f az: jyxm;wJh tajccHr}l uD; (4) csuukd
k
l S
G
f
tenf;i,f &Si;f vif;cGijhf yKyg&ef tpD&ifctyfygw,f?
H
'Dae@ u|eawmfw@kd [m jynfaxmifppepfe@J wjynfaxmifpepf[m b,f
f
k
[mu aumif;w,fq+kd yD;awmh tjiif;yGm;aezd@k &m jyemaz:zd@k &m rvdyg
k
bl;? u|efawmfwdk@tzdk@ jynfaxmifpkpepfuvJG+yD;/ wjcm;b,fpepfeJ@rSm
50
49. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
zJ@G pnf;vd@k rjzpfygb;l ? 'Dae@ 'Dae&mrSm u|eawmfw@kd &hJ vuf&z@GJ pnf;tkycsKyf
f
dS
f
yHtajccHOya'[m jynfaxmifpypH [kww,f§ r[kwb;l qdwm tjiif;
k
k kH
f
f
k
ryGm; vdyg? 'gayr,fh jynfaxmifpppfppf r[kwb;l qdwmudawmh tm;vH;k u
k
k
f k
k
vufc=H uvdrr,fv@kd ,H=k unfygw,f?
hf
jynfaxmifpppfppfqwm b,fv[mrsKd ;vJqwupukd qef;ppf=unf&if
k
kd
kd
kd hJ d P
h
urBmrSm pHwif+yD;=unf=h uwJh jynfaxmifpEiiH (6) Edii&ygw,f? 'D (6)
k kd f
k f H dS
Ediiuawmh —
kfH
(1) tar&duef/
(2) uae'g/
(3) qDZmvef/
G
(4) =opa=w;&D;,m;/
(5) awmiftmz&du/
(6) qdA,uf,e,H wd@k jzpfygw,f?
kD
lD
tJ'D (6) Ediiz@GJ pnf;yHoabmw&m;eJ@ jynfe,fawG pkaygi;f zJ@G pnf;xm;
kfH
k
wJhtwGuf jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawGvdk@ ac:a0:Edkifayr,fh tm%mcJGa0a&;
oabmw&m;eJ@ ydi;f jcm;=unfr,fq&if 'D (6) Ediixu uae'ge@J awmif
k
h
kd
kfH J
tmz&du[m jynfaxmifpoabm roufa&mufygb;l ? urBmOya'ynm&Sif
k
h
}uD;rsm;uvnf; uae'ge@J awmiftmz&du[m jynfaxmifp&,fv@kd wdwd
k
usus rac:a0:Ediwta=umif; az: jy=uygw,f?
k f hJ
bma=umifh 'DEpEii[m urBmjh ynfaxmifppm&if;wGif yg0ifae&ovJ
S f kd f H
k
qd&if jynfaxmifpoabmw&m;udk wifjy=uwJtcg 'D ESpEii[m usef
k
k
h
f kd f H
(4) Ediie@J tm%mcJa0yHca0enf;rSm qef@usiaewJtwGuf om"uEdi;f ,SOf
kfH
G k GJ
f h
_
wifjy&mrSm tvGeaumif;wJh EdiiawGjzpfwtwGua=umifh jzpfygw,f?
f
kfH
hJ
f
jynfaxmifpEiiqwm[m jynfe,fawG qENtavsmuf oabmwl
k kd f H kd
yl;aygi;f zJ@G pnf;xm;wm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd jynfaxmifptjzpf yl;aygi;f =uwJh
k
tcg e*drv&ScwhJ tcsKyftjcmtm%meJ@ e,fajrudk rysurpD qufvuf
k l d hJ
f
xde;f odr;f xm;=uygw,f? 'g[m jynfaxmifppepfe@J wjynfaxmifpepfw@kd
k
&Jh t"dujcm;em;csubJ jzpfygw,f?
f
'Duae@ tar&duefjynfaxmifprm (51) jynfe,f/ uae'grm (4) jynf
kS
S
e,f/ qDZmvefrm (22) jynfe,f/ =opa=w;&D;,m;rSm (6) jynfe,f/ awmif
G
S
51
50. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
tmz&durSm (4) jynfe,f/ qdA,uf,e,rm (16) jynfe,f toD;oD;yg0if
kD
lD HS
zJ@G pnf;wnfaxmifxm;=uygw,f?
jynfaxmifpqwm jynfe,fawGaygi;f pnf; pkaygi;f zJ@G pnf;xm;&rSmjzpf
k kd
wJtwGuf u|eawmfw@kd jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdii[mvnf; jynfe,fawG
h
f
kfH
pkaygi;f zJ@G pnf;&rSmbJ jzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh vGecwhJ wdi;f jynfjyKvwawmfwe;f
f hJ
k
$ f
k
u tajctae wrsKd ;wrnf jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eawmfw@kd [m wrl
f
qef;+yD; yHpwrsKd ;eJ@ zJ@G pnf;cJ=h uw,f?
k H
u|eawmfw@kd &hJ wrlqef;wJyp[m b,fvyprsKd ;vnf;qd&if urBmb,f
f
h kH H
kd kH H
k
h
jynfaxmifprmrS r&SwyprsKd ; jzpfygw,f?u|eawmfw@kd rm &Sr;f jynfe,f/ ucsif
kS
d hJ kH H
f
S
jynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,fq+kd yD; jynfe,fawG zJ@G pnf;vduayr,fh jynfrus
k f
awmh jynfe,fwe,ftaeeJ@ rzJ@G pnf;bJ A[dtpd;k &eJ@ waygi;f wpnf;xJ
k
xm;vduygw,f?
k f
trSeuawmh jynfaxmifpoabmw&m;t&qd&if tJ'we;f u u|ef
f
k
k
D k
awmfw@kd rm Armjynfe,f/ &Sr;f jynfe,f/ ucsijf ynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,f qdk
S
f
+yD; jynfe,f (4) jynfe,fpaygi;f +yD;rS jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'D
k
k
jynfe,fawG[m toD;oD;ud,tcsKyftjcmtm%meJ@ e,fajr&S=d uw,f?
k hf
tm;vH;k &Jtay:rSmrSm A[dtpd;k &jzpfwhJ jynfaxmifptm%m wnf&&r,f?
h
k
k
dS
'gayr,fh u|eawmfw@kd [m ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh 'D wrlqef;+yD;/ yHpH
f
k
wrsKd ;jzpfwhJ zJ@G pnf;r_ypukd vufcc=hJ uw,f? 'D yHpe@J bJ vufawG@vyaqmif
kH H
H
kH
kf
wJae&mrSm atmifjrifEip&maumif;&Jv@kd ,lqcJ=h uygw,f?
h
kd f
h
tJ'vvufcc&mrSm u|eawmfapmapmu tpD&ifcovdk u|eawmf
D kd
H hJ
f
H
f
wd@k &r;f jynfe,fu,pm;vS,awGrm csKd @,i;f csuawG &Sw,f? +y;D awmh tajc
S
kd f
f S
G
f
d
taet&yf&yfukd v$r;f rd;k aewJh jzpf&yfEp&yfvnf; &Sygw,f? 'D jzpf&yf}uD;ESpf
Sf
d
&yfu bmvJq&if u|eawmfw@kd wi;f jynfrm b,fvrS tpm;xd;k vd@k r&Edif
kd
f
kd
S
kd
k
wJh acgi;f aqmif}uD;awG usq;kH ukew,f? tJ'D acgi;f aqmif}uD;awG usq;kH
f
ukewtwGuf u|eawmfw@kd rm ,l}uHK;r& ylaqG;ae&w,f?
f hJ
f
S
'g&,f+y;D awmh acgi;f aqmif}u;D awGcsrwcwtwdi;f wESptwGi;f vH;k 0
S f hJ hJ k
f
vGwvyfa&;t&,lr,f qdwhJ pdwaZm&,f/ 'Djzpf&yfEp&yf[m usewhJ tajc
f
k
f
Sf
f
taetm;vH;k udk v$r;f rd;k aecJygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eawmfw@kd [m 'Dype@J 'D
h
f
kH H
tajccHOya'udk vG,v,aygayge@J bJ vufcc=hJ uygw,f? 'Dvkd wrlqef;+yD;
f G f h h
H
52
51. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
zJ@G pnf;wJypukd u|eawmfw@kd vufawG@prf;oyfcwm (13) ESpausmvmyg+yD?
h kH H
f
hJ
f
f
u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;taeeJ@ 'Dypukd wae@wjcm; ydIydI ra=ureyf
f
kH H
k k
jzpfvmygw,f? jynfreJ@ jynfe,frsm;[m wef;wlnwl r[kwb;l qdwm
D
f
k
wae@wjcm; yd+k yD;xif&m;pGm jrifawG@vmygw,f? b,fvkd wef;wlnwl
S
D
r&SdovJ qdkwmudk tjcm;ta=umif;t&mawGxuf tpdk;&tm%mwck
wnf;udk om"u wifjyyg&ap?
u|eawmf[m Oya'ynm&Sir[kwwtwGuf Oya'tcsutvufe@J
f
f
f hJ
f
rwifjywwfyg? t&yfom;tawG;tac:eJ@bJ wifjyvdygw,f? Oyrm &Sr;f
k
jynf[m jynfe,fwe,fjzpfwtwGuf jynfaxmifptpd;k &udk vJtyfxm;wJh
hJ
k
$
udpP&yfrsm;eJ@ ywfoufor#wdk@rSm jynfaxmifpktpdk;&&Jh =oZmtm%m
atmufrm &Sygw,f? Armjynfr[m jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifwck jzpfcaomf
S d
k
hJ
vnf; jynfe,fwe,fr[kwbJ A[djk ynfaxmifptpd;k &eJ@ waygi;f wpnf;xJ
f
k
zJ@G pnf;xm;wJtwGuf jynfaxmifptpd;k &udk v$tyfxm;wJh udp&yfawGe@J
h
k
J
P
ywfoufor#awGrm u|eawmfw@kd &r;f jynf[m Armjynfr&Jh =oZmatmuf
S
f
S
rSm oufa&mufaeygw,f?
wenf;tm;jzifh A[dtpd;k &tm%mudyg wJzuf,xm;wJh Armjynfr[m
k
k G
l
jynfe,fawGtay:rSm pd;k rd;k cs,v,aeygw,f? Oya'tusKd ;oufa&mufr_
f S f
awG/ Oya'tusKd ;cHpm;r_awGukd ab;z,fxm;+y;D 'Dtjrifwckwnf;ESiyif jynf
hf
e,f jynfrwef;wla&; uif;rJr[m v,fjyifrmqifom;ovdk xif;xif;}uD;
h_
S
G
awG@jrifEiygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eawmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifprrm wef;wla&;
kd f
f
k l S
twGuf Armjynfrudk jynfe,fwe,ftaeeJ@ zJ@G pnf;zd@k &ef a&S@q;kH u az: jy
xm;jcif;jzpfygw,f?
Ediiawmf0ef}u;D csKyfe@J aoG;csi;f nDtudk ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;cifAsm;/
kfH
k f
f
u|eawmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifprukd jynfaxmifpppfppfv@kd 0daooexl;+y;D ac:
f
kl
k
a0:wm[m ta=umif;&Sdygw,f? txufu u|efawmfaz: jycJhwJh jynf
axmifpk (6) Ediirm uae'ge@J awmiftmz&du[m usef (4) Ediie@J rwlwhJ
kfHS
kfH
ta=umif; tpD&ifcc+hJ yD; jzpfygw,f? tJ'vkd rwlye@J ywfouf+yD; wdi;f jynf
H
D
kH
k
jyKv$wawmfnvmcHrm u|eawmfw@kd &hJ rdwaqG}u;D OD;csexe;f u uae'gukd
f
D
S
f
f
f G
tvwfpm;jynfaxmifp/k tar&dueftp&SwEiiawGukd jynfaxmifpppfppf
d hJ kd f H
k
vd@k ac:cJygw,f?
h
53
52. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
'ga=umifh u|eawmfw@kd [m u|eawmfw@kd vvm;wJh jynfaxmifpukd OD;
f
f
kd
k
csexe;f &Jh tac:ta0:twdi;f jynfaxmifpppfppfv@kd emr0daooexnfh
f G
k
k
+y;D ac:a0:xm;jcif; jzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifpppfwmeJ@ rppfwmudk tm%mcJG
k
a0yHk yHpu=kd unf+h y;D ydi;f jcm;=uygw,f? Unitary State ac:wJh wjynfaxmif
kH
k
Ediirmqd&if tajccHOya'rSm tm%mcJa0a&;jyem[m ray:ygb;l ?
kfH S k
G
wjynfaxmifpepfjzpfwtwdi;f jynfe,fawGpaygi;f xm;jcif;r&SwhJ twGuf
hJ k
k
d
tm%mcJa0 aep&mrvdb;l ? A[dtpd;k &eJ@ A[dtpd;k &u tm%mvJtyfjcif;
G
k
k
k
$
cH&wJh a'oE &tkycsKyfa&;bJ &Sw,f?
W
f
d
zuf'&,fpwdwf ac:wJh jynfaxmifpusawmh jynfe,fawG pdwwl
k
f
oabmwlyg0ifz@GJ pnf;=u&wJtwGuf tajccHOya'rSm tm%mcJa0ay;xm;
h
G
&ygw,f? jynfe,fawGtwGuf olw@kd rm&SwhJ tcsKyftjcmtm%mvnf;
S d
rysup;D &atmif wzufuxde;f odr;f +yD;/ wjcm;wzufu A[dukd tm;vH;k eJ@
f
k
oufqiwupawGukd vJtyf&ygw,f? 'g[m tm%mcJa0a&;&Jh tajccH
kd f hJ d P
$
G
oabmw&m;bJ jzpfw,f?
tm%mcJa0a&;rSm enf; (2) enf;awG@&ygw,f?
G
(1) A[dutm%mowfrway;+y;D / jynfe,frsm;u usetm%mrsm;
k kd
S f
f
udk tyfwenf;/
hJ
(2) jynfe,frsm;udk tm%mowfrway;+y;D / usetm%mrsm;udk A[dk
S f
f
od@k tyfwenf;/ enf; (2) enf; jzpfygw,f?
hJ
pHwifxm;wJh EdiiH (6) Ediiu=kd unf&if tar&duef/ qDZmvef/ =opa=w;
kf
kfH
h
G
&D;,m;eJ@ qdA,uf,e,w@kd rm A[dukd tm%mowfrway;+yD;/ jynfe,f
k D
l D H S
k
S f
rsm;u usetm%mrsm;udk ,lxm;=uygw,f? uae'ge@J awmiftmz&du
f
usawmh jynfe,frsm;udk tm%mowfrway;+yD;/ A[du usetm%m udk
S f
k
f
odr;f xm;ygw,f?
u|eawmfw@kd vuf&z@GJ pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'udk =unfv#if —
f
dS
f kH
h
(1) Oya'/ jynfaxmifpkOya'jyKpm&if;/
(2) jynfe,f Oya'jyKpm&if;/ qd+k yD;owfrwxm;wJtwGuf wrlx;l
S f
h
jcm;aeovdk xif&ygw,f? 'D Oya'jyKpm&if;awGrm a&wGuaz: jyxm;wm
S
f
udk aoaocsmcsmavhvm=unfr,fq&if jynfe,fawGukd tm%muef@owf
h
kd
54
53. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
ay;+yD;/ A[ku usetm%mrsm;tm;vH;k udk ,lxm;wJenf;bJ jzpfygw,f?
d
f
h
wenf;tm;jzifh uae'gyprsKd ;bJ jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eawmfw@kd vuf&dS
kH H
f
jynfaxmifp[m jynfaxmifpppfppfrsKd ;r[kwbJ uae'gvtaysmpm; jzpf
k
k
f
kd
h
aeygw,f? uae'gukd jynfaxmifpr[kwb;l qd&if u|eawmfw@kd vnf; jynf
k
f
k
f
axmifpr[kwawmhygb;l ?
k
f
'gwiruao;ygb;l ? jynfr[m jynfe,fwe,fr[kwbJ A[dtpd;k &tm
Gf
f
k
%mudk yl;wJ,xm;wJtwGuf tm%mtm;vH;k udk cHpm;ae&ygw,f? 'Dae&m
G l
h
rSmvnf; jynfe,fjynfrwef;wla&; uif;rJaew,fv@kd u|eawmfw@kd xyf+yD;
h
f
jrifygw,f? tJ'D uae'g enf;jzpfwhJ tm%mcJa0a&;yHpukd u|eawmfw@kd
G
k H
f
prf;oyfcwm (13) ESp&vmyg+yD? 'DyprsKd ;udk u|eawmfw@kd rvdvm;awmhyg
hJ
f dS
kH H
f
k
bl;?
'ga=umifh u|eawmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifpppfppfr[m tar&duef/ qGZm
f
k
l
D
vef/ =opa=w;&D;,m;/ qdA,ufjynfaxmifprsm;rSmuJo@kd A[dukd tm%m
kD
k
h
k
owfrway;+yD;/ usetm%mrsm;udk jynfe,frsm;od@k v$tyf&ef wifjyvduf
S f
f
J
k
jcif; jzpfygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd jynfaxmifpppfppf jyefvnfz@GJ pnf;=uwJtcg
f
k
h
Armjynfe,f tygt0if jynfe,faygif;pHkudk,fpm;vS,fawG[m A[dkudk
b,fvXme/ b,fvup&yfawG vJtyfoifw,fqwmudk a=ua=uvnf
kd
kd d P
$
h
kd
vnf aqG;aEG;nd‡ Edi;f &rSmom jzpfygw,f?
_
Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfcifAsm/ jynfaxmifprxrm ygwhJ (Unitary State)
kfH
kl JS
ac:wJh wjynfaxmifEiiawGrm Oya'jyKv$wawmf w&yfvnf;xm;=u
kd f H
S
f
w,f? ESp&yfvnf; xm;=uygw,f? v$wawmfEp&yfxm;&wJh rlvta=umif;
f
f
Sf
&if;u bmvJq&if v$wawmf w&yfuw&yfukd xde;f uGyz@kd bJ jzpfygw,f?
kd
f
f
'ga=umifh oabmw&m;t& tm%mwlay;zd@k vdvmygw,f? jynfaxmifpk
k
Ediirmawmh v$wawmfEp&yfrxm;vd@k rjzpfygb;l ? vlO;D a&eJ@ e,ftus,f
kfHS
f
Sf
t0ef;csif; rwlnDwJhjynfe,f awGaygif;pnf;xm;wJhtwGuf v$wfawmf
ESp&yf[m vdtyfaeygw,f?
f
k
jynfaxmifprmxm;&SwhJ v$wawmfEp&yfusawmh w&yfEiw&yfxe;f
kS
d
f
Sf
S hf
d
uGy&wifruawmhygb;l jynfe,fawG&hJ tcGita&;awGukd umuG,apmifh
f kH
hf
f
a&Smuf&r,fh wm0efawGvnf; ygvmygw,f? v$wawmfw&yfukd vlO;D a&
f
ay:rSmwnf+y;D zJ@G pnf;wm[m 'Drua&pDoabmw&m;t& jzpfygw,f? jynf
kd
55
54. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom
olvxw&yfv;kH udk ud,pm;jyK+yD; jynfotm;vH;k udk tusKd ;jyKapzd@k jzpfyg
l k
k f
l
w,f? jynfaxmifprm 'gavmufe@J rvHavmufygb;l ?
k S
k
jynfaxmifpxrm vlO;D a&tifrwefrsm;wJjh ynfe,f/ vlO;D a&enf;wJh
k J S
jynfe,fawG yg0ifaewJhtwGuf vlOD;a&tay:tajcwnfwJh 'Drdkua&pD
oabmw&m;wckwnf;xm;v#if vlO;D a&rsm;wJjh ynfe,f}u;D u acgi;f aqmif
awGpdwfxm;raumif;&if jynfe,fi,fawGtay: tpOft+rJtEdkifusifh
vuf0g;}uD;tkyaerSm rvJb;l ? 'ga=umifh aemufvwawmfw&yfz@GJ pnf;wJh
f
G
$ f
tcg vlO;D a&tcsKd ;tpm;tvduf zJ@G pnf;vd@k rjzpfygb;l ? vlO;D a&enf;onf
k
jzpfap rsm;onfjzpfap ud,pm;vS,ta&twGuf tnDtr#e@J zJ@G pnf;&yg
k f
f
w,f?
'ga=umifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpukd pwifz@GJ pnf;wJtcg qD;edwac:wJh
k
h
f
v$wawmfw&yfukd jynfe,fwe,fv#if ud,pm;vS,f (2) OD;pD tnDtr#ap
f
k f
v$w&r,fv@kd owfrwxm;jcif; jzpfw,f? tJ'rtwdi;f bJ aemufay:ayguf
f
S f
Dl k
vmwJh jynfaxmifprsm;[mvnf; v$wawmfw&yfukd e,f}uD;onf i,f
k
f
onfr[l ud,pm;vS,tnDtr#apv$w=f uw,f? uae'grm wjynfe,f
k f
f
S
v#if (24) OD;pD/ qDZmvefrm (2) OD;pD/ =opa=w;&D;,m;rSm (6) OD;pD/ awmif
G
S
tmz&durSm (8) OD;pD tnDtr#apv$=uw,f?
qdA,uf,e,[m 'DtajccHrukd rypfy,faomfvnf;bJ wrlx;l wJh
k D
l D H
l
ud,pm;vS,apv$wenf;udk wDxixm;ygw,f? qdA,uf,e,rm yg0if
k f
f
f
Gf
kD
lD HS
aewJh jynfe,ftcsKd @[m tjcm;jynfaxmifpawGrm yg0ifaewJh jynfe,fawG
f
k S
eJ@ rwlwtcsu&ygw,f? qdA,uf,e,rm yg0ifaewJjh ynfe,f (16) jynf
hJ
f dS
kD
lD HS
e,fteuf (8) jynfe,f[m &d;k &d;k jynfe,fawG r[kwygb;l ? ud,yitycsKyf
f
k f kd f k f
a&;orwEdii/H ud,yitycsKyfa&;a'o/ vlrsKd ;pka'orsm; yg0ifz@GJ pnf;xm;
k f k f kd f k f
wJh jynfaxmifpawG jzpfygw,f?
k
wzef tJ'jD ynfaxmifpawGxrmygwhJ ud,yitycsKyfa&;orwEdiiH
k
J S
k f kd f k f
kf
awG[mvnf; jynfaxmifpuav;awGbJ jzpfygw,f? qdA,uf,e,[m
k
kD
lD H
jynfaxmifpk (3) qif[ac:qd&if ac:Ediygw,f/ 'ga=umifh qdA,uf,e,H
h k
k
kf
kD
lD
&Jh vlrsKd ;pkvwawmfukd zJ@G pnf;wJtcg tajccHrjl zpfwhJ ud,pm;vS,tnD
$ f
h
k f
f
tr#apv$wa&;rlukd vufcusio;kH aomtm;jzifh jynfe,f (16) jynfe,f
f
H hf
pvH;k wjynfe,fv#if (25) OD;pD tnDtr#apv$w=f uw,f?
56
55. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
'gayr,fh jynfe,fawG&hJ xl;jcm;wJh zJ@G pnf;yHa=umifh tJ'jD ynfe,fawGxJ
k
rSm yg0ifaewJh ud,yitycsKyfa&;orwEdii/H ud,yitycsKyfa&;a'oESihf
k f kd f k f
k f k f kd f k f
vlrsKd ;pka'oawGukd ud,pm;vS,apv$wciay;xm;ygw,f? ud,yityf
k f
f
f G hf
k f kd f k
csKyfa&;orwEdiiwckv#if (10) OD;pD/ ud,yitycsKyfa&;a'o wckv#if
kfH
k f kd f k f
(5) OD;pD/ vlrsKd ;pka'o wckv#if (1) OD;pD apv$wci&=uygw,f?
f G hf
,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpk[mvnf;bJ qdkAD,uf,leD,H&Jh rludk
,lxm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eawmfw@kd jynfaxmifprxrm tajccHre@J
f
k l J S
l
oabmw&m;t& v$wawmf (2) &yftm%mwlay;&r,f? atmufvwf
f
$
awmfukd vlO;D a&tvdua&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&r,f? txufvwawmf
k f
$ f
udawmh jynfe,fwi;f ud,pm;vS,tnDtr# apv$w&r,fv@kd wifjyxm;
k
kd k f
f
f
jcif;jzpfygw,f?
Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;cifAsm/ u|eawmfw@kd &hJ
kfH
k f
f
f
jynfaxmifprxrm az: jyoifwaemufq;kH ta&;}uD;wJh tajccHr}l uD;u
k l J S
h hJ
jynfaxmifpb¾ma&;udpP jzpfygw,f? urBmay:rSm&SwhJ jynfaxmifpEiiH
k
d
k kd f
wdi;f }uHKawG@&wJh tcuftcJq;kH jyem[m jynfaxmifpb¾mawmfcGJ
k
k
a0a&;udpbJ jzpfygw,f? wjcm;jynfaxmifpawGrmawmifrS cufcaewJh
P
k
S
J
jyemudk u|eawmfw@kd qrm vG,v,e@J ajz&Si;f vd@k &r,fv@kd u|eawmfw@kd
f
DS
f G f
f
rar#mvifygb;l ?
f h
'gayr,fh tajccHre@J oabmw&m;awmh owfrwxm;oifw,fv@kd
l
S f
h
u|eawmfw@kd ,qygw,f? jynfaxmifpukd jynfe,fawGe@J qiwup&yfawG
f
l
k
kd f hJ d P
udk pdwwoabmwlA[dukd tyfEi;f =uw,f? usewmawGukd ud,bmom
f l
k
S
f
k hf
ud,f pDrcef@c=GJ uw,f? 'g[m jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;jcif;&Jh tajccHoabm
k
H
k
w&m;bJ jzpfygw,f?
jynfaxmifpkb¾ma&;qdkwmvnf; 'Djynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;
tay: rD+S yD;pDrcef@c&ygw,f? A[dtpd;k &udk tyfEi;f xm;wJup&yfawGxrm
H GJ
k
S
h dP
JS
tcGeawmf0ifaiG ajrmufrsm;pGm&SwhJ XmeawGyg0ifovdk toH;k p&dwajrmuf
f
d
f
rsm;pGmukeuswhJ XmeawGvnf; yg0ifygw,f?
f
jynfe,fawGtaeeJ@ — Oyrm — taumufawmfceXmersKd ;udk A[dk
G f
od@k vay;&wJtwGuf tcGeawmfaiGtrsm;tjym;epfemoGm;ovdk umuG,f
$J
h
f
a&;eJ@ EdiijH cm;a&;vdXmersKd ; A[do@kd vay;&wJtwGuf toH;k p&dwtrsm;
kf
k
k
J$
h
f
57