Calnex and Spirent presentation from ITSF 2016, giving an overview of GNSS spoofing, and experimental results of the effects of spoofing on PTP Grandmaster clocks with integrated GNSS receivers.
This document provides an overview of wind profiler radar systems produced by NRIET, including:
- NRIET has deployed 49 wind profiler radar systems in China, with the majority being boundary layer systems. Several systems have also been deployed internationally.
- NRIET's systems include boundary layer, tropospheric, and stratospheric profiling radars. Their boundary layer system, the CLC-11, uses active phased array technology and pulse compression for high accuracy wind measurements.
- NRIET is developing an integrated airport weather warning system software suite to ingest and analyze data from multiple sensors like wind profilers and provide alerts and visualizations to airport operators.
The document discusses the structure and characteristics of GPS signals. It covers topics like signal requirements, encoding methods, modulation techniques, and digital signal processing. Key points:
- GPS signals are transmitted from satellites on two carrier frequencies (L1 and L2) which are modulated by pseudo-random codes and navigation data.
- The signals use phase modulation to encode information in the carrier phase. Receivers use correlation and filtering techniques to recover the codes, data, and carrier signals.
- After the introduction of anti-spoofing in 1994, various methods like squaring, cross-correlation and Z-tracking were developed to still allow civilian use of the encrypted P-code signal.
GPS signals contain information to identify each satellite, the satellite's location, timing details, and navigation data. Signals are modulated using phase-shift keying onto two carrier frequencies, L1 and L2. The C/A code and encrypted P-code are modulated onto L1, while only the P-code is modulated onto L2. Digital signal processing techniques like filtering, frequency translation, correlation and cross-correlation are used in GPS receivers to acquire and track satellite signals. Anti-spoofing of the P-code led to techniques like squaring, code-aided squaring, cross-correlation and Z-tracking to still allow civilian use of the encrypted signal.
The aim of “BLUESLEMON” project is to develop a low-cost automatic system for monitoring landslide surface displacement using drones and BT beacons. The proposed drone architecture is developed to go beyond the current state-of-the-art techniques and is characterized by autonomous navigation capabilities. The UAV platform is equipped with obstacle-detection sensors and collision-avoidance algorithms, allowing the smart UAS to be easily employed for autonomous navigation, even in case of diverse environments or applications (search-and-rescue operations in alpine environments or automatic surveillance in urban areas).
Earth Viewing Systems Satellite Sensor Project, for Professor DiNardo's Course.
The presentation was given on 14th May, 2009.
______________________________________
I realize that some of the graphics do not have their sources cited, but I did not make those slides, and the group members who made them did not remember their sources. So, please forgive this oversight, since I consider it important enough to students of the earth surveillance class at The City College of New York (and elsewhere) that old presentations be available to them.
If, however, you can give me the sources of the graphics that you see, then I will be grateful, and I will be happy to cite them.
The document discusses the global positioning system (GPS) including its history, how it works using satellites and measurements of distance, sources of error, and applications like plane surveying and tsunami detection.
Hardening GPS/GNSS receivers against spoofing and jamming is crucial as threats are new, real and increasing. Testing with a GPS/GNSS simulator is a very effective tool for designing and evaluating countermeasures for mission-critical applications for positioning, navigation and timing.
The document discusses signal selection criteria and remedies for satellite navigation systems like GPS. It covers 5 criteria: 1) acceptable received power levels with reasonable antenna patterns and ionospheric delay, remedied by choosing L-band frequency. 2) rejection of multipath signals using circular polarization. 3) meeting power spectral density constraints using spread spectrum signaling. 4) providing multiple access using code division multiple access (CDMA). 5) providing ionospheric correction using dual frequencies like L1 and L2. It provides details on GPS signal frequencies, modulation, and PRN codes.
This document provides an overview of wind profiler radar systems produced by NRIET, including:
- NRIET has deployed 49 wind profiler radar systems in China, with the majority being boundary layer systems. Several systems have also been deployed internationally.
- NRIET's systems include boundary layer, tropospheric, and stratospheric profiling radars. Their boundary layer system, the CLC-11, uses active phased array technology and pulse compression for high accuracy wind measurements.
- NRIET is developing an integrated airport weather warning system software suite to ingest and analyze data from multiple sensors like wind profilers and provide alerts and visualizations to airport operators.
The document discusses the structure and characteristics of GPS signals. It covers topics like signal requirements, encoding methods, modulation techniques, and digital signal processing. Key points:
- GPS signals are transmitted from satellites on two carrier frequencies (L1 and L2) which are modulated by pseudo-random codes and navigation data.
- The signals use phase modulation to encode information in the carrier phase. Receivers use correlation and filtering techniques to recover the codes, data, and carrier signals.
- After the introduction of anti-spoofing in 1994, various methods like squaring, cross-correlation and Z-tracking were developed to still allow civilian use of the encrypted P-code signal.
GPS signals contain information to identify each satellite, the satellite's location, timing details, and navigation data. Signals are modulated using phase-shift keying onto two carrier frequencies, L1 and L2. The C/A code and encrypted P-code are modulated onto L1, while only the P-code is modulated onto L2. Digital signal processing techniques like filtering, frequency translation, correlation and cross-correlation are used in GPS receivers to acquire and track satellite signals. Anti-spoofing of the P-code led to techniques like squaring, code-aided squaring, cross-correlation and Z-tracking to still allow civilian use of the encrypted signal.
The aim of “BLUESLEMON” project is to develop a low-cost automatic system for monitoring landslide surface displacement using drones and BT beacons. The proposed drone architecture is developed to go beyond the current state-of-the-art techniques and is characterized by autonomous navigation capabilities. The UAV platform is equipped with obstacle-detection sensors and collision-avoidance algorithms, allowing the smart UAS to be easily employed for autonomous navigation, even in case of diverse environments or applications (search-and-rescue operations in alpine environments or automatic surveillance in urban areas).
Earth Viewing Systems Satellite Sensor Project, for Professor DiNardo's Course.
The presentation was given on 14th May, 2009.
______________________________________
I realize that some of the graphics do not have their sources cited, but I did not make those slides, and the group members who made them did not remember their sources. So, please forgive this oversight, since I consider it important enough to students of the earth surveillance class at The City College of New York (and elsewhere) that old presentations be available to them.
If, however, you can give me the sources of the graphics that you see, then I will be grateful, and I will be happy to cite them.
The document discusses the global positioning system (GPS) including its history, how it works using satellites and measurements of distance, sources of error, and applications like plane surveying and tsunami detection.
Hardening GPS/GNSS receivers against spoofing and jamming is crucial as threats are new, real and increasing. Testing with a GPS/GNSS simulator is a very effective tool for designing and evaluating countermeasures for mission-critical applications for positioning, navigation and timing.
The document discusses signal selection criteria and remedies for satellite navigation systems like GPS. It covers 5 criteria: 1) acceptable received power levels with reasonable antenna patterns and ionospheric delay, remedied by choosing L-band frequency. 2) rejection of multipath signals using circular polarization. 3) meeting power spectral density constraints using spread spectrum signaling. 4) providing multiple access using code division multiple access (CDMA). 5) providing ionospheric correction using dual frequencies like L1 and L2. It provides details on GPS signal frequencies, modulation, and PRN codes.
Sentinel Air provides aerial surveillance services using manned and unmanned aircraft for security, law enforcement, environmental, and disaster applications. They offer both short-term and long-term surveillance contracts to monitor issues like border security, drug trafficking, search and rescue operations, pipeline inspection, and wildlife monitoring. Their aircraft are equipped with day and night cameras, radios, data links and can provide live video feeds to law enforcement and customers.
- GNSS raw measurements from Android phones can provide centimeter-level accuracy with dual-frequency receivers and techniques like PPP.
- Tools are available for logging raw GNSS data from Android phones and performing analysis on the logged data, including analyzing errors from ionosphere, troposphere, and signal-in-space.
- Future applications of high-accuracy GNSS from phones include jamming detection, carrier-phase positioning for apps requiring precise location, and signal analysis for effects like ionosphere and multipath.
The document specifies the requirements for a differential GPS system, including both a reference station unit and rover handheld unit. The system is intended to rapidly acquire reasonably accurate latitude, longitude, and elevation data. It must be compatible with international GPS networks as well as India's upcoming IRNSS system. The reference unit must provide horizontal accuracy within 1 meter and vertical accuracy within 2 cm when operating within 1 km. It must have features such as data logging, removable storage, and an 8 hour battery. The rover unit must have a color display, memory storage, electronic compass, and barometric altimeter. Comprehensive manuals and instruction must be provided.
1) The document analyzes raw GNSS measurement data quality from several Android smartphones.
2) It finds that Galileo code measurements are often ambiguous and GPS/GLONASS measurements have lower precision at low elevation angles, unlike with geodetic receivers.
3) Analysis of various measurement combinations like code-phase, code rate-phase rate, and double differences show effects mainly from code noise, multipath, and potential cycle slips.
The document discusses the global positioning system (GPS) and how it has changed navigation worldwide. It provides details on the three segments of GPS - the space segment consisting of 24 satellites in orbit, the control segment of 5 ground stations that monitor the satellites, and the user segment of GPS receivers. GPS uses trilateration of radio signals from satellites to determine precise location and timing information for users. Its widespread applications now include navigation, tracking, mapping, and more.
GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information to users worldwide. It uses a constellation of 24 satellites and trilateration techniques to determine the user's position by calculating distances to four or more satellites. Sources of error include atmospheric conditions and satellite clock errors, but differential GPS and systems like WAAS can achieve accuracy of 3 meters or better for civilian users.
GPS uses 24 satellites in MEO orbit to provide positioning services to users. The GPS system consists of three segments - space, control, and user. The space segment comprises the GPS satellites. The control segment consists of monitoring and control stations that track satellites and upload navigation data. The user segment contains GPS receivers that use satellite signals and navigation messages to determine location. Each satellite continuously broadcasts navigation messages containing ephemeris, clock, and almanac data. The messages are structured in frames, subframes, and pages to efficiently transmit necessary information to users.
#2 gnss errors,its sources & mitigation techniquesMohammedHusain20
This document discusses GNSS errors, their sources, and mitigation techniques. It describes various unintentional errors from satellite clocks, orbits, and the ionosphere and troposphere. Receiver errors and multipath errors are also discussed. Intentional interference can come from jamming or spoofing. Real-time and post-processing techniques can be used to mitigate errors, such as using ground station corrections or processing with base station data. The goal is to understand error sources and how to apply models or corrections to improve GNSS positioning accuracy.
Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an enhancement to Global Positioning System that provides improved location accuracy, from the
15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the best implementations. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is a method of providing differential corrections to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in order to improve the accuracy of the navigation solution. DGPS corrections originate from a reference station at a known location. The receivers in these reference stations can estimate errors in the GPS because, unlike the general population of GPS receivers, they have an accurate knowledge of their position.
DGPS uses a network of fixed, ground-based reference stations to broadcast the difference between the positions indicated by the GPS (satellite) systems and the known fixed positions. These stations broadcast the difference between the measured satellite pseudoranges and actual (internally computed) pseudoranges, and receiver stations may correct their pseudoranges by the same amount. The digital correction signal is typically broadcast locally over ground-based transmitters of shorter range.
This document discusses different options for GNSS signal simulation and testing, including their pros and cons. It describes live sky testing, pseudolites, RF record and playback systems, single-channel RF simulators, and multichannel RF constellation simulators. It concludes that while different options provide some required test attributes, multichannel constellation simulators can handle all necessary GNSS receiver tests and simulate future satellite systems, making them well-suited for research and development. Record and playback systems complement simulation by capturing real-world signal richness.
The document provides an overview of the Global Positioning System (GPS). It describes how GPS uses 24 satellites orbiting Earth to transmit radio signals that allow GPS receivers to determine their precise location, velocity, and time. The document outlines the history and development of GPS from initial feasibility studies in the 1960s to becoming fully operational in 1995. It also describes how GPS works through satellites, control stations, and user segments, and provides examples of common uses of GPS technology.
The document provides an introduction and overview of navigation systems, including a brief history of inertial navigation from early compasses to modern technologies like ring laser gyros and fiber optic gyros. It discusses key components of navigation systems like accelerometers, gyroscopes, and different coordinate systems. The document also covers topics like inertial navigation error analysis, integrated GPS/INS systems, and emerging technologies for future navigation.
The document discusses user position computation from GPS and differential GPS (DGPS). It covers how a GPS receiver determines position and time from satellite signals, including pseudo-range navigation. It also explains geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) and how it impacts positioning accuracy. For DGPS, it describes how a reference station generates corrections and how they can be applied in real-time or post-processed to improve accuracy at a rover receiver. The key elements and sources of DGPS corrections are also summarized.
This document discusses the Galileo PVT app, which provides positioning, velocity, and time solutions using Galileo and GPS satellite constellations. It retrieves ephemeris and clock data from a SUPL server and applies ionospheric corrections using the NeQuick model. The app was tested in static, pedestrian, and vehicular scenarios and provides satellite visibility information, computed positions on a map, and augmented reality views. It aims to demonstrate assisted GNSS capabilities on Android devices using Galileo signals.
The document discusses GPS (Global Positioning System), including its history, components, operation, accuracy, and sources of error. The key points are:
1) GPS is a satellite-based navigation system operated by the U.S. Department of Defense that provides location and time information to users.
2) It consists of three segments - space (GPS satellites), control (monitoring stations), and user (GPS receivers).
3) GPS determines position by precisely measuring the time for signals from at least four satellites to reach a receiver and applying trilateration, accounting for factors like clock errors, atmospheric delays, and satellite geometry.
4) Sources of error include the ionosphere, troposphere
Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an enhancement to Global Positioning System that provides improved location accuracy, from the
15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the best implementations. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is a method of providing differential corrections to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in order to improve the accuracy of the navigation solution. DGPS corrections originate from a reference station at a known location. The receivers in these reference stations can estimate errors in the GPS because, unlike the general population of GPS receivers, they have an accurate knowledge of their position.
DGPS uses a network of fixed, ground-based reference stations to broadcast the difference between the positions indicated by the GPS (satellite) systems and the known fixed positions. These stations broadcast the difference between the measured satellite pseudoranges and actual (internally computed) pseudoranges, and receiver stations may correct their pseudoranges by the same amount. The digital correction signal is typically broadcast locally over ground-based transmitters of shorter range.
This document presents information on a ground penetrating radar (GPR) system for landmine detection. It discusses how landmines and unexploded ordnance are a global humanitarian problem, and provides an overview of the GPR hardware, visualization capabilities, and testing process. The system uses A-scan and B-scan methods to detect surrogate mines buried in clay soil. It collects 127 returns per second with 12-bit accuracy over a range of 4-32 nanoseconds. The US Army performs objective testing of the system at their facilities. GPR offers accurate detection of small targets and operates without biological limitations.
This document provides an overview of the global positioning system (GPS). It discusses the history of GPS, describing how it was first introduced and used by the US Navy in 1960. The structure and basic concepts of the GPS system are explained, noting how GPS satellites transmit signals that allow receivers to precisely calculate their position by timing the signals. Applications of GPS are reviewed, such as in car, airplane, and ship navigation systems. Advantages and disadvantages of GPS are also summarized. The document concludes with an index of the topics covered.
This document contains questions and answers related to GPS surveying techniques. It includes 15 multiple choice questions, 10 true/false statements, and 15 short answer questions about topics such as pseudo-ranges, satellite clock errors, sources of distance calculation errors in GPS, factors to consider when selecting a GPS survey method, real-time kinematic surveying, and types of GPS errors.
This document covers GNSS SARPs (Standards and Recommended Practices) and specifications. It defines key terms like accuracy, integrity, continuity, availability and discusses ICAO requirements. It also provides specifications for GPS, GLONASS and SBAS systems, including details on space/time references, frequencies, modulations, power levels and other RF characteristics. The goal is to explain ICAO standards for GNSS and specifications of existing satellite navigation systems to trainees.
This content presents GNSS observation by two main positioning solutions including kinematic application for movement and static applications for more accurate measurement. Moreover, survey method and procedure guidelines are described here.
Spoofing attack on PMU (Phasor measurement unit)Mohammad Sabouri
This document introduces GPS spoofing attacks on power grids and methods to counteract such attacks. It begins with an introduction to GPS and phasor measurement units (PMUs) used in power grids, which rely on GPS for time synchronization. It then describes how a GPS spoofing attack works by simulating fake GPS signals. Several methods are presented to counteract spoofing attacks, including signal processing defenses like receiver autonomous integrity monitoring and correlation peak monitoring, cryptographic defenses, using alternative timing sources, and defenses based on radio spectrum and antenna techniques. The document concludes that protecting power grids from GPS spoofing is important and reviews relevant literature on this topic.
Sentinel Air provides aerial surveillance services using manned and unmanned aircraft for security, law enforcement, environmental, and disaster applications. They offer both short-term and long-term surveillance contracts to monitor issues like border security, drug trafficking, search and rescue operations, pipeline inspection, and wildlife monitoring. Their aircraft are equipped with day and night cameras, radios, data links and can provide live video feeds to law enforcement and customers.
- GNSS raw measurements from Android phones can provide centimeter-level accuracy with dual-frequency receivers and techniques like PPP.
- Tools are available for logging raw GNSS data from Android phones and performing analysis on the logged data, including analyzing errors from ionosphere, troposphere, and signal-in-space.
- Future applications of high-accuracy GNSS from phones include jamming detection, carrier-phase positioning for apps requiring precise location, and signal analysis for effects like ionosphere and multipath.
The document specifies the requirements for a differential GPS system, including both a reference station unit and rover handheld unit. The system is intended to rapidly acquire reasonably accurate latitude, longitude, and elevation data. It must be compatible with international GPS networks as well as India's upcoming IRNSS system. The reference unit must provide horizontal accuracy within 1 meter and vertical accuracy within 2 cm when operating within 1 km. It must have features such as data logging, removable storage, and an 8 hour battery. The rover unit must have a color display, memory storage, electronic compass, and barometric altimeter. Comprehensive manuals and instruction must be provided.
1) The document analyzes raw GNSS measurement data quality from several Android smartphones.
2) It finds that Galileo code measurements are often ambiguous and GPS/GLONASS measurements have lower precision at low elevation angles, unlike with geodetic receivers.
3) Analysis of various measurement combinations like code-phase, code rate-phase rate, and double differences show effects mainly from code noise, multipath, and potential cycle slips.
The document discusses the global positioning system (GPS) and how it has changed navigation worldwide. It provides details on the three segments of GPS - the space segment consisting of 24 satellites in orbit, the control segment of 5 ground stations that monitor the satellites, and the user segment of GPS receivers. GPS uses trilateration of radio signals from satellites to determine precise location and timing information for users. Its widespread applications now include navigation, tracking, mapping, and more.
GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information to users worldwide. It uses a constellation of 24 satellites and trilateration techniques to determine the user's position by calculating distances to four or more satellites. Sources of error include atmospheric conditions and satellite clock errors, but differential GPS and systems like WAAS can achieve accuracy of 3 meters or better for civilian users.
GPS uses 24 satellites in MEO orbit to provide positioning services to users. The GPS system consists of three segments - space, control, and user. The space segment comprises the GPS satellites. The control segment consists of monitoring and control stations that track satellites and upload navigation data. The user segment contains GPS receivers that use satellite signals and navigation messages to determine location. Each satellite continuously broadcasts navigation messages containing ephemeris, clock, and almanac data. The messages are structured in frames, subframes, and pages to efficiently transmit necessary information to users.
#2 gnss errors,its sources & mitigation techniquesMohammedHusain20
This document discusses GNSS errors, their sources, and mitigation techniques. It describes various unintentional errors from satellite clocks, orbits, and the ionosphere and troposphere. Receiver errors and multipath errors are also discussed. Intentional interference can come from jamming or spoofing. Real-time and post-processing techniques can be used to mitigate errors, such as using ground station corrections or processing with base station data. The goal is to understand error sources and how to apply models or corrections to improve GNSS positioning accuracy.
Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an enhancement to Global Positioning System that provides improved location accuracy, from the
15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the best implementations. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is a method of providing differential corrections to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in order to improve the accuracy of the navigation solution. DGPS corrections originate from a reference station at a known location. The receivers in these reference stations can estimate errors in the GPS because, unlike the general population of GPS receivers, they have an accurate knowledge of their position.
DGPS uses a network of fixed, ground-based reference stations to broadcast the difference between the positions indicated by the GPS (satellite) systems and the known fixed positions. These stations broadcast the difference between the measured satellite pseudoranges and actual (internally computed) pseudoranges, and receiver stations may correct their pseudoranges by the same amount. The digital correction signal is typically broadcast locally over ground-based transmitters of shorter range.
This document discusses different options for GNSS signal simulation and testing, including their pros and cons. It describes live sky testing, pseudolites, RF record and playback systems, single-channel RF simulators, and multichannel RF constellation simulators. It concludes that while different options provide some required test attributes, multichannel constellation simulators can handle all necessary GNSS receiver tests and simulate future satellite systems, making them well-suited for research and development. Record and playback systems complement simulation by capturing real-world signal richness.
The document provides an overview of the Global Positioning System (GPS). It describes how GPS uses 24 satellites orbiting Earth to transmit radio signals that allow GPS receivers to determine their precise location, velocity, and time. The document outlines the history and development of GPS from initial feasibility studies in the 1960s to becoming fully operational in 1995. It also describes how GPS works through satellites, control stations, and user segments, and provides examples of common uses of GPS technology.
The document provides an introduction and overview of navigation systems, including a brief history of inertial navigation from early compasses to modern technologies like ring laser gyros and fiber optic gyros. It discusses key components of navigation systems like accelerometers, gyroscopes, and different coordinate systems. The document also covers topics like inertial navigation error analysis, integrated GPS/INS systems, and emerging technologies for future navigation.
The document discusses user position computation from GPS and differential GPS (DGPS). It covers how a GPS receiver determines position and time from satellite signals, including pseudo-range navigation. It also explains geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) and how it impacts positioning accuracy. For DGPS, it describes how a reference station generates corrections and how they can be applied in real-time or post-processed to improve accuracy at a rover receiver. The key elements and sources of DGPS corrections are also summarized.
This document discusses the Galileo PVT app, which provides positioning, velocity, and time solutions using Galileo and GPS satellite constellations. It retrieves ephemeris and clock data from a SUPL server and applies ionospheric corrections using the NeQuick model. The app was tested in static, pedestrian, and vehicular scenarios and provides satellite visibility information, computed positions on a map, and augmented reality views. It aims to demonstrate assisted GNSS capabilities on Android devices using Galileo signals.
The document discusses GPS (Global Positioning System), including its history, components, operation, accuracy, and sources of error. The key points are:
1) GPS is a satellite-based navigation system operated by the U.S. Department of Defense that provides location and time information to users.
2) It consists of three segments - space (GPS satellites), control (monitoring stations), and user (GPS receivers).
3) GPS determines position by precisely measuring the time for signals from at least four satellites to reach a receiver and applying trilateration, accounting for factors like clock errors, atmospheric delays, and satellite geometry.
4) Sources of error include the ionosphere, troposphere
Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an enhancement to Global Positioning System that provides improved location accuracy, from the
15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the best implementations. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is a method of providing differential corrections to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in order to improve the accuracy of the navigation solution. DGPS corrections originate from a reference station at a known location. The receivers in these reference stations can estimate errors in the GPS because, unlike the general population of GPS receivers, they have an accurate knowledge of their position.
DGPS uses a network of fixed, ground-based reference stations to broadcast the difference between the positions indicated by the GPS (satellite) systems and the known fixed positions. These stations broadcast the difference between the measured satellite pseudoranges and actual (internally computed) pseudoranges, and receiver stations may correct their pseudoranges by the same amount. The digital correction signal is typically broadcast locally over ground-based transmitters of shorter range.
This document presents information on a ground penetrating radar (GPR) system for landmine detection. It discusses how landmines and unexploded ordnance are a global humanitarian problem, and provides an overview of the GPR hardware, visualization capabilities, and testing process. The system uses A-scan and B-scan methods to detect surrogate mines buried in clay soil. It collects 127 returns per second with 12-bit accuracy over a range of 4-32 nanoseconds. The US Army performs objective testing of the system at their facilities. GPR offers accurate detection of small targets and operates without biological limitations.
This document provides an overview of the global positioning system (GPS). It discusses the history of GPS, describing how it was first introduced and used by the US Navy in 1960. The structure and basic concepts of the GPS system are explained, noting how GPS satellites transmit signals that allow receivers to precisely calculate their position by timing the signals. Applications of GPS are reviewed, such as in car, airplane, and ship navigation systems. Advantages and disadvantages of GPS are also summarized. The document concludes with an index of the topics covered.
This document contains questions and answers related to GPS surveying techniques. It includes 15 multiple choice questions, 10 true/false statements, and 15 short answer questions about topics such as pseudo-ranges, satellite clock errors, sources of distance calculation errors in GPS, factors to consider when selecting a GPS survey method, real-time kinematic surveying, and types of GPS errors.
This document covers GNSS SARPs (Standards and Recommended Practices) and specifications. It defines key terms like accuracy, integrity, continuity, availability and discusses ICAO requirements. It also provides specifications for GPS, GLONASS and SBAS systems, including details on space/time references, frequencies, modulations, power levels and other RF characteristics. The goal is to explain ICAO standards for GNSS and specifications of existing satellite navigation systems to trainees.
This content presents GNSS observation by two main positioning solutions including kinematic application for movement and static applications for more accurate measurement. Moreover, survey method and procedure guidelines are described here.
Spoofing attack on PMU (Phasor measurement unit)Mohammad Sabouri
This document introduces GPS spoofing attacks on power grids and methods to counteract such attacks. It begins with an introduction to GPS and phasor measurement units (PMUs) used in power grids, which rely on GPS for time synchronization. It then describes how a GPS spoofing attack works by simulating fake GPS signals. Several methods are presented to counteract spoofing attacks, including signal processing defenses like receiver autonomous integrity monitoring and correlation peak monitoring, cryptographic defenses, using alternative timing sources, and defenses based on radio spectrum and antenna techniques. The document concludes that protecting power grids from GPS spoofing is important and reviews relevant literature on this topic.
Introducing GPS Spoofing Attack on Power Grids and Counteract MethodsSaraSiamak
Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) in the power grids is a device to measure the voltage of a bus and current of branches connected to the bus. The measured signals are time tagged by GPS signals to synchronize all measurement data all over the grid. PMU dependence on GPS signals makes it vulnerable to GPS spoofing attacks.
Brilliant Lecture delivered to me in Alagappa Engineering college Workshop.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite
based radio navigation system provided by the
United States Department of Defence. It gives
unequaled accuracy and flexibility in positioning
for navigation, surveying and GIS data collection.
This document discusses differential GPS (DGPS), which improves the accuracy of GPS positioning. It works by using a stationary GPS receiver at a known location to calculate error corrections, which are transmitted to a roving receiver to improve its position accuracy. DGPS can reduce GPS errors from sources like atmospheric delays, satellite orbit issues, and multipath effects, providing sub-meter accuracy compared to the 5-10 meter accuracy of standard GPS. It allows real-time position correction or post-processed correction through data from a fixed base station.
GPS provides precise location information globally in all weather conditions using a constellation of satellites. However, GPS measurements can be affected by various errors. A regular consumer GPS receiver has an accuracy of around 10 meters, while higher accuracy of a few centimeters is possible using techniques like dual frequency monitoring, relative kinematic positioning, and augmentation systems that integrate external correction information. Sources of errors include multipath interference, atmospheric delays, satellite geometry, clock errors, and receiver quality.
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This document provides an overview of positioning systems, including satellite-based systems like GPS, network-based systems using cellular or wireless networks, and indoor positioning systems using technologies like infrared, radio, ultrasound, and video. It discusses basic techniques for determining location, such as cell of origin, time of arrival, angle of arrival, and measuring signal strength. Specific systems are described, such as GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, network-based techniques from Sony Ericsson and Skyhook, and indoor systems like Active Badge (infrared), SpotON and Active Bat (radio/ultrasound). Future directions of positioning include improving speed, power efficiency, and accuracy across different locations and environments.
GPS uses a constellation of 24 satellites that continuously transmit positioning and timing data to receivers on Earth. Receivers use this data to calculate their latitude, longitude, altitude and velocity. The system originated from early satellite systems developed during the Cold War. GPS provides positioning accuracy of around 22 meters horizontally and 27 meters vertically for precise civilian use. It has many applications including navigation, mapping, timing and tracking of people and assets.
The document discusses key concepts about GPS (Global Positioning System) including:
1. GPS has three segments - the control segment controls the satellites from ground stations, the space segment consists of 24 satellites that transmit signals, and the user segment are the GPS receivers that receive signals to determine location.
2. GPS uses trilateration based on the time it takes signals from multiple satellites to reach the receiver to calculate the user's position. Accuracy depends on factors like receiver quality and atmospheric conditions.
3. Sources of error include satellite and receiver clocks, atmospheric delays, multipath interference, and satellite geometry which is measured by dilution of precision (DOP). Differential GPS can improve accuracy to 1-3 meters.
The document discusses the history and development of GPS and differential GPS (DGPS). It explains that DGPS uses a reference station at a known location to calculate errors in GPS positioning and apply corrections in real-time or post-processing to improve accuracy. The document outlines various DGPS systems, sources of GPS error, DGPS methods like rapid static and traverse, and components of GPS receivers.
This document provides an overview of differential GPS (DGPS) concepts and techniques. It begins by explaining the primary sources of error in point positioning GPS measurements. It then describes how DGPS uses corrections from a reference station to minimize errors like atmospheric delays and orbital inaccuracies experienced by both the base and rover receivers. Real-time and post-processed DGPS methods are covered. Expected accuracy levels from point positioning, real-time DGPS, and post-processed DGPS are listed. The document concludes by relating the various GPS techniques to common accuracy requirements.
The document provides an overview of GPS technology. It explains that GPS uses trilateration from at least 3 satellites to determine a user's precise location on Earth. It describes how trilateration works in 2D using distance circles and in 3D using distance spheres. The document also discusses the signals that satellites broadcast, including pseudorandom codes, almanac data and ephemeris data. It addresses challenges like atmospheric delays and how differential GPS can help correct errors. Cold starts and warm starts are defined in relation to availability of almanac and ephemeris data. Recent advances like assisted GPS are also summarized.
Gps & its applications in opencast mine surveyingSafdar Ali
This document discusses the use of GPS technology for surveying applications in opencast mines. It provides information on the basic components and operation of GPS including its satellite constellation, signal structure, positioning principles, sources of error, and different receiver types. It then describes how GPS can be used for applications like surveying benches, faces, machines, boreholes, and establishing surface and control plans in opencast mines. Different GPS modes like static, rapid-static, kinematic and stop-and-go are outlined with their achievable accuracies for various surveying tasks.
GPS World wide navigation and tracking systemarafyghazali
completer description about the historu and invention,developmental stages,architecture,working,advantages,errors,signals,functionality,aims,advancements and future prospects and remedies of solution about global positioning system.GPS
The document provides an introduction to GPS and GNSS systems. It discusses how GPS works by using timing signals from multiple satellites to calculate a receiver's position via trilateration. It addresses sources of error like atmospheric delays and describes methods to improve accuracy, including using differential GPS with a base station to correct for shared errors over short distances. Real-time kinematic systems can achieve centimeter-level accuracy by correcting carrier phase measurements. The document aims to explain basic GPS concepts and choosing the appropriate receiver type for different applications.
GPS was created during the Cold War to allow fast and accurate location fixes for submarines and missile launches. It works using a constellation of 24 satellites that continuously broadcast radio signals. By measuring the time it takes for signals from at least 4 satellites to reach a GPS receiver, its precise 3D location can be calculated. Sources of error include atmospheric effects, clock errors, receiver errors, landscape features, and multipath errors. An ideal tsunami warning system incorporates detection technologies like seabed monitors and ocean buoys, as well as effective information dissemination to alert communities and enable quick evacuation.
The document provides an overview of the Global Positioning System (GPS). It describes GPS as having three segments: the space segment consisting of 24 satellites in six orbital planes, the control segment which tracks the satellites and provides them with updated information, and the user segment of receivers. It explains how GPS works by transmitting timing signals from the satellites, which users can use to calculate their position by measuring distances to multiple satellites. Sources of error and applications of GPS are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of the Global Positioning System (GPS). It describes how GPS works using trilateration based on signal timing from multiple satellites. It discusses the space, control, and user segments. It also covers GPS signals, frequencies, accuracy issues, and methods to improve accuracy such as augmentation systems. Applications of GPS are outlined for civilian, military, and other uses.
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3. • US Department of Homeland Security:
“15 of the 19 Critical Infrastructure & Key Resources Sectors have some degree of GPS timing
usage”
Dependence on GPS timing
3
Source: http://www.gps.gov/multimedia/presentations/2012/10/USTTI
5. • DEFCON 23 - Huang and Yuang built a low cost SDR spoofer
• Tried it out on two brand leading smart phones…
• The Cellphone clock was spoofed to display wrong date/time with auto-calibration enabled !!
• One Cellphone ended up displaying a time and date in the future – and ended up “bricked”
GPS disruptions and Timing…
5
First time (known) that non-GPS specialists have spoofed navigation signals
successfully
6. • And then in 2016 Pokemon GO suddenly spawned GPS spoofing as a mainstream attack….
• In weeks evolved from application layer spoofing (jailbreaking operating system of mobile phone and
installing a fake GPS application) – to full on meaconing and using SDR spoofing
• Motivations: Financial Gain - sale of high value user accounts on the internet, Luring players to a
location where they could be robbed
GPS disruptions and Timing…
6
7. • Multi/Single channel (synchronized) with smooth deception signal
• Sinusoidal deception signal (targets more than one receiver)
• “smart” jammer
• Jam than spoof
• Forces receiver into acquisition mode
• Navigation data modification
• Data replay attack (Meaconing)
• Can cheat any detection based on space data authenticity verification.
Main Types of spoofing attack
8. • Power levels
• The spoofing signal is likely to have a noticeably higher power level
• Monitor position
• If a fixed timing receiver starts “moving”, there’s a problem!!
• Bound and compare range rates
• Code and carrier range rate changes will be different for a spoof signal
• Doppler shift check
• Doppler shift is likely to be incorrect with a spoofer in a fixed location
• Verify received navigation data
• Compare almanac/ephemeris to known data
• Check for ‘missing/default’ navigation data
• Jump detection
• Observable data should remain within a tolerable range, check for sudden changes
How to detect spoofing in a receiver
8
10. • Pseudo-range allows the receiver to calculate its distance from the satellites
• Changing the pseudo-range on one satellite will affect the receiver’s position
calculation
• The satellite will appear to be either closer to or further away from the receiver than it actually is
• Changing the pseudo-range on all satellites keeps position stable, but affects the
receiver’s time calculation
• Test applied: gradually change the pseudo-range on all satellites and monitor effect
on the receiver
Test 1: Pseudo-range Ramp
10
11. Experimental Setup 1:
Pseudo-range Ramp
Rb. Oscillator Spirent GSS6700
GNSS Simulator
Paragon X
Timing Monitor
Device Under Test:
GNSS-based PRTC/T-GM
10MHz
1pps
RF 1pps
Simulator
representing
Live Sky
11
12. Device A: Response to
Pseudo-Range Ramp
Pseudo-range ramp:
+50m over 5 minutes
Pseudo-range held at
+50m for 10 minutes
Pseudo-range ramp:
+50m over 5 minutes
12
13. • Test 1 didn’t involve spoofing at all – it was just a test to see if the time could be
manipulated
• Test 2 involves turning on a second simulator
• Simulator 2 will be at slightly higher power (+6dB)
• Simulators are synchronised together in position and time, so should be providing the same
information
• Objective is to see if the second simulator “takes over” the receiver
• Next step is to apply a pseudo-range ramp on the second simulator to see if it drags
away the time of the receiver
Test 2: Spoofing from Simulator
13
14. Experimental Setup 2:
Spoofing from simulator
Rb. Oscillator Spirent GSS6700
GNSS Simulator
Paragon X
Timing Monitor
Device Under Test:
GNSS-based PRTC/T-GM
RF Combiner
10MHz
1pps
Spirent GSS6700
GNSS Simulator
running SimSAFE
Time
of Day
RF
RF
RF
10MHz
1pps
1pps
Simulator
representing
Live Sky
Spoofing
Simulator 14
15. Device A: Spoofing from Simulator
Spoofer
off
Pseudo-range held at
+50m for 25 minutes
Pseudo-range ramp
on spoofer:
+50m over 5 minutes
Spoofer
on +6dB
Spoofer
back on
Pseudo-range ramp
on spoofer:
-50m over 5 minutes
Trace went much
further than expected
Returned and overshot
expected value
15
16. Device B: Spoofing from Simulator
Pseudo-range ramp on
spoofer: +20m over 5 min,
hold for 15 min, then return
Spoofer
on +6dB
Didn’t return to
starting place:
moves +100ns off
Spoofer
off
Pseudo-range ramp on
spoofer: -20m over 5 min,
hold for 20 min, then return
Initial transient of about
70ns, then returns and
settles at -15ns
16
17. • Test 2 was spoofing one simulator with another
• “Live sky” is more challenging, since the conditions are much less controlled
• Test 3 involves trying to spoof a live signal, and move the time of the receiver away
from current time
Test 3: Spoofing from Live Sky
18
18. 19
Experimental Setup 3:
Spoofing from Live Sky
Paragon X
Timing Monitor
Device Under Test:
GNSS-based PRTC/T-GM
RF Combiner
10MHz/1pps
Spirent GSS6700
GNSS Simulator
running SimSAFE
Time
of Day
RF
RF
RF
10MHz/
1pps
1pps
GPS antenna
RF Splitter
ToD
Rx
Ref.
Rx
Spoofing
Simulator
RF
Live Sky feed
19. 20
Device A: Spoofing from Live Sky
Pseudo-range ramp:
+20m over 5 minutes
Spoofer
on +6dB
Pseudo-range ramp:
-20m over 5 minutes
Trace went much
further than expected
Trace carried on going
down when pseudo-range
went back up
20. 21
Device B: Spoofing from Live Sky
Spoofer
on
Spoofer
off
Moved to
“Survey Mode”
Peaks up to 100us
Initial
transient
of -1.2us
Status reported as
“locked and in sync”,
but not “GPS steered”
Status returned
to “GPS steered”
21. Used rooftop antenna for better live signal, captured full orbital
file overnight to align spoofer more accurately to live signal
Device C: Spoofing from Live Sky
22
Spoofer
on
Pseudo-range ramp:
-10m over 2 minutes
Fix changed from 3D
to 2D, stopped using
some satellites
Spoofer
gain +6dB
Lost fix altogether,
output squelched
22. • RAIM and multipath detection turned OFF
Device D: Spoofing from Live Sky
23
23. • RAIM and multipath detection turned ON
Device D: Spoofing from Live Sky
24
24. • Spoofing from live-sky proved more difficult than the simulation initially
• Once power levels (live sky and simulated) were aligned it was straightforward to tweak the
simulated power level in order to take over the target receiver
• There are warning signs in the receiver that a spoofing attack is in progress
• Good RAIM (Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring) is important
• Testing response of existing systems important – a crude attack can cause unexpected behaviour
• Know your system:
• Risk Assessment: understand exposure to threats, likely impacts and system behaviour
• Testing: test against realistic threat vectors to highlight unexpected system behaviour
• Develop Defence Strategies: Use the information from test/audit to design defence strategies
• Use of complementary or back-up systems is important
• Use of holdover when uncertain over authenticity of signal
• Redundancy (e.g., e-LORAN as a complementary system, PTP as a non-wireless based approach)
Conclusions
25
25. Tim Frost, Calnex Solutions,
tim.frost@calnexsol.com
Guy Buesnel, Spirent,
guy.buesnel@spirent.com
The following people all helped to make this experiment possible:
• Fabio Simon-Gabaldon – Spirent
• Richard Boyles – Spirent
• Charles Curry – Chronos
• Richard Elsmore – Chronos
• Duncan Davidson – Calnex
Thank you for listening!
26