1. The document discusses Victor Turner's theories on ritual and liminality, separating ritual into three phases: pre-liminal (separation), liminal (transition), and post-liminal (reincorporation). 2. The liminal phase involves constructing communitas, where group members share experiences and goals, helping to clarify identity. 3. Rituals can transform participants and allow them to change themselves and society through symbolic action in the liminal state, which provides a safe space to try new possibilities.

1. Macro Perspectives

2. 1. Pre-luminal Phase (Separation) ( 一 ) 危機的出現 (Breach) ， ( 二 ) 衝突 (Crisis) ， ( 三 ) 常以儀式方式處理的衝突的解決過程 (Redressive Process) /Crisis Perception ( 四 ) 分裂 (Recognition of Irreparable Schism)

3. 1. Pre-luminal Phase (Separation) Accommodation ： Transfer to/focus on symbolic expression/non-aesthetic perspective( 符號的表達 / 非美學主導的觀點 ) Defamiliarize/symbolic expression as a way to prepare transfering

4. 2. Liminal Phase (Transition) ☆ Communitas( 合一交融 )constructing: Therapy group becomes communitas, share the same experience and goal. (equality) -> clarify & feed back 一個創造身份與認同的過程 。

5. 3. Post-Liminal Phase (Reincorporation) Reaggregation: through “communitas” (group dynamic) 創造身份與認同的過程 即 為「強化」 (elevation) 與「轉化」 (reversal) 兩種力量的調和

6. 認同計劃 (Identity Plan): Empower: 「地位強化」 (status elevation)/Romance->I have power Reframe: 「地位轉化」 (status reversal)/Comedy

7. 藝術治療的特性 藝術治療是一種運用介質或儀式，進入中介狀態 / 易感狀態的一個過程或活動 三種 communitas 中介狀態的特性：結構 & 反結構 (structure & anti-structure)-> 提供了一個安全的空間讓我們嘗試各種可能性。 儀式不只是重覆而是淨化與進化

8. Rituals as Symbolic Action Turner regarded ritual as a drama in which the participants are the actors: As a result of their actions in the ritual, they are transformed, and through their experiences, they have the power to change the society itself. Sociology + Anthropology

9. Beyond Victor Turner Symbols : The Meaningful Vehicles of Ritual . As a result of their actions in the ritual, they are transformed, and through their experiences, they have the power to change the themselves. Psychology + Anthropology

10. Hypothesis Elevation( 強化 ) Initiate Revitalize Enlighten Reversal( 轉化 ) Shapeshifting Reframing A liminal circle as a healing process

11. APA Format http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/06/