This document summarizes a research paper about the experiences of African American baseball players and how their experiences compare to white players. It discusses how baseball was historically an important part of the African American community but participation has declined. The document outlines the methods used in the research paper, which included interviewing 10 current and former college baseball players about their experiences and motivations. It provides background on theories for the decline in African American baseball participation and discusses challenges African American players may face.
A More Perfect College Football Playoff - New Playoff FormatSportFiction
The document discusses proposals to expand the College Football Playoff format beyond the current 4-team system. It argues that more teams should be included to better determine the true national champion and increase fan engagement. A proposed new format would give automatic bids to the 5 Power Conference champions and select up to 3 additional teams as wildcards for a total playoff field of 8 teams. Quarterfinal games would be added around Christmas to seed the teams for semifinal matchups.
Join Pew Research Center, The Jewish Federations of North America and The Neubauer Family Foundation for a virtual presentation and conversation about findings from the Center’s new 2020 survey of Jewish Americans, released May 11, 2021.
This document discusses how social media has impacted sports. It begins by introducing how social media allows fans to follow teams constantly and interact directly with them. Several studies are then summarized that examine how social media has expanded sports audiences internationally and among different demographics. Studies analyzed the motivations and behaviors of fans from the U.S. and China who follow sports via social media. Other research looked at women as sports analysts and how social media enhances fan connections. The document concludes by proposing experiments to further study age and gender differences in social media use for sports engagement.
African Origins of Soccer Research Paper (1)Jamar Harp
This study examines the lack of participation of African Americans in youth soccer in the US. It argues that factors like institutional racism, the post-modern rejection of universal truths, and the concept of Manifest Destiny led to the intentional exclusion of African Americans from soccer. It also discusses how sports like baseball, basketball, and football evolved styles originated by African Americans and became more popular and lucrative after integrating, leading to soccer being seen as the one sport whites could still dominate in. The study aims to show how a lack of role models, fewer opportunities in cities, and a style of play seen as less artistic have contributed to the disparity in African American youth soccer participation.
Reports of hate crimes and violence against Asian Americans have made headlines across the United States in the past year, prompting calls to increase the community’s visibility to combat negative stereotypes and misconceptions.
But large data gaps exist about Asians and their experiences in America. Why are those stories missing? And what can the research community do to bring them to light?
The Pew Research Center and a panel of distinguished experts for a look at recent research on Asian Americans as they explore how to close those data gaps and how better data can serve policymakers, the press, and advocates.
This annotated bibliography includes summaries of 10 scholarly sources that discuss the effects of military deployment and culture on families. The sources examine topics like the behavioral issues in children when parents are deployed, increased stress for single mothers, higher divorce rates for military families, the impact of prolonged separation on relationships, and both negative and positive impacts on children's development and academic performance. The sources provide data and perspectives that will help analyze how military service affects families.
This document summarizes a research paper about the experiences of African American baseball players and how their experiences compare to white players. It discusses how baseball was historically an important part of the African American community but participation has declined. The document outlines the methods used in the research paper, which included interviewing 10 current and former college baseball players about their experiences and motivations. It provides background on theories for the decline in African American baseball participation and discusses challenges African American players may face.
A More Perfect College Football Playoff - New Playoff FormatSportFiction
The document discusses proposals to expand the College Football Playoff format beyond the current 4-team system. It argues that more teams should be included to better determine the true national champion and increase fan engagement. A proposed new format would give automatic bids to the 5 Power Conference champions and select up to 3 additional teams as wildcards for a total playoff field of 8 teams. Quarterfinal games would be added around Christmas to seed the teams for semifinal matchups.
Join Pew Research Center, The Jewish Federations of North America and The Neubauer Family Foundation for a virtual presentation and conversation about findings from the Center’s new 2020 survey of Jewish Americans, released May 11, 2021.
This document discusses how social media has impacted sports. It begins by introducing how social media allows fans to follow teams constantly and interact directly with them. Several studies are then summarized that examine how social media has expanded sports audiences internationally and among different demographics. Studies analyzed the motivations and behaviors of fans from the U.S. and China who follow sports via social media. Other research looked at women as sports analysts and how social media enhances fan connections. The document concludes by proposing experiments to further study age and gender differences in social media use for sports engagement.
African Origins of Soccer Research Paper (1)Jamar Harp
This study examines the lack of participation of African Americans in youth soccer in the US. It argues that factors like institutional racism, the post-modern rejection of universal truths, and the concept of Manifest Destiny led to the intentional exclusion of African Americans from soccer. It also discusses how sports like baseball, basketball, and football evolved styles originated by African Americans and became more popular and lucrative after integrating, leading to soccer being seen as the one sport whites could still dominate in. The study aims to show how a lack of role models, fewer opportunities in cities, and a style of play seen as less artistic have contributed to the disparity in African American youth soccer participation.
Reports of hate crimes and violence against Asian Americans have made headlines across the United States in the past year, prompting calls to increase the community’s visibility to combat negative stereotypes and misconceptions.
But large data gaps exist about Asians and their experiences in America. Why are those stories missing? And what can the research community do to bring them to light?
The Pew Research Center and a panel of distinguished experts for a look at recent research on Asian Americans as they explore how to close those data gaps and how better data can serve policymakers, the press, and advocates.
This annotated bibliography includes summaries of 10 scholarly sources that discuss the effects of military deployment and culture on families. The sources examine topics like the behavioral issues in children when parents are deployed, increased stress for single mothers, higher divorce rates for military families, the impact of prolonged separation on relationships, and both negative and positive impacts on children's development and academic performance. The sources provide data and perspectives that will help analyze how military service affects families.
This document provides the results of a nationwide survey on American attitudes toward U.S. relations with Cuba. Some key findings include:
- A majority of Americans (56%) believe the country is headed in the wrong direction.
- Most Americans (78%) perceive that the U.S. has no diplomatic relations, trade, or travel with Cuba and has a worse relationship with Cuba than with Iran.
- A solid majority (56%) of Americans favor changing U.S. policy toward Cuba to allow more engagement and normalization of relations. Support is higher among Democrats, independents, younger Americans, and those with more education.
Florida State Media Guide Football Storynolegirl222
Ryan McMahon and Rodney Hudson are two offensive linemen at Florida State University who are focused on leading the Seminoles football team to victory. As juniors, they have been starters on the offensive line for three seasons and earned freshman All-American honors. Both are considered among the best at their positions nationally. Off the field, they enjoy relaxing activities like fishing, basketball, and video games. Their goal for the 2009 season is for the Seminoles to build on the success of the prior season's turnaround campaign.
Major League Baseball (S.W.O.T Analysis)marcelPerez10
The MLB has several strengths including excellent marketing and merchandising that generates $3 billion annually in revenue. It has a diverse player base from around the world. However, weaknesses include a lack of international broadcasts and games lasting over 3 hours. Opportunities exist in advancing technology like automated strike zones. Threats include a competitive market with other leagues and the potential damage from player steroid use.
Major League Baseball faces both strengths and weaknesses. While it has massively popular global brands and teams, varied champions, and growing revenue, it also struggles with losing fans, lengthy game times, and lack of star player promotion. However, MLB can capitalize on opportunities to attract new fans by speeding up games with technology, promoting stars more effectively on social media, and embracing platforms that engage younger audiences. Threats include declining attendance, the rising NBA's social media dominance, and increased scrutiny of umpiring errors.
The document discusses the influence of American Muslims in the 2012 US presidential election. It notes that 91% of American Muslims voted in 2012, higher than previous years. While Romney received only 7% of the Muslim vote, Obama received 66% due largely to his stance on issues important to Muslims like jobs, education, and civil rights. The document also discusses the perspectives of both candidates on American Muslims and debates around the construction of the Ground Zero mosque.
America's unique capitalist system makes universal healthcare and education difficult. While America leads in GDP, its education system lags globally due to diversity and an emphasis on competition over cooperation. America also uniquely values both fast food over health, and organic food over environmental damage. Rap and country music uniquely arose from American minorities and rural groups expressing their experiences. American sports fanaticism is unique, with political messages and emphasis on college athletics. American news is uniquely delivered through both politically skewed cable and unbiased online/social media sources.
This document summarizes a research study that investigated factors influencing initial fandom of English Premier League (EPL) and Major League Soccer (MLS) teams among Bay Area millennials. A survey of 78 respondents found no significant differences in overall league preferences, though most still favored EPL teams. Differences were found in motives like style of play and presence of star players. This confirms the EPL's ability to penetrate the American market and provides insights for soccer marketing. The study aims to understand how accessibility, star players, and demographics impact fan identification with each league.
An Examination of Black Soccer Participation and Fandom in AmericaPatrick Rose
In this study, I seek to explore the issues related to Black soccer participation and fandom in America, focusing on youth participation and expanding to fandom at all ages. I also examine successful case studies of Black-led player development programs. I then provide preliminary recommendations based on primary research (interviews with prominent figures in the U.S. soccer landscape) and secondary research. Based on my research, I identify 10 barriers to Black youth soccer participation, nine challenges in Black soccer fandom in America, and I assess the replicability and scalability of player development models in underserved Black communities.
Soccer in USA IntroductionSports has always been a very si.docxjensgosney
Soccer in USA
Introduction
Sports has always been a very significant recreational activity in any society. There are different kinds of sports that different societies enjoy and value. Each sport has a history and a purpose. Sports are aimed at creating camaraderie, sportsmanship and other positive values in the society. Through regular practice in sport related activities, people learn to live healthy and an active lifestyle. Sports are not only a form of entertainment and source of happiness for people, but they also have a purpose and structure that contributes to society. Many types of sports involve the use of different tools and items. One of the most used accessories is a ball used in numerous sports such as basketball, volleyball, golf, tennis and soccer. These international favorite sports are also able to bring countries together by allowing different countries to compete in friendly and competitive tournaments. Soccer is one of the most popular sports in the world and it has influenced several countries (Wong, Patricia, and Yan Hong) such as the United States of America and the U.K. It may not be the a national sport of the U.S. but it is a sport that is well loved and practiced by Americans for many years. The most popular games in American include American football and basketball. The United States participates in soccer in many forms and the sport is growing in popularity.
History
Soccer started at around 1860s in the United States. There were a number of soccer clubs established back then. One of these clubs was known as the Oneida Football Club. Rutgers University and Princeton University were said to have conducted the first soccer match known in the history of the United States. This happened back in 1869 and with a score of 64 where the Rutgers University team won the game. In order for the sport to continue its existence in the country and in order to gain more enthusiasts, athletes and supporters for the sport put together organizations that were established in order to regulate and organize the sport.
The first known organization that tried to regulate soccer in the United States was the American Football Association. The American Football Association or AFA was founded back in 1886. It was able to successfully carry out its mission during its first year by conducting the first non-league (sport that does not belong to one of a nations major professional leagues) soccer event in the history of the United States. This non-league event was titled the American Cup. Men were more active and involved when it comes to playing soccer in the United States in the beginning. Today, however, the United States not only run a men’s national soccer team but a women’s national soccer team as well. Both men and women are now actively participating in the sport and competing worldwide.
The United States Soccer Federation
The United States Soccer Federation (USSF) is the official body of authority that regulates and organize.
Derek Evans Research Paper Parents and SportsDerek Evans
This document provides an overview of parents' and coaches' involvement in youth sports. It discusses how youth sports have become more competitive and intense over time, as parents and coaches place increasing pressure on kids to perform and specialize in one sport at a young age. This has led to negative consequences like higher injury rates, burnout, and kids no longer having fun playing sports. The document examines the history of youth sports in America and how values have changed from fun, teamwork and respect to an emphasis on winning at all costs. It also notes concerns from other parents about high injury risks in today's youth sports environment.
This document summarizes a master's project that studied the effects of repetitive motion injuries in youth competitive sports during puberty. Specifically, it aimed to show a correlation between injuries and specializing in one sport from ages 10 to 16. The introduction discusses the rising trend of early sports specialization and notes injuries are often from repetitive motions straining joints and muscles. The literature review covers topics like parents' influence on children's sports, recommendations against specializing before age 12-13 due to injury risk, and studies finding overuse injuries in baseball pitchers and soccer players. The purpose is to encourage participating in multiple activities and sports to develop skills and prevent burnout or chronic injuries from specializing too early.
This document discusses the topic of early sport specialization and its effect on future success. It reviews literature on related themes such as the role of schools in physical activity, whether skills transfer between sports, motivations for playing one sport over many, and examples of athletes who played multiple sports. The document then describes the author's methodology for their research study on this topic, which will be a survey distributed online to gather data on athletes' experiences playing multiple sports. Limitations of the study discussed include time constraints and lack of funding.
This study examines factors that contribute to multiple brothers playing in the NFL. It will focus on three families that have had three or more sons play in the NFL: the Gronkowski family with four brothers, the Fuller family with four brothers, and the Watt family with three brothers. The study will use qualitative interviews of players, families, coaches and others to understand how upbringing, training, inspiration and other resources impacted the brothers' success. It aims to provide insight on how parents can optimize their children's success in higher-level sports.
Instructor’s Feedback Depth and Relevance 4.5 out of 4.5Rep.docxLaticiaGrissomzz
Instructor’s Feedback
Depth and Relevance: 4.5 out of 4.5
Reply post responds completely to all facets of another student’s initial post, incorporating different points of view, ideas or concepts related.
Utilization of Course Material and References:
4 out of 4
Reply post integrates course materials (textbook and ancillary article from student’s post).
Word Count: 2 out of 2
Reply post has between 250-350 words. (This word count does not include the actual discussion question being written or the reference list.)
Hello Samuel,
There are several ideas you have expressed in your post, which I support. First, I want to join you in your view that there is inadequate research on cultural diversity in sport psychology. The increasing population of diverse populations in sports in the United States, whereby many immigrants have been incorporated into sports and athletics, should be characterized by more research on cultural diversity to enable diverse players to understand how they can relate with their coach, fellow athletes, and sportsmen and women (Schinke & Moore, 2011). It is also important because it will ensure that all the affected parties understand and can interpret rules and regulations safeguarding sports in foreign countries. Many reports have shown that the United States is more diverse today, with a greater population of African players and athletes dominating the country.
Cultural diversity in sports has contributed to the current intense competition, innovation, and talented players and athletes in America. In your post, I agree that research on cultural diversity in sport psychology will ensure that sports psychologists gain an in-depth understanding of the athletes with whom they work. It is also key in demonstrating respect for and integration of cultural constructs in the treatment room (Ryba et al., 2013). Another important idea you have identified in your post is that intense research on cultural diversity in sport psychology is key because it helps sports psychologists maintain personal and professional self-awareness.
From your post, it is evident that a lack of research on cultural diversity in sport psychology can lead to an organization's lack of inclusive culture. This is mainly occurring due to a diverse organization that is not properly oriented and guided by organizational behaviors and culture (Gill & William, 2008). The resultant effect of a diverse culture is that it can change an organization's culture, which can make it miss its core values and general mandate.
References
Gill, D. L., & William, L. (2008). Gender, diversity, and cultural competence.
Psychological dynamics of sport and exercise. 2nd. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 267-290.
Schinke, R., & Moore, Z. E. (2011). Culturally informed sport psychology: Introduction to the special issue.
Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology,
5(4), 283-294.
Ryba, T. V., S.
Texting While Driving Essay | Essay on Texting While Driving for .... 025 Texting While Driving Argumentative Essay ~ Thatsnotus. ️ Texting and driving speech conclusion. Free Essays on Persuasive .... Texting and driving essay thesis writing. Texting and Driving Essay | Essay on Texting and Driving for Students .... Problem solution essay about texting while driving - Google Docs. ESSAY ON TEXTING WHILE DRIVING – uzysajonu. Texting and driving essay intro. Informative essay about texting and driving. Essay on texting while driving - Reasearch & Essay Writings From HQ Writers. Texting While Driving - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Texting While Driving Persuasive Essay - Cite this page. Texting While Driving Persuasive Essay : Should Texting While Driving .... Photo essay on texting and driving / rcalvet.com. Texting while driving persuasive essay - bentrideronline.com. Texting And Driving Essay - Cause and Effects of Texting While Driving .... texting while driving persuasive essay.
This paper explores how to improve family attendance at NFL games through better marketing strategies. It reviews literature on market segmentation, fan motives, and constraints to fan attendance. The author conducted a survey to understand family motives for attending games and constraints that discourage attendance. The goal is to identify ways to enhance the family experience and generate loyal young fans in order to increase future attendance and spending.
This document discusses the future of American football given new research showing links between repeated head impacts and long-term brain damage. It summarizes research finding brain changes in high school players without concussions, suggesting repeated sub-concussive blows may cause damage over time. While lawsuits and public awareness of risks may reduce youth participation, football remains deeply ingrained in some communities. Changes like limiting contact in practices aim to address safety concerns while maintaining the sport's role in community identity. The future will depend on how informed parents weigh risks against football's cultural and social benefits.
This document summarizes interviews conducted with two 8-year-old children, Jack and Jill, about their participation in physical activities and sports. Both children enjoy physical education classes at school and playing sports outside of school, with Jill doing dancing and Jack playing soccer. Their parents and teachers encourage and support their involvement in sports. Both children feel happy and that sports are fun, boosting their self-esteem. The interviews indicate Jack and Jill are developing typically socially through sports as described in literature on children's socialization through physical activity.
The document is a case study report summarizing interviews with two 8-year-old children, Jack and Jill, about their socialization into sports. It finds that both children enjoy sports at school and are encouraged by parents and teachers. Jack plays soccer outside of school while Jill does dancing. Both feel sports are fun and boost their self-esteem. The children's experiences align with literature that significant social influences, opportunities to be active, and enjoyment of sports facilitate youth socialization into physical activity.
Psaroudakis: Family and Football – The Psaroudakis Success StoryPsaroudakis
Psaroudakis, a name that resonates with football fans around the globe, is a testament to the powerful synergy between familial support and individual passion. Born on March 10, 1992, in the historic city of Heraklion, Crete, Psaroudakis’ journey to international football stardom is a compelling narrative of dedication, perseverance, and unwavering family support. His story not only highlights his athletic prowess but also underscores the crucial role his family played in shaping his career and character.
Psaroudakis’ early life in Heraklion was deeply influenced by a supportive and nurturing family environment. His father, a former semi-professional footballer, recognized Psaroudakis’ potential from an early age. Acting as his first coach, his father’s guidance was instrumental in igniting Psaroudakis’ passion for football. This paternal influence instilled in him a strong work ethic and fundamental skills that would become the foundation of his future success. His mother, a dedicated homemaker, provided a stable and nurturing environment, ensuring that Psaroudakis could pursue his dreams without any hindrances.
From a young age, Psaroudakis showed an innate talent for football. Growing up in Heraklion, he spent countless hours playing football in local parks and streets with friends and family. His natural ability was evident even in these informal settings, and his enthusiasm for the game was infectious. By the age of five, Psaroudakis had joined a local youth football club, where his skills began to flourish. His father’s role as his first coach during these formative years was crucial, as he emphasized not only technical skills but also the importance of discipline and teamwork.
The transition from playing in local parks to joining a structured football environment marked a significant step in Psaroudakis’ journey. At the age of ten, he joined the youth academy of OFI Crete, one of Greece’s most esteemed football clubs. This move marked the beginning of a more rigorous and professional approach to his training. The academy environment was demanding, focusing on honing technical abilities and instilling values of sportsmanship and dedication. Psaroudakis’ dedication to his craft was evident as he quickly rose through the ranks, becoming a standout player in the youth teams.
The support of Psaroudakis’ family was unwavering during this critical period. His father continued to be a source of guidance and mentorship, while his mother ensured that he had everything he needed to succeed. Their collective efforts created a balanced environment where Psaroudakis could focus entirely on his development as a footballer. This familial support was not just about providing the basics; it was about creating an environment where Psaroudakis felt encouraged and motivated to pursue his dreams relentlessly.
As Psaroudakis transitioned from the youth academy to professional football, the challenges became more significant.
This document provides the results of a nationwide survey on American attitudes toward U.S. relations with Cuba. Some key findings include:
- A majority of Americans (56%) believe the country is headed in the wrong direction.
- Most Americans (78%) perceive that the U.S. has no diplomatic relations, trade, or travel with Cuba and has a worse relationship with Cuba than with Iran.
- A solid majority (56%) of Americans favor changing U.S. policy toward Cuba to allow more engagement and normalization of relations. Support is higher among Democrats, independents, younger Americans, and those with more education.
Florida State Media Guide Football Storynolegirl222
Ryan McMahon and Rodney Hudson are two offensive linemen at Florida State University who are focused on leading the Seminoles football team to victory. As juniors, they have been starters on the offensive line for three seasons and earned freshman All-American honors. Both are considered among the best at their positions nationally. Off the field, they enjoy relaxing activities like fishing, basketball, and video games. Their goal for the 2009 season is for the Seminoles to build on the success of the prior season's turnaround campaign.
Major League Baseball (S.W.O.T Analysis)marcelPerez10
The MLB has several strengths including excellent marketing and merchandising that generates $3 billion annually in revenue. It has a diverse player base from around the world. However, weaknesses include a lack of international broadcasts and games lasting over 3 hours. Opportunities exist in advancing technology like automated strike zones. Threats include a competitive market with other leagues and the potential damage from player steroid use.
Major League Baseball faces both strengths and weaknesses. While it has massively popular global brands and teams, varied champions, and growing revenue, it also struggles with losing fans, lengthy game times, and lack of star player promotion. However, MLB can capitalize on opportunities to attract new fans by speeding up games with technology, promoting stars more effectively on social media, and embracing platforms that engage younger audiences. Threats include declining attendance, the rising NBA's social media dominance, and increased scrutiny of umpiring errors.
The document discusses the influence of American Muslims in the 2012 US presidential election. It notes that 91% of American Muslims voted in 2012, higher than previous years. While Romney received only 7% of the Muslim vote, Obama received 66% due largely to his stance on issues important to Muslims like jobs, education, and civil rights. The document also discusses the perspectives of both candidates on American Muslims and debates around the construction of the Ground Zero mosque.
America's unique capitalist system makes universal healthcare and education difficult. While America leads in GDP, its education system lags globally due to diversity and an emphasis on competition over cooperation. America also uniquely values both fast food over health, and organic food over environmental damage. Rap and country music uniquely arose from American minorities and rural groups expressing their experiences. American sports fanaticism is unique, with political messages and emphasis on college athletics. American news is uniquely delivered through both politically skewed cable and unbiased online/social media sources.
This document summarizes a research study that investigated factors influencing initial fandom of English Premier League (EPL) and Major League Soccer (MLS) teams among Bay Area millennials. A survey of 78 respondents found no significant differences in overall league preferences, though most still favored EPL teams. Differences were found in motives like style of play and presence of star players. This confirms the EPL's ability to penetrate the American market and provides insights for soccer marketing. The study aims to understand how accessibility, star players, and demographics impact fan identification with each league.
An Examination of Black Soccer Participation and Fandom in AmericaPatrick Rose
In this study, I seek to explore the issues related to Black soccer participation and fandom in America, focusing on youth participation and expanding to fandom at all ages. I also examine successful case studies of Black-led player development programs. I then provide preliminary recommendations based on primary research (interviews with prominent figures in the U.S. soccer landscape) and secondary research. Based on my research, I identify 10 barriers to Black youth soccer participation, nine challenges in Black soccer fandom in America, and I assess the replicability and scalability of player development models in underserved Black communities.
Soccer in USA IntroductionSports has always been a very si.docxjensgosney
Soccer in USA
Introduction
Sports has always been a very significant recreational activity in any society. There are different kinds of sports that different societies enjoy and value. Each sport has a history and a purpose. Sports are aimed at creating camaraderie, sportsmanship and other positive values in the society. Through regular practice in sport related activities, people learn to live healthy and an active lifestyle. Sports are not only a form of entertainment and source of happiness for people, but they also have a purpose and structure that contributes to society. Many types of sports involve the use of different tools and items. One of the most used accessories is a ball used in numerous sports such as basketball, volleyball, golf, tennis and soccer. These international favorite sports are also able to bring countries together by allowing different countries to compete in friendly and competitive tournaments. Soccer is one of the most popular sports in the world and it has influenced several countries (Wong, Patricia, and Yan Hong) such as the United States of America and the U.K. It may not be the a national sport of the U.S. but it is a sport that is well loved and practiced by Americans for many years. The most popular games in American include American football and basketball. The United States participates in soccer in many forms and the sport is growing in popularity.
History
Soccer started at around 1860s in the United States. There were a number of soccer clubs established back then. One of these clubs was known as the Oneida Football Club. Rutgers University and Princeton University were said to have conducted the first soccer match known in the history of the United States. This happened back in 1869 and with a score of 64 where the Rutgers University team won the game. In order for the sport to continue its existence in the country and in order to gain more enthusiasts, athletes and supporters for the sport put together organizations that were established in order to regulate and organize the sport.
The first known organization that tried to regulate soccer in the United States was the American Football Association. The American Football Association or AFA was founded back in 1886. It was able to successfully carry out its mission during its first year by conducting the first non-league (sport that does not belong to one of a nations major professional leagues) soccer event in the history of the United States. This non-league event was titled the American Cup. Men were more active and involved when it comes to playing soccer in the United States in the beginning. Today, however, the United States not only run a men’s national soccer team but a women’s national soccer team as well. Both men and women are now actively participating in the sport and competing worldwide.
The United States Soccer Federation
The United States Soccer Federation (USSF) is the official body of authority that regulates and organize.
Derek Evans Research Paper Parents and SportsDerek Evans
This document provides an overview of parents' and coaches' involvement in youth sports. It discusses how youth sports have become more competitive and intense over time, as parents and coaches place increasing pressure on kids to perform and specialize in one sport at a young age. This has led to negative consequences like higher injury rates, burnout, and kids no longer having fun playing sports. The document examines the history of youth sports in America and how values have changed from fun, teamwork and respect to an emphasis on winning at all costs. It also notes concerns from other parents about high injury risks in today's youth sports environment.
This document summarizes a master's project that studied the effects of repetitive motion injuries in youth competitive sports during puberty. Specifically, it aimed to show a correlation between injuries and specializing in one sport from ages 10 to 16. The introduction discusses the rising trend of early sports specialization and notes injuries are often from repetitive motions straining joints and muscles. The literature review covers topics like parents' influence on children's sports, recommendations against specializing before age 12-13 due to injury risk, and studies finding overuse injuries in baseball pitchers and soccer players. The purpose is to encourage participating in multiple activities and sports to develop skills and prevent burnout or chronic injuries from specializing too early.
This document discusses the topic of early sport specialization and its effect on future success. It reviews literature on related themes such as the role of schools in physical activity, whether skills transfer between sports, motivations for playing one sport over many, and examples of athletes who played multiple sports. The document then describes the author's methodology for their research study on this topic, which will be a survey distributed online to gather data on athletes' experiences playing multiple sports. Limitations of the study discussed include time constraints and lack of funding.
This study examines factors that contribute to multiple brothers playing in the NFL. It will focus on three families that have had three or more sons play in the NFL: the Gronkowski family with four brothers, the Fuller family with four brothers, and the Watt family with three brothers. The study will use qualitative interviews of players, families, coaches and others to understand how upbringing, training, inspiration and other resources impacted the brothers' success. It aims to provide insight on how parents can optimize their children's success in higher-level sports.
Instructor’s Feedback Depth and Relevance 4.5 out of 4.5Rep.docxLaticiaGrissomzz
Instructor’s Feedback
Depth and Relevance: 4.5 out of 4.5
Reply post responds completely to all facets of another student’s initial post, incorporating different points of view, ideas or concepts related.
Utilization of Course Material and References:
4 out of 4
Reply post integrates course materials (textbook and ancillary article from student’s post).
Word Count: 2 out of 2
Reply post has between 250-350 words. (This word count does not include the actual discussion question being written or the reference list.)
Hello Samuel,
There are several ideas you have expressed in your post, which I support. First, I want to join you in your view that there is inadequate research on cultural diversity in sport psychology. The increasing population of diverse populations in sports in the United States, whereby many immigrants have been incorporated into sports and athletics, should be characterized by more research on cultural diversity to enable diverse players to understand how they can relate with their coach, fellow athletes, and sportsmen and women (Schinke & Moore, 2011). It is also important because it will ensure that all the affected parties understand and can interpret rules and regulations safeguarding sports in foreign countries. Many reports have shown that the United States is more diverse today, with a greater population of African players and athletes dominating the country.
Cultural diversity in sports has contributed to the current intense competition, innovation, and talented players and athletes in America. In your post, I agree that research on cultural diversity in sport psychology will ensure that sports psychologists gain an in-depth understanding of the athletes with whom they work. It is also key in demonstrating respect for and integration of cultural constructs in the treatment room (Ryba et al., 2013). Another important idea you have identified in your post is that intense research on cultural diversity in sport psychology is key because it helps sports psychologists maintain personal and professional self-awareness.
From your post, it is evident that a lack of research on cultural diversity in sport psychology can lead to an organization's lack of inclusive culture. This is mainly occurring due to a diverse organization that is not properly oriented and guided by organizational behaviors and culture (Gill & William, 2008). The resultant effect of a diverse culture is that it can change an organization's culture, which can make it miss its core values and general mandate.
References
Gill, D. L., & William, L. (2008). Gender, diversity, and cultural competence.
Psychological dynamics of sport and exercise. 2nd. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 267-290.
Schinke, R., & Moore, Z. E. (2011). Culturally informed sport psychology: Introduction to the special issue.
Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology,
5(4), 283-294.
Ryba, T. V., S.
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The document is a case study report summarizing interviews with two 8-year-old children, Jack and Jill, about their socialization into sports. It finds that both children enjoy sports at school and are encouraged by parents and teachers. Jack plays soccer outside of school while Jill does dancing. Both feel sports are fun and boost their self-esteem. The children's experiences align with literature that significant social influences, opportunities to be active, and enjoyment of sports facilitate youth socialization into physical activity.
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Sport Research Paper
1. FOOTBALL IS FAMILY: BROTHERS IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE
1
The Factors that Contribute to Multiple Brothers Playing in the NFL
Meghan Klein
Southern Methodist University
2. FOOTBALL IS FAMILY: BROTHERS IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE
2
The Factors That Contribute to Multiple Brothers Playing in the NFL
Originally named the American Professional Football Association, the National Football
League was created 1920 (Chronology of Professional Football, 2016). Trying to solve the
problems associated with a disorganized non-league of professional football teams, the inaugural
league started out with just 10 teams from only 4 different states. It aimed to help prevent
players from switching teams for higher salaries, and address the problems with current college
football players playing in the league.
The name was changed to the National Football league in 1922 (Chronology, 2016), and
now in 2017, includes 32 teams. Each team has 53-man rosters and 5-player practice squads,
meaning there are approximately 1,856 NFL active players in the NFL each year.
According to an NCAA study in 2016, of the over 1 million high school football players,
only 6.7% of them made it to play at the NCAA level. The study also found that there were
16,175 NCAA football players eligible to go on to play professional football from Division I, II,
and III schools. With only 256 of them drafted, only 1.9% of college football players will make it
to a professional league, and only 1.6% of them will make it to the NFL. With this small chance
of advancing in the sport, how do certain families produce multiple professional football players
within the same family?
As of the 2014-2015 season, 373 sets of brothers have played professional football in
some capacity (Pro Football Hall of Fame, 2015) which includes the AAFC, AFL and NFL. In
2016, the NFL had an addition of two families with four NFL playing brothers. The Fullers and
Gronkowskis were the second and third families to have four brothers play in the NFL sine the
AFL-NFL merger in 1966. (David Smith, 2016) The other family of four was the Browner
family who had 4 brothers play in the league during the 1970s and 80s.
3. FOOTBALL IS FAMILY: BROTHERS IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE
3
Chris and Kyle Long are two brothers currently playing in the NFL together. They both
said it was the other that made them want to play the sport, not their former NFL father, Howie.
Younger brother Kyle said he did not know he wanted to play football until he saw his older
brother Chris playing in the league. He said he “didn’t think he was tough enough until he saw
his brother getting after it.” (Football and Family). Often times we see studies concerning one
elite athlete and their non-elite sibling but multiple elite athletes in a family is not as often
addressed and certainly not more than 2 siblings.
The study will examine specifically a few recent cases of families with 3 or more
brothers in the NFL; the Gronkowskis, Watts, and Fullers. Specifically Chris, Dan, Rob, and
Glenn Gronkowski, JJ, Derek, and TJ Watt, and Vincent, Kendall, Kyle and Corey Fuller.
So far, there is a lack of study that investigated the likelihood that multiple brothers will
make it to the NFL and the factors that contribute to that likelihood. Why now are we seeing
more men compete at a higher level in the same sport as their brothers? What are parents doing
to increase this likelihood and cultivate a healthy competition rather than jealousy or resentment
between brothers. Most of the research done on this topic is surrounding birth order effects on
success and the psychological effects of playing the same sport as a sibling. Cote (1999) found
that serious commitment or talent in one sibling can lead to uneven distribution of familial
resources which can cause resentment from the other siblings. This resentment can lead to de-
identification in which the other sibling wants to create a unique identify and wants nothing to do
with the sport their sibling plays (Blazo, 2015). This is obviously not the case for families with
multiple brothers in the league so what was different about their interactions. This study will
look more into the idea that siblings can garner a healthy competition that will lead to greater
success down the line. Davis 2008 found that siblings can be motivated by each other just by
4. FOOTBALL IS FAMILY: BROTHERS IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE
4
being around them and seeing how they are training. Davis’ study was applied mostly to adults
who had already reached a high level of success in their sport so I want to apply it to growing up.
Are children able to interact playing the same sport the same way, allowing them to put in more
effort during competition?
The study at hand attempts to explain why certain families are able to have success in the
National Football League and what factors lead to multiple brothers playing in the NFL. Two
research questions will guide this study: RQ1, How does parent involvement and upbringing
factor into multiple brothers making it to the NFL? RQ2, What role does birth order and family
makeup play in the likelihood of success?
The study will help parents raise their children in a way to optimize their success at a
higher level. It will help understand the impact of treatment, training and socialization of siblings
within sports on their future success.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Most studies surrounding this topic looks at elite athletes and their non-athlete siblings
and looks to explain why that child was successful out of the rest. Here the study will examine
the qualities that made multiple children successful in the same sport. Many of the studies also
focus on the parent-child relationship rather than the family unit and the relationship as a whole.
Success in Professional Sport
Some of the factors that affect an athlete’s success and ability to reach a professional
level are the way they are raised, the food that they eat, the way that they train, their inspiration,
their personal dedication/mentality, and their coaches. According to Cote (1999) excellence in
sport performance stems from 3 major themes, motivational, effort, and resource. Fraser and
5. FOOTBALL IS FAMILY: BROTHERS IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE
5
Thomas (2005) discuss especially about the role of a parent or coach in the psychological and
psychical development of a child as they enter in sports.
In the National Hockey League, (NHL) birth months play a large factor in the success of
hockey players. (Adonna, 2010). The study found that two times more professional hockey
players were born in the first quarter of the calendar year (January through March) than those
born in the final quarter of the year (October-December). They found this was because youth
travel leagues age cutoff is December 31st
so the kids born earlier in the year were older and
typically bigger than the other kids in their league.
According to McDonald, (2009) birth months don’t make a big impact on football
players’ success football programs are usually in schools, which have a late August/early
September age by enrollment cut-off date. This study did find that birthplace played a role in
football players success in the NFL. They found that small cities seemed to develop and produce
more athletes in American football. Players born in cities with populations of less than 500,000
were “significantly overrepresented in the NFL” especially in comparison to their colleagues that
were born in 500,000-plus cities. (McDonald, 2009)
Family Dynamics
Whenever a family has more than one child, the dynamic becomes much trickier to
balance. As children are added, the attention and resources become harder to divvy up. Blazo
(2014) found that as more children are added to the family unit, the parents tend to have the
children do less activities because it is too much to manage.
In Lehman’s book from 1995, he found that firstborns are given greater family resources,
time and money, and have a higher expectation of success than their later born siblings. This tied
6. FOOTBALL IS FAMILY: BROTHERS IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE
6
in with Eckstein’s study in 2000 that said that 2nd
borns tend to be more athletic but first borns
are higher achievers.
Cote (1999) found that a serious commitment of one child can result in the uneven
distribution of resources to that child which can foster resentment and bitterness from the non-
committed child. But, Cote also found that siblings learn to coordinate their interaction with the
family to achieve a common goal which can help them develop sports skills as well. Earlier born
children are known to be motivated to stay on top as the dominant sibling, and younger born
children are similarly motivated to come out of the shadow of their sibling (Davis, Meyer 2008).
They found this trend of competition lessen as the age gap between siblings widened past 3 years
and the siblings were able to get along better.
Sibling in Sports
Hopwood (2015) found that having an older sibling increased the likelihood that a child
would participate in sports for boys particularly. Weiss and Knoppers (1982) also mentioned that
brothers were highly influential for each other long past their early childhood. They said that
brothers remain figures of influence into their college years as well. This college time-period is
especially vital for developing professional football players as it is professional teams are
scouting them to decide if they will be drafted or not.
Blazo (2015) found that if siblings perceive a positive relationship they are more likely to
interact and train together which gives them more opportunities to observe and learn from one
another in sport. This bodes well for brothers who play the same sport as boys are more likely to
foster relationships by engaging in similar activities (Blazo 2015).
7. FOOTBALL IS FAMILY: BROTHERS IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE
7
Siblings provide unique motivation and subsequent edge for athletes. With a visible and
constant competitor to compare yourself to, sibling athletes trained harder as they observed the
other working hard (Davis and Meyer, 2008) This study also found that not only were siblings
motivational, but also instructional. They could share training methods or tips with each other as
they both were familiar with the sport.
In a study done by Abel and Kruger in 2007, they studied brothers in Major League
Baseball and found that in non-pitching positions, older brothers had generally more successful
careers than their younger brothers.
Father and Son in NFL:
Often the background of an athlete is observed when determining the factors that lead to
their success. The relationship between father and son, both genetically and emotionally can be
very important in NFL success. Fathers are more likely to be directly involved in their sons’
sport participation as opposed to their daughters’. (Coakley, 2006)
According to Coakley (2006), when a child is particularly gifted athletically, the father is
typically the one who makes the decisions about training and competition. The athletic ability
and success of a father can also play a large role in the subsequent success and upbringing of the
son. According to the National Football League Hall of Fame, there are 224 documented sets of
father and son duos that played in the NFL. (2016). Of the 224 father-son sets, only 14 of those
included more than one son that played in the NFL.
The Australian Football League recognizes the potential for fathers to pass on their
athletic ability to their sons and has a unique Father-Son. This rule allows sons of former players
8. FOOTBALL IS FAMILY: BROTHERS IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE
8
to be selected by their father’s club prior to the draft and it was created in 1949 to “allow family
traditions to continue” (Tuck, 2015).
Chapter 3: Methods
The study will be carrying out a qualitative study to explore how multiple brothers from
the same family are able to achieve success at the professional level in American football. A case
study will be conducted with three families who have 3 or more sons that were or will be drafted
to play in the National Football League. To accomplish this study’s purpose, interviews will be
conducted with the players and their parents, as well as coaches and trainers. Secondary sources
of evidence will also be considered such as photographs, video tapes, and documents such as
menus or training and practice regimes. This study will delve into what about their upbringing,
environment, diet or training makes them unique in the amount of success that they have had.
The three families of brothers that I will be studying will be Chris Gronkowski, Dan
Gronkowski, Rob Gronkowski, and Glenn Gronkowski, JJ Watt, Derek Watt, and TJ Watt, and
Vincent Fuller, Kendall Fuller, Kyle Fuller and Corey Fuller. I have chosen to look at these 3
families as they all include multiple sons who played in the NFL but they also encompass
different career spans as well. The Gronkwoskis and Fullers were the second and third family
since the AFL-NFL merger to have four brothers in the NFL. The first family was the Browners
whose 4 brothers played in the 1970s and 1980s.
The Gronkowskis are a family of 5 sons, 4 of which played or play in the National
Football League. The brothers (in order from age)—Gordie Jr., Dan, Chris, Rob, and Glenn—
grew up in upstate New York in the 1980s and 90s. They come from an athletic background as
9. FOOTBALL IS FAMILY: BROTHERS IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE
9
their father was a linebacker at Syracuse University, while their grandfather was a member of the
U.S. Olympic cycling team in 1924. Both Rob and Chris played college football at University of
Arizona, while Glenn played at Kansas State and Dan played at Maryland.
Rob and Dan are tight ends, while Glenn and Chris play fullback. The eldest brother,
Gordie Jr., played Division I baseball and was drafted to the Anaheim Angels before playing in
the minor leagues for six years. The two youngest brothers, Rob and Glenn, are the only
Gronkowskis still playing in the NFL and play for the New England Patriots. Rob has scored 68
touchdowns in his 7 seasons playing in the NFL. Both Chris and Dan have retired but formerly
played with the Lions and Cowboys. Dan was drafted in 2009 and played until 2013 while Chris
went undrafted in 2010 but signed with the Cowboys one day after and played until 2013 as well.
The Watt family has 3 sons, JJ, Derek, and TJ. JJ and Derek currently play in the NFL
while the youngest, TJ, has declared for the 2017 NFL draft. The Watts were born in Waukesha,
Wisconsin and all three of them attended the University of Wisconsin, around 60 miles away
from home. JJ Watt is a defensive end for the Houston Texans and Derek plays fullback for the
San Diego Chargers. TJ has declared for the draft as a fullback and is rated 45th
out of 500 draft-
rated players.
The Fuller family has 4 sons, all who played in the NFL, 3 of which are still current
players. The Fullers grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and went on to play college football
at Virginia Tech. Vincent Fuller played in the NFL from 2005 to 2011 for the Titans, Patriots
and Lions. His three brothers, Kendall, Kyle, and Corey play for the Redskins, Bears, and Lions
respectively.
The interview focuses on the players themselves, as well as parents, siblings, coaches,
trainers and former teachers.
10. FOOTBALL IS FAMILY: BROTHERS IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE
10
Examples of the some of the questions I may ask are:
1. Why did you decide to pursue football?
2. What was a typical diet for you as a child?
3. How did your parents impact your interests?
4. Describe your athletic experiences growing up
5. When did you train with your brothers and why?
6. How did your brothers playing football impact your game?
I will be using content analysis to look at the results that I find during this case study. I will be
analyzing the interviews that I have conducted and picking out common trends and patterns that
reveal themselves as I look over the families’ answers.
Chapter 4: Conclusion
Both deductive and inductive approaches were used to analyse the collected data and
secondary source data. Deductively, the technique of a pattern match will be used, where the
answers to each interview question will be compared and contrasted against each interviewee.
For this purpose, the details of each respondent’s data (for each question) treated individually,
followed by the matching and comparing of the replies of each interviewee on each question
with each other (Miles, Huberman, & Saldana, 2013). Upon completion of the cross comparison,
conclusions will be drawn on each question. Inductively, emergent themes will be identified
from data that surfaced during follow-up questions, open-ended questions, transitioning from
topic to topic, and elaborations of previous answers. These data will be compiled during the data
reduction stage, then analysed and re-analyzed inductively (Creswell, 2014) by clustering similar
topics and organising the topics into three parts: as major topic, unique topic, and leftovers.
11. FOOTBALL IS FAMILY: BROTHERS IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE
11
Chapter 5: Sources
1. Abel, Ernest L. "Performance Of Older Versus Younger Brothers: Data From Major
League Baseball." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105.7 (2007): 1117.
2. Addona, Vittorio, and Philip A Yates. "A Closer Look At The Relative Age Effect In The
National Hockey League". Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports 6.4 (2010):
3. Blazo, Jordan A., and Alan L. Smith. "A Systematic Review of Siblings and Physical
Activity Experiences." International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology (2017): 1-
38.
4. Blazo, Jordan A. “Do Siblings Matter in physical Activity? A systematic review and
examination of perceived competence in youth sport” Michigan State University
Dissertation. 2015.
5. Blazo, Jordan A., Daniel R. Czech, Sarah Carson, and Windy Dees. "A Qualitative
Investigation of the Sibling Sport Achievement Experience." The Sport Psychologist 28.1
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6. “Brothers Who Played Pro Football” Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site
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