Here are the completed sentences based on the information provided in the document: 1. A "lingua franca" is a language used as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different. 2. A "speech community" is a group that includes all the speakers of a single language. 3. "Endangered" means threatened with extinction or disappearance. 4. A "global language" is an international language used for communication between speakers of different native languages which spreads widely around the world. 5. "Indigenous" means originating in and typical of a particular region or country. 6. A negative aspect of using English as a global language is that it can threaten local cultures and languages

1. Spread of English
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ELT180E
ISTANBUL BILGI UNIVERSITY
PRESENTED BY C.M. HERRINGTON, MAA, MAT

2. Manx Lessons *notes
2
 International language = means of
A. What are the advantages and
international communication = lingua
disadvantages of using an international
franca
language?
 Advantages of an international/ global
language: career or lifestyle of an
individual and or economy of a
business or country
 Disadvantages of adopting an
international / global language: puts
local language at risk, threatens culture,
excludes some parts of community, etc.
 Example- situation in Isle of man where
local language was replaced by English
= killer language

3. Manx Lessons *notes
3
B. “Endangered languages with few  Endangered = threatened – Manx
speakers should be protected from killer threatened by English –
languages such as English.” To what extent Ned Maddrell = last speaker of Manx
do you agree with this statement?  For protection: loss of language also =
loss of culture and diversity. This is
important for human understanding.
 Against protection: loss of languages is
needed for globalization = natural part
of global development. Easier to
understand each other if fewer
languages

4. Manx Lessons *notes
4
C. Explain why English has become the  English used in international business
language of business today. because of the power of the people who
speak it
 English for business because of impact
of British Empire
 English for business because of rise of
American super power
 Tourism and mobility need an
international language
 Isle of Man = case study – IOM needed
to trade and communicate so English
gained power in business and later in
daily life. Positive and negative
implications

5. Manx Lessons *notes
5
D. What are the implications for a  Globalization and economic
government which is considering the development make the use of a global
adoption of English as an official language desirable
language? Describe how one or two  Indigenous languages(s) may be put at
countries have dealt with these risk
implications.  Local culture can suffer
 People may be excluded
 Media may be changed
 Diversity and identity could be lost
 1800’s Isle of Man lost its language and
culture suffered; dominated by English
“comeovers” and English language

6. How to Write Research Questions
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To view a topic from  Think of as many questions as
you can about your topic.
different perspectives,
many writers ask the
 Don’t stop until you have
questions journalists use considered all six perspectives
when reporting an event: about your topic.
who, what, when, where
why and how.  After you have written the
questions, answer each one
using brief notes from research.

7. Review:
Finding Information for Your Research Paper/Presentation
7
Good References Bad References
Come from a source with
Come from a credible source
poor credibility
Not too old Out of date
Not objective and fair,
Not biased biased towards one point of
view
Free of errors Prone to errors
Properly cite the original Do not cite where the
source of all information information came from
Easy for other people to find
Difficult for others to obtain
or obtain

8. Review Vocabulary from : Manx Lessons( extra choices)
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1. Census A. Originating in and typical of a region or
country
2. Comeovers
B. A language given legal and governmental
3. Speech community status within a given country
4. Neo-native speaker C. An official survey of a population carried
out at set intervals
5. Official language
D. A word used on the Isle of Man to describe
6. indigenous immigrants
E. A group that includes all the speakers of a
single language
F. Speakers of a language taught from birth
by non native speakers
G. Nation state

9. Review Types of Essays
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Descriptive
Argumentative
Comparison
Analytical

10. Essay Plans p. 67
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Look at the essay plans A 1. Match each plan with an essay
and B and extracts 1 and title from lesson 2. *A-D
2. Which essay is each extract
2 on page 67. from?
3. Which part of the plan is each
extract from? (into, body,
conclusion)
4. Take a look at the writing plans
on page 69.
5. Work with another person who
has the same essay prompt as
you to write your introduction for
your essay. *finish on your own
for HW. Turn in your essay to
Bilgi online by Saturday 24:00.
Remember to use APA format.

11. Finish the following sentences…
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1. A “lingua franca” is..
2. A “speech community is…
3. “Endangered” means…
4. “Global language ‘s is a …
which… (you can’t use the
word global in your
definition)
5. Indigenous’ means…
6. A negative aspect of using
English as a global language
is…