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Автоматическое доказательство теорем с помощью структурной индукции
Автоматическое доказательство теорем с помощью структурной индукцииСпецсеминар "Искусственный Интеллект" кафедры АЯ ВМК МГУ
Капитанова Валентина
27 апреля 2011Онтологии и информационная архитектура: соотношение терминов и потенциал совм...
Потребность в онтологиях
Виды онтологий
Онтологический инжиниринг
Применение онтологий
Информационная архитектура (архитектура информации)
Онтологии + Информационная архитектура
Signifier And Icon - AS COMMS
This document discusses key concepts in semiotics, or the study of signs. It defines signs as consisting of a signifier (the physical form) and signified (the mental concept). There is no fixed relationship between the two. Signs can be icons (resembling the signified), indexes (associated with the signified), or symbols (having an agreed-upon relationship to the signified). Myths operate at a third level of signification by reinforcing dominant societal values through repeated patterns of meaning. The document provides examples to illustrate these semiotic concepts and their layers of meaning.
Timo Honkela: Introductory lecture of the seminar course on Computational Pra...
T-61.6020 Computational Pragmatics
Timo Honkela, Aalto University School of Science
Spring 2012
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in
which context contributes to meaning. It studies how the transmission
of meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge of the speaker
and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, knowledge
about the status of those involved, the intent of the speaker, etc.
Even though pragmatics is traditionally considered as an area of
linguistics, similar considerations related to meaning in context are
also relevant for information systems design and especially
interactive systems development. An interesting issue within computer
science is the interface between pragmatics and semantics. Ontologies
are used in semantic web to define prototypical meanings but in the
real-world contexts, pragmatics deals with the subjective and
contextual variation around prototypical meanings. In human-to-machine
communication, information systems may have practical uses in new
contexts beyond the ones defined originally by the designer of the
system. In machine-to-machine communication, formal semantics may fall
short in solving interoperability issues and thus issues related to
pragmatics need to be considered. In overall, the focus is in how
understanding takes place, not in how meanings are defined.
During the course, the participants are introduced with the main
linguistic theories related to pragmatics including but not limited to
the theories about the functions of languages, the speech act theory,
and the theory of conversational maxims. The participants will
familiarize themselves with computational models in the area of
pragmatics with specific focus on dynamic and adaptive systems and
statistical machine learning. They will also conduct a small empirical
study related to the subjectivity and contextuality of meaning using
the grounded intersubjective concept analysis (GICA). The collected
data will be analyzed using statistical methods.
Semiotics
This document provides an overview of semiotics, the study of signs. It discusses the definitions and models of signs put forth by Ferdinand de Saussure and Charles Sanders Peirce. Saussure defined the sign as being composed of the signifier and signified, the form and concept. Peirce defined the sign using representamen, object, and interpretant, referring to the form, what it represents, and the idea it produces. The document also notes some key applications and importance of semiotics in understanding how meaning is constructed and interpreted across different contexts.
Epistemic Taxonomy of Assertion
This document presents an epistemic taxonomy of assertions based on elements of epistemic and doxastic logic. It discusses types of assertions and their theoretical difficulties, elements of epistemic/doxastic models including possible worlds, relations, and truth conditions, and provides examples to illustrate concepts like an agent's knowledge, lack of knowledge, questioning, and common belief. The goal is to develop a framework to categorize assertions based on speakers' and hearers' epistemic attitudes.
Relative Charity
This document discusses an alternative approach to logic called the logic of acceptance and rejection (AR4). It begins by outlining three views on logic: logical absolutism, relativism, and relative charity. It then introduces AR4, which treats logic as involving questions, answers, and speech acts of assertion and rejection. Under AR4, a proposition can be answered by either asserting or rejecting it in response to the questions of whether it is the case and whether it is not the case. This moves beyond the traditional view of logic as only involving truth. The document outlines the components of AR4 and how it represents logic using a four-valued semantics involving acceptance and rejection.
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Автоматическое доказательство теорем с помощью структурной индукции
Автоматическое доказательство теорем с помощью структурной индукцииСпецсеминар "Искусственный Интеллект" кафедры АЯ ВМК МГУ
Капитанова Валентина
27 апреля 2011Онтологии и информационная архитектура: соотношение терминов и потенциал совм...
Потребность в онтологиях
Виды онтологий
Онтологический инжиниринг
Применение онтологий
Информационная архитектура (архитектура информации)
Онтологии + Информационная архитектура
Signifier And Icon - AS COMMS
This document discusses key concepts in semiotics, or the study of signs. It defines signs as consisting of a signifier (the physical form) and signified (the mental concept). There is no fixed relationship between the two. Signs can be icons (resembling the signified), indexes (associated with the signified), or symbols (having an agreed-upon relationship to the signified). Myths operate at a third level of signification by reinforcing dominant societal values through repeated patterns of meaning. The document provides examples to illustrate these semiotic concepts and their layers of meaning.
Timo Honkela: Introductory lecture of the seminar course on Computational Pra...
T-61.6020 Computational Pragmatics
Timo Honkela, Aalto University School of Science
Spring 2012
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in
which context contributes to meaning. It studies how the transmission
of meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge of the speaker
and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, knowledge
about the status of those involved, the intent of the speaker, etc.
Even though pragmatics is traditionally considered as an area of
linguistics, similar considerations related to meaning in context are
also relevant for information systems design and especially
interactive systems development. An interesting issue within computer
science is the interface between pragmatics and semantics. Ontologies
are used in semantic web to define prototypical meanings but in the
real-world contexts, pragmatics deals with the subjective and
contextual variation around prototypical meanings. In human-to-machine
communication, information systems may have practical uses in new
contexts beyond the ones defined originally by the designer of the
system. In machine-to-machine communication, formal semantics may fall
short in solving interoperability issues and thus issues related to
pragmatics need to be considered. In overall, the focus is in how
understanding takes place, not in how meanings are defined.
During the course, the participants are introduced with the main
linguistic theories related to pragmatics including but not limited to
the theories about the functions of languages, the speech act theory,
and the theory of conversational maxims. The participants will
familiarize themselves with computational models in the area of
pragmatics with specific focus on dynamic and adaptive systems and
statistical machine learning. They will also conduct a small empirical
study related to the subjectivity and contextuality of meaning using
the grounded intersubjective concept analysis (GICA). The collected
data will be analyzed using statistical methods.
Semiotics
This document provides an overview of semiotics, the study of signs. It discusses the definitions and models of signs put forth by Ferdinand de Saussure and Charles Sanders Peirce. Saussure defined the sign as being composed of the signifier and signified, the form and concept. Peirce defined the sign using representamen, object, and interpretant, referring to the form, what it represents, and the idea it produces. The document also notes some key applications and importance of semiotics in understanding how meaning is constructed and interpreted across different contexts.
Epistemic Taxonomy of Assertion
This document presents an epistemic taxonomy of assertions based on elements of epistemic and doxastic logic. It discusses types of assertions and their theoretical difficulties, elements of epistemic/doxastic models including possible worlds, relations, and truth conditions, and provides examples to illustrate concepts like an agent's knowledge, lack of knowledge, questioning, and common belief. The goal is to develop a framework to categorize assertions based on speakers' and hearers' epistemic attitudes.
Relative Charity
This document discusses an alternative approach to logic called the logic of acceptance and rejection (AR4). It begins by outlining three views on logic: logical absolutism, relativism, and relative charity. It then introduces AR4, which treats logic as involving questions, answers, and speech acts of assertion and rejection. Under AR4, a proposition can be answered by either asserting or rejecting it in response to the questions of whether it is the case and whether it is not the case. This moves beyond the traditional view of logic as only involving truth. The document outlines the components of AR4 and how it represents logic using a four-valued semantics involving acceptance and rejection.
Inaccesible worlds
This document discusses the development of modal logic systems that incorporate notions of logical accessibility and inaccessibility between possible worlds. It proposes operators to represent logical necessity (Ω), necessity in a sense (), logical inaccessibility (), and inaccessibility in a sense (). It explores properties like seriality and duality between these operators. It also discusses Cocchiarella's condition on modal semantics, transcendental necessity vs. transcendency, forbidding redoubling inaccessibility in a sense, and the need for ontological analysis of quantified modal logics.
Schang which logic for iteratives
This document discusses iterative verbs in modal logic. It defines iterative verbs as those that can apply repeatedly to oneself, unlike verbs of repeated physical actions. It examines how different modal logics, like S4 and S5, treat iterative concepts. Some key points made:
- Iterative verbs include believe, know, doubt, want, which are propositional attitudes.
- Epistemic logic's theorem of positive introspection is that if one knows p, they know they know p.
- Boulic logic examines desires to desire something.
- Grammatical distinctions between indicative/factive vs. subjunctive/hypothetical usages and use of "that" vs. "whether".
Dialectics
The document discusses Lawvere's development of categorical logic and its relationship to Hegelian dialectics. It provides context on Lawvere's philosophical motivations for pursuing objectivity in logic through categorical logic. Specifically, it discusses Lawvere's view that adjoint functors can express Hegelian notions of dialectical contradiction, and his goal of grounding logic ontologically without restoring dogmatism. The document also summarizes some of the key concepts in Lawvere's Elementary Theory of the Category of Sets, which laid the foundation for categorical logic without relying on set-membership.
Building game theoretic models of conversations
This document proposes game-theoretic models of conversations by representing them as sequences of speech acts and physical acts performed by players. Previous models are inadequate because they only consider small parts of conversations or have other limitations. The proposed models view a conversation as developing along a subgame perfect equilibrium path through backwards induction. Both perfect and incomplete information models are suggested to more fully capture conversations using tools from game theory. Weaknesses include not directly addressing utterance understanding and assuming discrete time.
Kudrinski jaeger egt
The document discusses how evolutionary game theory can be used to model the development of case marking patterns in language through the interaction of speakers attempting to communicate effectively with minimal resources and hearers attempting to correctly understand utterances. It analyzes 16 possible case marking patterns and finds that only four systems involving differential treatment of arguments are evolutionarily stable strategies that persist over time.
усвоение импликатур детьми
This document summarizes the results of 4 experiments on children's understanding of scalar implicatures. Experiment 1 found that 7-year-olds were more likely than adults to accept logically true but pragmatically misleading statements. Experiment 2 found that additional training increased children's rejection of such statements. Experiment 3 found this effect did not persist without retraining. Experiment 4 found that providing rich contextual information allowed children to perform similarly to adults.
Embedded implicatures
This document discusses linguistic pragmatics and experiments testing theories of scalar implicatures. It describes experiments that tested whether scalar implicatures are derived in embedded contexts, and whether rates of implicature derivation differ between inference tasks and verification tasks. The experiments found lower rates of implicature derivation in embedded contexts compared to simple sentences, and higher rates with inference tasks than verification tasks. The results are discussed in relation to conventionalist theories of implicature derivation.
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Inaccesible worlds
This document discusses the development of modal logic systems that incorporate notions of logical accessibility and inaccessibility between possible worlds. It proposes operators to represent logical necessity (Ω), necessity in a sense (), logical inaccessibility (), and inaccessibility in a sense (). It explores properties like seriality and duality between these operators. It also discusses Cocchiarella's condition on modal semantics, transcendental necessity vs. transcendency, forbidding redoubling inaccessibility in a sense, and the need for ontological analysis of quantified modal logics.
Schang which logic for iteratives
This document discusses iterative verbs in modal logic. It defines iterative verbs as those that can apply repeatedly to oneself, unlike verbs of repeated physical actions. It examines how different modal logics, like S4 and S5, treat iterative concepts. Some key points made:
- Iterative verbs include believe, know, doubt, want, which are propositional attitudes.
- Epistemic logic's theorem of positive introspection is that if one knows p, they know they know p.
- Boulic logic examines desires to desire something.
- Grammatical distinctions between indicative/factive vs. subjunctive/hypothetical usages and use of "that" vs. "whether".
Dialectics
The document discusses Lawvere's development of categorical logic and its relationship to Hegelian dialectics. It provides context on Lawvere's philosophical motivations for pursuing objectivity in logic through categorical logic. Specifically, it discusses Lawvere's view that adjoint functors can express Hegelian notions of dialectical contradiction, and his goal of grounding logic ontologically without restoring dogmatism. The document also summarizes some of the key concepts in Lawvere's Elementary Theory of the Category of Sets, which laid the foundation for categorical logic without relying on set-membership.
Building game theoretic models of conversations
This document proposes game-theoretic models of conversations by representing them as sequences of speech acts and physical acts performed by players. Previous models are inadequate because they only consider small parts of conversations or have other limitations. The proposed models view a conversation as developing along a subgame perfect equilibrium path through backwards induction. Both perfect and incomplete information models are suggested to more fully capture conversations using tools from game theory. Weaknesses include not directly addressing utterance understanding and assuming discrete time.
Kudrinski jaeger egt
The document discusses how evolutionary game theory can be used to model the development of case marking patterns in language through the interaction of speakers attempting to communicate effectively with minimal resources and hearers attempting to correctly understand utterances. It analyzes 16 possible case marking patterns and finds that only four systems involving differential treatment of arguments are evolutionarily stable strategies that persist over time.
усвоение импликатур детьми
This document summarizes the results of 4 experiments on children's understanding of scalar implicatures. Experiment 1 found that 7-year-olds were more likely than adults to accept logically true but pragmatically misleading statements. Experiment 2 found that additional training increased children's rejection of such statements. Experiment 3 found this effect did not persist without retraining. Experiment 4 found that providing rich contextual information allowed children to perform similarly to adults.
Embedded implicatures
This document discusses linguistic pragmatics and experiments testing theories of scalar implicatures. It describes experiments that tested whether scalar implicatures are derived in embedded contexts, and whether rates of implicature derivation differ between inference tasks and verification tasks. The experiments found lower rates of implicature derivation in embedded contexts compared to simple sentences, and higher rates with inference tasks than verification tasks. The results are discussed in relation to conventionalist theories of implicature derivation.
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