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Spatial Disorientation lecture for aircrew
- 1. 3 Kind of People 1. Those that make things happen 2. Those that watch things happen 3. Those that wonder what happened Capt Jim Lovell Commander Apollo 13
- 3. Overview - Spatial Disorientation (SDO) Definition Senses of orientation and how they are affected Types of SDO Vestibular Illusions Prevention and Recovery
- 4. Spatial Disorientation Erroneous sense of one’s position and motion relative to the plane of the earth’s surface A state characterized by a pilot’s erroneous perception of the magnitude of any aircraft control or performance parameter
- 5. What senses are used during flight?
- 7. Vision The Most Important Sense for Orientation
- 8. What senses are used during flight? Vision Motion, Objects, References, Flight Instruments Vestibular system - Inner ear Angular Acceleration - SSC Linear Acceleration - Otilith Organs Gravity - Otilith Organs Proprioceptive Input - Seat of the Pants Linear Acceleration, Gravity & Motion of Body Parts Hearing - Limited
- 9. Vestibular Apparatus Semicircular Canals Monitors Angular Accelerations Three Located in Each Ear - Yaw, Pitch & Roll Axis Located in the Bony Labyrinth
- 10. VESTIBULAR
- 12. Vestibular Apparatus Otilith Organs Monitor Linear Accelerations and Gravity Also Located in the Bony Labyrinth Contain Small Sensory Hairs Which Project Into a Thin Membrane
- 13. Forward Acceleration Centrifugal / Centripetal True Sensation True Sensation True Sensation Function of the Otolith Organs The Otolith Organs Are Stimulated by Gravity and Linear Accelerations False Sensation of Backward False Sensation of Upright Upright Tilt Forward Tilt Backward
- 14. Proprioceptive Input: Seat of the Pants Stretch receptors Musculotendinous tension Pressure Joint angular motion
- 15. Proprioceptive or Somatosensory Input from body's pressure receptors Monitor linear acceleration {same as otoliths}
- 16. The Seat-of-the-Pants Sense Force of Gravity Gravity Plus Centrifical Force While we are in contact with the earth, the pull of gravity squeezes pressure sensors in the various portions of the body, thus telling us in which direction the earth lies. In flight, however, G-forces combine with the pull of gravity to make the seat-of-the-pants sense completely unreliable as an attitude indicator.
- 17. Seat-of-the-Pants Perception Problems Reduced or lack of aircraft feedback Transitioning into new aircraft
- 18. Auditory Cues Engine noise Configuration changes Slipstream noise Affects situational awareness
- 19. Types of Spatial Disorientation Type I: Unrecognized Most Deadly Type Type II: Recognized Realizes Disorientation but Is Perhaps Unable to Determine the Source of the Problem Safe Operation Usually Accomplished, but With Extra Concentration. Type III: Incapacitating
- 20. Recognized Occurs frequently, but is usually brief Sensory conflict is resolved by performing an instrument cross-check and believing the instruments
- 21. Unrecognized Occurs when pilot is busy, pressed, stressed, preoccupied, or distracted New aircraft ride very smooth and don’t “talk” to pilot USAF’s prime concern is preventing this type of SDO
- 22. F-16 Class A Mishap AFSA # 920114 w/video
- 23. Incapacitating Significant disorientation stress Nystagmus - severe Thinking process breaks down, rational thought processes cease, aircrew may freeze or panic EJECT, if capable
- 24. Vestibular Illusions The Leans Somtogyral Illusions Graveyard Spin and Spiral Coriolis Illusion Giant Hand Phenomenon Nystagmus Otolith Stimulation Somatogravic Elevator Illusion
- 25. THE LEANS
- 26. Leans Most common sensory illusion SSC stimulation Unrecognized slow rate of roll Correction (exceeds threshold of SSC) Perceives roll in opposite direction Response Spatial disoriented and roll plane Trust the attitude indicator and regain orientation
- 27. False interpretations of rotation, lack of rotation or rate of rotation Spin or spiral greater than 20 seconds SSC equilibrate to the rotary motion Spin is stopped and interpreted as spin in the opposite direction Somatogyral Illusions (Graveyard Spin or Spiral)
- 29. Coriolis Illusion Most dangerous of vestibular illusions Overwhelming disorientation Occurs during constant turn and quick head movement Gives illusion of a rotation plane movement when no does not exist Prevention is the best: No sudden head movements during turns
- 31. Giant Hand Phenomenon Occurs after a steep banked turn or CORIOLIS illusion Aircraft is in some attitude other than planned Attempts to correct don’t work because hand is subconsciously making the inputs Usually occurs during instrument conditions
- 32. Nystagmus Stimulation of SSC cause a repetitive sweeping eye motion Results in a temporary inability to properly focus on objects Type III incapacitating, can last 18--40 seconds
- 33. Low Altitude Mishaps 12% of all flying is planned LOWAT 12% of Class A Mishaps Less than 1% spent in turns 45% of LOWAT mishaps occur in turns
- 34. Somatosensory Illusions “Seat-of-the-pants” Provides input that conflicts with actual aircraft G-loads during steep turn can’t be distinguished from a recovery from a dive G-Excess Effect, Maintaining positive G through the inverted
- 35. Crew Member's Visual Angle Aircraft's Actual Bank Aircraft's Perceived Bank >1G >1G >1G G-Excess Effect
- 36. Somatogravic Illusion False sensation of nose-high pitch attitude Occurs during take-offs or missed approaches without external visual reference
- 37. OUTER MARKER INNER MARKER POWER APPLIED ROTATION UPRIGHT UPRIGHT EXTREME AFT TILT AFT TILT The Somatogravic Illusion
- 38. B O X F-16 Class A Mishap AFSA # 931108 w/video
- 40. Recovery From SDO Visual dominance in VMC Horizon Reliable cues (outside & inside cockpit) When in doubt - instruments Visual dominance in IMC Instruments Communicate Conditions restricting instrument use Maintaining position on lead Extremely busy (Temporal Distortion) Failure to use instruments
- 41. Preventing SDO Training and professional knowledge of problems Experience Obtained reliable visual references Minimized head movements Fly straight and level Proper mission preparation Communicate your problem Sit-down and hold-on
- 42. Overcoming Spatial Disorientation Get on the instruments Believe the instruments Minimize head movements Fly straight and level Transfer control Egress if you have capability
- 43. C - 141B, May 1988 TIME BANK ANGLE G LOAD ALTITUDE HEADING 10:45:18 1.1 FL 260 15o left
- 44. C - 141B, May 1988 TIME BANK ANGLE G LOAD ALTITUDE HEADING 10:45:18 1.1 FL 260 15o left 10:45:40 4.6 FL 207 053 o 110o
- 45. C - 141B, May 1988 TIME BANK ANGLE G LOAD ALTITUDE HEADING 10:45:18 1.1 FL 260 15o left 10:45:40 4.6 FL 207 053 o 110o 10:45:54 2.2 16,500 ft 279 o 60o
- 46. C - 141B, May 1988 TIME BANK ANGLE G LOAD ALTITUDE HEADING 10:46:06 5.5 15,400 ft 225 o 150o
- 47. C - 141B, May 1988 TIME BANK ANGLE G LOAD ALTITUDE HEADING 10:46:06 5.5 15,400 ft 225 o 150o 10:46:18 4.1 11,500 ft 339 o 37,500 fpm bottoms out descent
- 48. C - 141B, May 1988 TIME BANK ANGLE G LOAD ALTITUDE HEADING 10:46:06 5.5 15,400 ft 225 o 150o 10:46:18 4.1 11,500 ft 339 o 37,500 fpm bottoms out descent 10:46:24 2-3 8-9000 ft 154 o until cloud left turn exit 70-80o
- 49. G EXCESS EFFECT OTOLITH PLANE 30o O G EXCESS EFFECT ACTUAL ACFT PLANE PERCEIVED ACFT PLANE G 1 G >1 G O
- 50. F-16 Class A Mishap AFSA # 920602
- 51. Nothing in the world can take the place of persistence. Talent will not; nothing is more common than unsuccessful men with talent. Genius will not; unrewarded genius is almost a proverb. Education will not; the world is full of educated derelicts. Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent. The slogan “press on” has solved and always will solve the problems of the human race. Calvin Coolidge