The document provides a brief history of digital computers and covers some basic concepts. It discusses how the Antikythera mechanism was one of the earliest known analog computers. It then contrasts analog and digital systems, with analog representing continuous signals and digital representing discrete binary digits. Some key developments in digital computing history include WWII codebreaking machines like the Bombe and Colossus, and theoretical models like the Turing machine which defined the idea of a general-purpose computer. The document also defines algorithms, programs, and how the CPU functions like a Turing machine to carry out programmed instructions in a step-by-step digital manner.

1. Brief history of digital computer - Basic Concepts
コンピュータの歴史 - 基本コンセプト

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ANTIKYTHERA
MECHANISM
アンティキティラ島の機械
The world’s oldest “computing machine”
世界の最古「演算機会」です。

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≠
ANALOG DIGITAL

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ANALOG ５分
An “analog or analogue” signal is any time continuous
signal where some time varying feature of the signal is
a representation of some other time varying quantity.

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DIGITAL
Describes any system based on discontinuous data or events.

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ANALOG DIGITAL
100010101010

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WWII

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WWII

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謎
Enigma Machine
German almost won over Great Britain! thanks to the U-boots,
specially the ENIGMA MACHINE
ドイツ語はほぼグレートブリテンに勝っ！
潜水艦のおかげで、特別エニグマ機

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Go to ..
Let’s Go
TAGB to .. !

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Bletchley Park
Government Code and Cypher School(GC&CS)

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Bombe
Alan Turing(1912~1954)

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An algorithm is any set of detailed instructions which
results in a predictable end-state from a known beginning.
ALGORITHM
アルゴリズム（演算手順）
アルゴリズムとは最初から最後まで知られている予期結果の状態
状態の詳細な手順のセットです。
1.An algorithm will consist of a finite set of precise instructions
to be executed
アルゴリズムは、実行される正確な手順の有限集合で構成され
ます
2.Be computable in a finite number of steps (the inability of a
program to determine whether or not it can be executed in a
finite number of steps is called "the halting problem")
有限回のステップで計算できる
3.Be computable in principle with only a pen, paper, and infinite
time;
唯一のペン、紙、無限の時間と、原理的に計算可能である。
4.Require no background information to execute, that is, be
self-contained.
実行するために背景情報が必要がありません

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‣Leave Home
‣Check time, it’s 9:10 Leave Home
‣Return Home
‣Wait
‣Leave Home
‣Check time, it’s 9:20
‣Return Home
‣Wait Wait Check Time
‣Leave Home
‣Check time, it’s 9:30
‣Return Home
‣Wait
‣Leave Home
‣Check time, it’s 9:40
M 10
‣Return Home Return YES
A. re
.?
fo
‣Wait Home
Be
‣Leave Home
‣Check time, it’s 9:50
‣Return Home NO
‣Wait
‣Leave Home
Go to Bus Stop
‣Check time, it’s 10:00
‣Go to the Bus Stop

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Application Program = algorithm

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A Turing Machine is
TURING MACHINE
a simple mathematical
construct that can be imagined as
a recordable tape of infinite length
coupled to a mechanical unit with read/
write capability. The unit can perform
only three actions; read a bit of the
tape and return the result; write a
bit on the tape; or erase a
preexisting bit.
A Turing machine can theoretically compute
any algorithm given enough time and storage
space. It also states that any practical
computing model must be a type of Turing
machine.
1.Read a bit of the tape and return the result テープから一つビットを読んで結果がでる。
2.Write a bit on the tape テープに一つビットを書く
3.or Erase a preexisting bit または、あるビットを消す

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TURING MACHINE
1.Read a bit of the tape and return the result テープから一つビットを読んで結果がでる。
2.Write a bit on the tape テープに一つビットを書く
3.or Erase a preexisting bit または、あるビットを消す

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CPU
THE CPU IS A TURING MACHINE

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≠

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An algorithm is any set of detailed instructions which
results in a predictable end-state from a known beginning.
ALGORITHM
アルゴリズム（演算手順）
アルゴリズムとは最初から最後まで知られている予期結果の状態
状態の詳細な手順のセットです。
1.An algorithm will consist of a finite set of precise instructions
to be executed
アルゴリズムは、実行される正確な手順の有限集合で構成され
ます
2.Be computable in a finite number of steps (the inability of a
program to determine whether or not it can be executed in a
finite number of steps is called "the halting problem")
有限回のステップで計算できる
3.Be computable in principle with only a pen, paper, and infinite
time;
唯一のペン、紙、無限の時間と、原理的に計算可能である。
4.Require no background information to execute, that is, be
self-contained.
実行するために背景情報が必要がありません

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ive
rs
cu
re
to COMPUTER = to Make a mathematical calculation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27......1000000000000000000000
}
start
n = 0
while (n < 1000000000000000000000)
n = n+1 ALGORITHM
else
stop

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a COMPUTER makes recursive mathematical calculations
1+1=2

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BINARY

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0123456789 ABCDEFG... !”#$%&’...
0 1
C H R I S
01000011 01001000 01010010 01001001 01010011

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BIT( 1 )
ZERO ( 0 )

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0123456789
DECIMAL SYSTEM
01
BINARY SYSTEM

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DECIMAL to BINARY conversion
Example 44 to Binary
32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
44
32
12
8
4
4
0

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Turing Machine Computer
BINARY SYSTEM Machine Language

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Computer = Turing Machine
MACHINE
language
110100001001
001000100010
100100010001
010100001111
111110000101
010101010100
USER
Compiler
Programming language
NATURAL
language

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USER
NATURAL language
Show a Window with
the phrase “Hello
world”
class myfirstjavaprog
{
public static void main(String args[]) Programming language
{
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}
Compiler
私の名前は太郎です。
私の名前です太郎。
110100001001
001000100010
100100010001
010100001111
111110000101
010101010100
MACHINE language

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ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
1946

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17,468 Vacuum Tubes ! （管球）

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GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
None
Not really being Moving cables Reading blinking None
~1945 Mechanical, The investors (computers had
“used” except for around, Punching lights and punch (direct hands-on to
Prehistory Electromechanical themselves not left the labs
calculations Cards cards the hardware)
yet)

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GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
None
Not really being Moving cables Reading blinking None
~1945 Mechanical, The investors (computers had
“used” except for around, Punching lights and punch (direct hands-on to
Prehistory Electromechanical themselves not left the labs
calculations Cards cards the hardware)
yet)

36. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 36 / 49
GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
None
Not really being Moving cables Reading blinking None
~1945 Mechanical, The investors (computers had
“used” except for around, Punching lights and punch (direct hands-on to
Prehistory Electromechanical themselves not left the labs
calculations Cards cards the hardware)
yet)

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Both are TURING MACHINES!

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GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Vacuum tubes, huge
One user at a time
1945~1955 machines, short Machine language Computer as Programming
“owns” machine TTY, typewriter. Experts
Pioneer mean time between 0011001111101 calculator batch
(limited time)
failures

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GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Vacuum tubes, huge
One user at a time
1945~1955 machines, short Machine language Computer as Programming
“owns” machine TTY, typewriter. Experts
Pioneer mean time between 0011001111101 calculator batch
(limited time)
failures
10000010 10000000 01111111
11111100

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GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Batch
Line-oriented Technocrats, Computer as
1955~1965 Transistors (centralized Assembler ADD A, Command
terminals (“glass- professional information
Historical (more reliable) “computer as B languages
TTY”) computerists processor
temple”)

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GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Batch
Line-oriented Technocrats, Computer as
1955~1965 Transistors (centralized Assembler ADD A, Command
terminals (“glass- professional information
Historical (more reliable) “computer as B languages
TTY”) computerists processor
temple”)
addcc %r1,-4,%r1
printn(n,b) {
extrn putchar;
auto a;
if(a=n/b) /* assignment,
トランジスタ not test for equality */
printn(a, b); /*
recursive */
putchar(n%b + '0');
}

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GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Full-screen
Time-sharing High Level Specialized groups Mechanization of Full-screen strictly
1965~1980 terminals,
Integrated circuits (online processing languages, without computer “white collar” hierarchical menus
Traditional alphanumeric
systems) Fortran, Pascal, C knowledge labor and fill-in forms
characters only

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GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Full-screen
Time-sharing High Level Specialized groups Mechanization of Full-screen strictly
1965~1980 terminals,
Integrated circuits (online processing languages, without computer “white collar” hierarchical menus
Traditional alphanumeric
systems) Fortran, Pascal, C knowledge labor and fill-in forms
characters only
Program HelloWorld(output);
begin
Writeln('Hello, world!')
end.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("hello, worldn");
return 0;
}

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GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Graphical display. Personal WIMP
Single-user Problem oriented Business
1980~1995 VLSI Desktop productivity, (Windows, Icons,
personal languages professionals,
Modern DIYS workstations, computers as a Menus, Pointing
computers (Imperatives) hobbyists
heavy portables tool Device)

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GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Graphical display. Personal WIMP
Single-user Problem oriented Business
1980~1995 VLSI Desktop productivity, (Windows, Icons,
personal languages professionals,
Modern DIYS workstations, computers as a Menus, Pointing
computers (Imperatives) hobbyists
heavy portables tool Device)
// Outputs "Hello, world!"
and then exits
public class HelloWorld {
public static void
main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("Hello,
world!");
}
}

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GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Networked single Nonimperative “Dynabook”
1995~? Wafer-scale Computer as Non command
user and (declarative), multimedia I/O, Everybody
Future integration. appliance based interfaces
embedded systems possibly graphical easily portable

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GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
WSI, Photonic Networked single Nonimperative “Dynabook”
1995~? Computer as Noncommand
computing, Quantum user and (declarative), multimedia I/O, Everybody
Future appliance based interfaces
computing embedded systems possibly graphical easily portable
write'Hello world!'

49. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 49 / 49
USER
NATURAL language
Show a Window with
the phrase “Hello
world”
class myfirstjavaprog
{
public static void main(String args[]) Programming language
{
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}
Compiler
私の名前は太郎です。
私の名前です太郎。
110100001001
001000100010
100100010001
010100001111
111110000101
010101010100
MACHINE language