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数字型彩票中奖号码的概率穷析
于晶贤
(辽宁石油化工大学理学院,辽宁抚顺113001)
摘要:采用概率和统计中的方法,对一般的数字型彩票中奖号码本身所具有的性质进行了研
究,对中奖号码中奇数个数的分布、最小值的分布、最大值的分布和跨度的分布进行了理论推导,并
利用体彩“排列五”的900期历史中奖数据,对理论结果进行了检验和应用。
关键词:彩票;二项分布;跨度;卡方拟合优度检验
中图分类号:0211.2 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1002—6487(2009)13_0155—02
数字型彩票是彩票中的一种,因其中奖概率较大。奖金
设置合理,受到了彩民朋友们的喜爱。随着其规模的不断扩
大和计算机技术的不断发展,数字型彩票受到J,许多人的关
注,对它的研究也越来越多。
所谓数字型彩票是指购票者选取3个或3个以上的数
字进行投注的彩票,其中每个数字从0~9中选出fIJ。根据选取
的号码与中奖号码是否相同、顺序是否一致来设置不同的奖
项,一般最高奖项要求选取的号码与中奖号码相同的同时.
还要求排列顺序与中奖号码一致。体彩中的“排列三”、“排列
五”和福彩的“3”就是典型的数字型彩票。下面主要对一般的
数字型彩票中奖号码本身的性质进行理论研究,并利用体彩
“排列五”200600l期至2008186期共900期的历史数据对
结果进行检验和应用。
1模型假设
(1)本文所提及的一般的数字型彩票指的是选取N个数
字进行投注,每个数字从0—9巾选出,以下简单记为“数字型
彩票N”。
(2)摇奖过程中摇出每个号码的过程是相互独立的.整
个摇奖过程町以看作是有放回的从0~9这lO个数字中取数
次,每次随机地选取一个。
(3)机会均等假没【习:每次从0~9中取数时,每个数字出
现的概率相同。
2主要结果
2.1奇数个数的分布
定理1:记“数字型彩票N”中奖号码中奇数的个数为X,
则x服从参数为(N,})的二项分布刚,即:
眦非㈣“.(扩=m(扎蚓,…^
证明:由模型假设(2)和(3),摇奖过程可以看作是有放
回的从0,l,…,9这10个数字中抽取个数,而这10个数字中
有5个奇数和5个偶数,所以中奖号码中奇数个数的分布。
●
可以看作是参数为(N,了1)的二项分布,从而有定理l。
二
以体彩“排列五”为例,根据定理l的结果。可以计算出
中奖号码中出现k(1(=0’…,5)个奇数的概率,并同900期历史
数据进行比较,得到表l。
表1 奇数个数分布对比表
奇数个数 偶数个数 实际出现期敬 实际出现概串 理论慨率
0 5 34 o.03778 O.03】25
l 4 130 O.14444 O.15625
2 3 285 0.31667 O.31250
3 2 275 0.30556 0.31250
4 1 150 0.16667 O.15625
5 O 26 0,02889 O.03125
从表l中可以看出奇数个数实际出现的概率与理论计
算}H的概率相差很小。并且可以看到出现2个奇数3个偶数
和3个奇数2个偶数的概率最大.二者的理论概率和约为
0.625.即在中奖号码中约有63%的机会出现2个奇数3个
偶数或者3个奇数2个偶数:出现全部奇数和全部偶数的理
论概率和不到7%,这就给彩民一个提示:在购买体彩“排列
五”时,选号的过程中最好选择2个奇数3个偶数或者3个
奇数2个偶数的号码组进行投注。
2.2最大值分布与最小值分布
。 定理2:记“数字型彩票N”中奖号码中最大值为MAX,
最小值为MIN.则
e(Max=k)=韭+黔坐,k=o,10,…'9
P(MIN=k)=螋l∥-(9-k:kL,k=o,l,…,9
证明:先证最大值分布。
已知有放回的从0~9这lO个数字中取数N次的所有取
法数有l∥种。
当k=0时,即最大值为0的情况只有一种,故P(MAX=o)
一1 .
一1∥’
统计与决策2009年第13期(总第289期)155
万方数据
当k=l。2。…,9时,这N个中奖号码中最大值出现的次数
可能是1次,2次,…,或N次,当最大值出现m次时,由于这
!i1个最大值可以出现在N个位置中的任何m个.且比最大
值k小的数有k个(o,l,…,k一1),这些数将可重复地}H现N—m
/N、
次,所以最大值为且最大值出现in次的所有可能情况有I
\m/
・k‰种,再对m求和得到最大值为k(k=l,2,…,9)时的所有可
能情况,即兰fN 1.kw一:(1+k)N--k一,从而有P(MAX:k):m=I、111/
.(1+1knN)N-k—N,o【:1∥2一,9)
综合上述k---0和k=l,2,…,9两种情况可得到最大值的
分布,类似的推导方法可以得到最小值的分布。
以体彩“排列五”为例,根据定理2的结果,可以计算出
中奖号码中最大值和最小值为k(k=o,1,…,9)的概率,并同
900期数据进行比较,得到表2和表3。
衰2 最大值分布对比表 裹3 最小值分布对比表
最大值 实际期数 实际概率 理论概率
O 0 0.00000 O.0000l
1 l O.oolll O.0003l
2 l 0.001ll O.00211
3 3 O.00333 O.0078l
4 16 0.01778 0.0210l
5 38 0.04222 0.0465l
6 89 0.09889 O.0903l
7 136 0.151ll 0.1596l
8 234 O.26000 0.26281
9 382 0.42444 0.4095l
最小值 实际期数 实际概率 理论概率
O 336 0.37333 0.40195l
l 252 O.280()0 0.26281
2 142 O.15778 0.1596l
3 100 O.1llll 0.09103l
4 42 0.O姗 O.04651
5 20 0.02222 O.02lOl
6 6 O.00667 0.0078l
7 2 O.00222 0.002ll
8 0 0.00000 O.0003l
9 0 0.00000 0.0000l
从表2和表3中可以看出。最大值与最小值实际上出现
的概率与利用定理2计算得到的概率相差很小.利用卡方拟
合优度检验[51.在显著性水平a--0.05的条件下。证明最大值
分布与最小值分布是正确的。
2.3跨度的分布
跨度阍。也叫首尾边距,在数学中称为极差f7l,它是描述数
据分散性的数字特征,数据越分散,极差越大。跨度的分布主
要研究中奖号码中最大值与最小值之差的分布。
定理3:记“数字型彩票N”中奖号码的跨度为Y,则
PⅣ=k)=
.(10-k)l(k+i)N=-2.k%(k-1)”]一,k:1,2,…,9
10N
’ ’’’
矿1,k=0
证明:P(Y=k)=P(MAX—MIN=k)=∑P(MAX—MIN=k,MIN=
m=0
9-k 9一k
m)=∑P(MAX—MIN=k,MIN=m):∑P(MAX:m“,MIN=m).
m=0 m=0
当k=O时,即最大值与最小值相等时。共有10种情况,
所以P(Y--O)2而1;
当k=12,…,9时,事件(MAX=m+k,MIN=m)相当于从m,m+
1,…,m+k这k+1个数中有放回的取数N次,每次取一个,且
使m+k和m这两个数都至少被选中一次。
156 统计与决策2009年第13期(总第289期)
考虑试验E:“从m,m+l,…,m+k这k+1个数中有放回取
数N次,每次随机地取一个”,S是E的样本空间,则S中包
含的样本点总数为低+1)“;以事件A表示“数m+k至少被取
到一次”.则i表示“数m+k一次也没有被取到”,r中包含
的样本点个数为kN;以事件B表示“数nl至少被取到一次”,
则百表示“数一次也没有被取到”.面中包含的样本点个数为
kN:从而五可表示“数m+k一次也没有被取到且数m一次也
没有被取到”,其包含的样本点个数为皿一1)一;则事件(MAX=
m+k。MIN=m)=AB=S—AB=S—AUB=S—A—B+AB。其包含的样本
点个数为m+1)L2・kN+(k—1)“。所以当k=l,2,.--,9时,
P(Y:k):P(MAX:m+k,MIN:m):幽±!)N≯业必m;0 1V
综合上述k=0和k=l,2,…,9两种情况,得到定理3。
根据体彩“排列五”900期的中奖号码和定理3,对分布
的实际情况和理论情况进行对比,并给出客观的计算数据和
直观的折线图,见表4。根据表4中的数据进行卡方拟合优
度检验.在显著性水平ct=0.05的条件下,跨度分布是正确
的。 从表4中可以看出跨度在5至9之间的概率已经占到
了将近87%.所以建议彩民在购买“排列五”的彩票时,选择
跨度在5和9之间的号码组。
裹4 跨度分布对比裹
跨度 实际出现期数 实际概率 理论概率
O 0 0.00000 0.00010
l 4 0.00444 0.00270
2 lO 0.01111 o.01440
3 37 0.0411l 0.03990
4 70 0.07778 0J07920
5 128 O.14222 0.12750
6 152 0.16889 0.17520
7 172 0.191ll 0.20790
8 206 0.22889 O.2渊
9 12l 0.13444 0.14670
3总结
中奖号码的概率分析中运用的是概率和统计的方法,都
是基于大样本理论嘲,只能解释长期的规律,对于一次的开奖
结果,可能不令人满意,投注时应注意。另外,彩民朋友在购
买彩票时应该把握尺度,保持良好心态,合理购彩,科学投
注。
参考文献:
【11李相春,图南.彩票小额投注必读fMl.北京:中国物价出版社,2003.
【2J李贤平.概率论基础【M】.北京:高等教育出版社,2002.
【3】李金秋.二项分布高阶原点矩的一种简便计算方法阴.辽宁石油化
工大学学报.2008,28(1).
【4】方开泰,许建伦.统计分布【M】.北京:科学出版社,1987:63-80.
【51矛J"荣恒.应用数理统计【M】.北京:科学出版社,2004.
16】于晶贤.乐透型彩票中奖号码的概率分析【J】.统计与决策,2008,255.
【7J范金城,梅长林.数据分析【M】.北京:科学出版社,2004.
【8】陈希孺.数理统计引论IMl.北京:科学出版社,2007.
(责任编辑/浩天)
万方数据

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数字型彩票中奖号码的概率分析