The document is a collection of photographs with descriptive captions. The photographs depict various subjects like a baseball scoreboard framed by a fence, a Bible verse framed by a heart, a bull framed by a fence, evening skies, a locked gate, a dog taking up 1/3 of a photo, locks and chains, thistles and thorns, a fallen feather, a boxcar on tracks, a guitar in the distance, a lasting post, something circular, patching a break, a guitar reflection, emphasizing cheer, something close and personal, a chimney with an outdoor fire pit, someone being themselves, moving along, something squished at eye level, a fall tree with a summer sky, complementary and mon
This document summarizes the results of 4 experiments on children's understanding of scalar implicatures. Experiment 1 found that 7-year-olds were more likely than adults to accept logically true but pragmatically misleading statements. Experiment 2 found that additional training increased children's rejection of such statements. Experiment 3 found this effect did not persist without retraining. Experiment 4 found that providing rich contextual information allowed children to perform similarly to adults.
Folhetim do Estudante - Ano V - Núm. 48Valter Gomes
O documento discute três tópicos principais: 1) A importância da história para entender o presente e como a humanidade pode se transformar; 2) Os desafios enfrentados por refugiados sudaneses que buscaram uma nova vida nos EUA depois de sofrerem na guerra e doenças em seu país; 3) A necessidade de preservar espaços verdes em Caieiras para manter a qualidade de vida dos moradores.
This document provides a guide for the video game Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 3. It begins with an author's note and copyright information. The guide then provides a quick start section to get new players started, covering basics of the game's day structure, locations, attributes, social links, and personas. Combat and character growth are important mechanics explained. The full guide contains walkthroughs, character bios, location details, and more to fully explain the game.
This document discusses iterative verbs in modal logic. It defines iterative verbs as those that can apply repeatedly to oneself, unlike verbs of repeated physical actions. It examines how different modal logics, like S4 and S5, treat iterative concepts. Some key points made:
- Iterative verbs include believe, know, doubt, want, which are propositional attitudes.
- Epistemic logic's theorem of positive introspection is that if one knows p, they know they know p.
- Boulic logic examines desires to desire something.
- Grammatical distinctions between indicative/factive vs. subjunctive/hypothetical usages and use of "that" vs. "whether".
Folhetim do Estudante - Ano V - Núm. 49Valter Gomes
O documento relata sobre um workshop de empreendedorismo oferecido pela organização BibliASPA para refugiados e migrantes em São Paulo. O workshop teve como objetivo trocar ideias e explorar oportunidades de geração de renda. Participaram do workshop dez refugiados de diferentes nacionalidades que compartilharam a vontade de empreender utilizando seus conhecimentos. A maior barreira percebida pelo grupo para começar a trabalhar no Brasil foi o idioma português.
This document summarizes and analyzes three famous photographs - one of Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps, one of actress Marilyn Monroe, and one of "Tank Man" from the Tiananmen Square protests. For each photograph, it describes the subject, context around when and where the photo was taken, and considers why the photographer chose their angle and focus.
Folhetim do Estudante - Ano V - Núm. 50Valter Gomes
O documento discute a importância da leitura e do acesso às bibliotecas. Aborda um livro que trata desses temas e destaca a importância de formar leitores desde cedo e promover o uso de bibliotecas.
The document is a collection of photographs with descriptive captions. The photographs depict various subjects like a baseball scoreboard framed by a fence, a Bible verse framed by a heart, a bull framed by a fence, evening skies, a locked gate, a dog taking up 1/3 of a photo, locks and chains, thistles and thorns, a fallen feather, a boxcar on tracks, a guitar in the distance, a lasting post, something circular, patching a break, a guitar reflection, emphasizing cheer, something close and personal, a chimney with an outdoor fire pit, someone being themselves, moving along, something squished at eye level, a fall tree with a summer sky, complementary and mon
This document summarizes the results of 4 experiments on children's understanding of scalar implicatures. Experiment 1 found that 7-year-olds were more likely than adults to accept logically true but pragmatically misleading statements. Experiment 2 found that additional training increased children's rejection of such statements. Experiment 3 found this effect did not persist without retraining. Experiment 4 found that providing rich contextual information allowed children to perform similarly to adults.
Folhetim do Estudante - Ano V - Núm. 48Valter Gomes
O documento discute três tópicos principais: 1) A importância da história para entender o presente e como a humanidade pode se transformar; 2) Os desafios enfrentados por refugiados sudaneses que buscaram uma nova vida nos EUA depois de sofrerem na guerra e doenças em seu país; 3) A necessidade de preservar espaços verdes em Caieiras para manter a qualidade de vida dos moradores.
This document provides a guide for the video game Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 3. It begins with an author's note and copyright information. The guide then provides a quick start section to get new players started, covering basics of the game's day structure, locations, attributes, social links, and personas. Combat and character growth are important mechanics explained. The full guide contains walkthroughs, character bios, location details, and more to fully explain the game.
This document discusses iterative verbs in modal logic. It defines iterative verbs as those that can apply repeatedly to oneself, unlike verbs of repeated physical actions. It examines how different modal logics, like S4 and S5, treat iterative concepts. Some key points made:
- Iterative verbs include believe, know, doubt, want, which are propositional attitudes.
- Epistemic logic's theorem of positive introspection is that if one knows p, they know they know p.
- Boulic logic examines desires to desire something.
- Grammatical distinctions between indicative/factive vs. subjunctive/hypothetical usages and use of "that" vs. "whether".
Folhetim do Estudante - Ano V - Núm. 49Valter Gomes
O documento relata sobre um workshop de empreendedorismo oferecido pela organização BibliASPA para refugiados e migrantes em São Paulo. O workshop teve como objetivo trocar ideias e explorar oportunidades de geração de renda. Participaram do workshop dez refugiados de diferentes nacionalidades que compartilharam a vontade de empreender utilizando seus conhecimentos. A maior barreira percebida pelo grupo para começar a trabalhar no Brasil foi o idioma português.
This document summarizes and analyzes three famous photographs - one of Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps, one of actress Marilyn Monroe, and one of "Tank Man" from the Tiananmen Square protests. For each photograph, it describes the subject, context around when and where the photo was taken, and considers why the photographer chose their angle and focus.
Folhetim do Estudante - Ano V - Núm. 50Valter Gomes
O documento discute a importância da leitura e do acesso às bibliotecas. Aborda um livro que trata desses temas e destaca a importância de formar leitores desde cedo e promover o uso de bibliotecas.
This document presents an epistemic taxonomy of assertions based on elements of epistemic and doxastic logic. It discusses types of assertions and their theoretical difficulties, elements of epistemic/doxastic models including possible worlds, relations, and truth conditions, and provides examples to illustrate concepts like an agent's knowledge, lack of knowledge, questioning, and common belief. The goal is to develop a framework to categorize assertions based on speakers' and hearers' epistemic attitudes.
This document discusses an alternative approach to logic called the logic of acceptance and rejection (AR4). It begins by outlining three views on logic: logical absolutism, relativism, and relative charity. It then introduces AR4, which treats logic as involving questions, answers, and speech acts of assertion and rejection. Under AR4, a proposition can be answered by either asserting or rejecting it in response to the questions of whether it is the case and whether it is not the case. This moves beyond the traditional view of logic as only involving truth. The document outlines the components of AR4 and how it represents logic using a four-valued semantics involving acceptance and rejection.
This document discusses the development of modal logic systems that incorporate notions of logical accessibility and inaccessibility between possible worlds. It proposes operators to represent logical necessity (Ω), necessity in a sense (), logical inaccessibility (), and inaccessibility in a sense (). It explores properties like seriality and duality between these operators. It also discusses Cocchiarella's condition on modal semantics, transcendental necessity vs. transcendency, forbidding redoubling inaccessibility in a sense, and the need for ontological analysis of quantified modal logics.
The document discusses Lawvere's development of categorical logic and its relationship to Hegelian dialectics. It provides context on Lawvere's philosophical motivations for pursuing objectivity in logic through categorical logic. Specifically, it discusses Lawvere's view that adjoint functors can express Hegelian notions of dialectical contradiction, and his goal of grounding logic ontologically without restoring dogmatism. The document also summarizes some of the key concepts in Lawvere's Elementary Theory of the Category of Sets, which laid the foundation for categorical logic without relying on set-membership.
Building game theoretic models of conversationsform_phil
This document proposes game-theoretic models of conversations by representing them as sequences of speech acts and physical acts performed by players. Previous models are inadequate because they only consider small parts of conversations or have other limitations. The proposed models view a conversation as developing along a subgame perfect equilibrium path through backwards induction. Both perfect and incomplete information models are suggested to more fully capture conversations using tools from game theory. Weaknesses include not directly addressing utterance understanding and assuming discrete time.
The document discusses how evolutionary game theory can be used to model the development of case marking patterns in language through the interaction of speakers attempting to communicate effectively with minimal resources and hearers attempting to correctly understand utterances. It analyzes 16 possible case marking patterns and finds that only four systems involving differential treatment of arguments are evolutionarily stable strategies that persist over time.
This document discusses linguistic pragmatics and experiments testing theories of scalar implicatures. It describes experiments that tested whether scalar implicatures are derived in embedded contexts, and whether rates of implicature derivation differ between inference tasks and verification tasks. The experiments found lower rates of implicature derivation in embedded contexts compared to simple sentences, and higher rates with inference tasks than verification tasks. The results are discussed in relation to conventionalist theories of implicature derivation.
This document presents an epistemic taxonomy of assertions based on elements of epistemic and doxastic logic. It discusses types of assertions and their theoretical difficulties, elements of epistemic/doxastic models including possible worlds, relations, and truth conditions, and provides examples to illustrate concepts like an agent's knowledge, lack of knowledge, questioning, and common belief. The goal is to develop a framework to categorize assertions based on speakers' and hearers' epistemic attitudes.
This document discusses an alternative approach to logic called the logic of acceptance and rejection (AR4). It begins by outlining three views on logic: logical absolutism, relativism, and relative charity. It then introduces AR4, which treats logic as involving questions, answers, and speech acts of assertion and rejection. Under AR4, a proposition can be answered by either asserting or rejecting it in response to the questions of whether it is the case and whether it is not the case. This moves beyond the traditional view of logic as only involving truth. The document outlines the components of AR4 and how it represents logic using a four-valued semantics involving acceptance and rejection.
This document discusses the development of modal logic systems that incorporate notions of logical accessibility and inaccessibility between possible worlds. It proposes operators to represent logical necessity (Ω), necessity in a sense (), logical inaccessibility (), and inaccessibility in a sense (). It explores properties like seriality and duality between these operators. It also discusses Cocchiarella's condition on modal semantics, transcendental necessity vs. transcendency, forbidding redoubling inaccessibility in a sense, and the need for ontological analysis of quantified modal logics.
The document discusses Lawvere's development of categorical logic and its relationship to Hegelian dialectics. It provides context on Lawvere's philosophical motivations for pursuing objectivity in logic through categorical logic. Specifically, it discusses Lawvere's view that adjoint functors can express Hegelian notions of dialectical contradiction, and his goal of grounding logic ontologically without restoring dogmatism. The document also summarizes some of the key concepts in Lawvere's Elementary Theory of the Category of Sets, which laid the foundation for categorical logic without relying on set-membership.
Building game theoretic models of conversationsform_phil
This document proposes game-theoretic models of conversations by representing them as sequences of speech acts and physical acts performed by players. Previous models are inadequate because they only consider small parts of conversations or have other limitations. The proposed models view a conversation as developing along a subgame perfect equilibrium path through backwards induction. Both perfect and incomplete information models are suggested to more fully capture conversations using tools from game theory. Weaknesses include not directly addressing utterance understanding and assuming discrete time.
The document discusses how evolutionary game theory can be used to model the development of case marking patterns in language through the interaction of speakers attempting to communicate effectively with minimal resources and hearers attempting to correctly understand utterances. It analyzes 16 possible case marking patterns and finds that only four systems involving differential treatment of arguments are evolutionarily stable strategies that persist over time.
This document discusses linguistic pragmatics and experiments testing theories of scalar implicatures. It describes experiments that tested whether scalar implicatures are derived in embedded contexts, and whether rates of implicature derivation differ between inference tasks and verification tasks. The experiments found lower rates of implicature derivation in embedded contexts compared to simple sentences, and higher rates with inference tasks than verification tasks. The results are discussed in relation to conventionalist theories of implicature derivation.