1. The document traces the history of atomic theory from Democritus and Leucippus in ancient Greece to modern quantum mechanics. It covers key contributors like Dalton, Thomson, the Curies, Boltzmann, Planck, Rutherford, Bohr, Lawrence, Dirac, and Gell-Mann. 2. The text then shifts to providing definitions and explanations of fundamental atomic and nuclear concepts like electrons, protons, neutrons, isotopes, quantum numbers, and decay processes. 3. It concludes by describing theoretical models like the Bohr model and solutions to the Schrodinger equation, as well as quantum mechanical principles like the Pauli exclusion principle and techniques like Hartree-Fock calculations

1. Democritus) Leucippus)
-
John Dalton) --
infinite divisibility)
Joseph John
Thomson) -
-

2. Marie und Pierre Curie --
Ludwig Boltzmann --
Max Planck --
Ernest
Rutherford) -
-
Niels Bohr --
Ernest O. Lawrence -
cyclotron)
-
Paul Dirac und David Anderson --
Murray Gell-Mann --
Eric Cornell und Carl Wieman ---
CERN --
Brookhaven --

3. 1.
2.
3.
e/m)
1.76 x 108

4. 3.
4.
1.60 x 10-19
9.11 x 10-28
5. ,
6.

5. 7.
8.
11H, 21H 31H
9.
23 11 Na
10.
400 - 700
-
E = J)
h = 6.625 x 10-34 Js)
= Hz)
C = 3.0
x 108 m/s
= m) (1 10-9

6. HCI)
1.
ion +)
2.
1
1.
.

7. 4.
IE)
Mg(g) + IE1 Mg+(g) + e- , Mg+(g) + IE2 Mg2(g) +
e-

8. Zn(s) Zn(g) 130 kj/mol
Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e- 737 kj/mol
Zn2+(g) Zn2+(aq) 2046 kj/mol
kj/mol 1) 607 ,
2) 1179 , 3) 1439 , *4) 2653
2n2
3919 K 2, 8, 8, 1
( 1 A 4)
1.
2.
3.

9. (
2
2

10. Electron)
Proton)
0
10pm to 100pm

11. up down
x ^(- x ^(-
Neutron)
up
down x ^(-

12. isotope)
Beta Decay, Double Beta Decay, Beta
Capture, Gamma Decay

13. quantum effects -
wave model)
Bohr model)
quantum mechanics)
The electron orbital
wavefunctions
hydrogen
principal
quantum number
azimuthal quantum number s, p
d) column)-

14. wavefunctions
Schrodinger Equation
,
-
Pauli Exclusion Principle
anti-symmetric)
o Orbital Angular Momentum
o Energy Level Quantized
(
o
quantum number) principal, azimuthal,
and magnetic
o
spin
Analytical

15. calculation)
Spin-Orbit
Coupling Electron-Electron interaction
Non-Linear)
computer
Hartree Fock method
Root mean square
× m--
× m

16. ,
--
amu
--

17. --
1.
2.
3.
4.
k l m n o p q
5.