1. Edward T. Hall's research on proxemics identified four distances of interpersonal space - intimate, personal, social, and public - which vary among cultures. 2. Proxemic theories explain the use and meanings of interpersonal space, including protection theory, equilibrium theory, and expectancy violations theory. 3. Temporal communication also varies among cultures, with differences in concepts of time including monochronic versus polychronic time, and displaced versus diffused time orientations.

1. SPACE AND TIME

2. Spatial Messages:-
•Edward T. Hall
•The cultural anthropologist who
coined the term in
1963, emphasized the use of
space on interpersonal
communication.

3. INTIMATE DISTANCE
The close phase is used for wrestling,
comforting and protecting.
• embracing, touching or whispering
• Close phase – less than 6 inches (15 cm)
• Far phase – 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm)

4. PERSONAL DISTANCE
It allows you to stay protected and untouched by
others.
• Interactions among good friends or family
members
• Snakes will attack you if you are around their nest
of eggs.
• Close phase – 1.5 to 2.5 feet (46 to 76 cm)
• Far phase – 2.5 to 4 feet (76 to 120 cm)

5. SOCIAL DISTANCE
It is the distance at which you conduct
impersonal business or social gathering.
• This distance is maintained with
people you don’t know or don’t know
well.
• Close phase – 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m)
• Far phase – 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m)

6. PUBLIC DISTANCE
In the close phase, a person seems protected by
space.
•When talking to an audience or large group of
people, you feel less anxiety at this distance.
•used for public speaking
• Close phase – 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m)
• Far phase – 25 feet (7.6 m) or more.

7. Diagram of Edward T. Hall

8. PROTECTION THEORY
It holds that you established a body buffer
zone around yourself as protection against
unwanted touching or attack.

9. EQILIBRIUM THEORY
This theory says that you maintain close distances
with those with whom you have close
interpersonal relationships and that you maintain
greater distances with those with whom you do
not have close relationships.
This theory states that you don’t maintain greater
distance with those whom you’re close to and
maintain a greater distance with those who are
close to you.

10. EXPECTANCY VIOLATIONS
THEORY
Which explains what happens when you increase
or decrease the distance between yourself and
another in an interpersonal interaction.
This defines the boundaries that you maintain
while communicating with others. These vary from
culture to culture. In western cultures the
boundaries are limited and in eastern cultures
there are more boundaries.

11. TERRITORIALITY
Territoriality is of three types.
• Primary: areas that you own. For example your
own room.

12. TERRITORIALITY
• Secondary: areas that you don’t own but are
yours, for example a shopkeeper’s shop on
rent, house on rents.

13. TERRITORIALITY
• Public: Areas that are open to all, for example
hospitals, parks

14. TERRITORIALITY
• OWNERSHIP
This theory can be explained with the example of animals.
A lion will allow other lions to enter his area but wouldn’t
allow other animals to enter.
• STATUS
This defines territories by status. For example Dean of a
university can enter the rooms of faculty members when
he wants but the staff and students aren’t allowed to
enter his office without taking prior permission.

15. ARTIFACTUAL COMMUNICATION
• SPACE DECORATION
This refers to the interior and decoration of a
place that exhibits what the place is for. For
example after entering a university one can tell
by its décor that its made for education
purpose.

16. ARTIFACTUAL COMMUNICATION
• COLOUR COMMUNICATION
This refers to the way colors communicate the
feelings of people. For example red color in
west means love and yellow means friendship.

17. ARTIFACTUAL COMMUNICATION
• CLOTHING AND ADORNMENT
Different cultures have different dress codes.
They define the country from where those
people belong. For example in Pakistan the
national dress is shalwar kameez, and in India
women wear sarees.

18. ARTIFACTUAL COMMUNICATION
• SCENT
Smell is a peculiar aspect of nonverbal communication
and is discussed in widely different ways by different
writers. Body odor also communicates. You also use
odors to make yourself feel better. When the smells are
pleasent, you feel better about yourself, whe the smells
are unpleasent you feel less good about yourself.
• GIFTS AND CULTURE
Giving of gifts, a practice in which rules and customs vary
according to each culture.

19. TEMPORAL COMMUNICATION
CULTURAL TIME: It has three types.
• TECHNICAL TIME
Technical time is precise,scientific time. Milliseconds and
atomic years are examples of units of technical or
scientific time.
• FORMAL TIME
It refers to the manner in which a culture defines time. In
united states time is divided into seconds ,minutes
,hours, days ,weeks,months and year.
• INFORMAL TIME
It refers to a rather loose use of time terms-for e.g words
such as “forever”, ”immediately”, ”soon”, “right away”,
and “as soon as possible”.

20. TEMPORAL COMMUNICATION
• DISPLACED AND DIFFUSED TIME ORIENTATIONS
In a displaced time orientation, time is viewed exactly.
Persons with this orientation will be exactly on time. In a
diffused time orientation , time is seen as approximate
rather than exact. People with this orientation are usually
late for appointments because they understand, for e.g a
scheduled time of 8:00 as meaning anywhere from 7:45
to 8:15 or 8:30.
Even the accuracy of clocks varies in different cultures
and probably reflects each culture’s time orientation.
Clocks in japan were found to be the most
accurate, while clocks in Indonesia were least accurate.

21. TEMPORAL COMMUNICATION
• MONOCHRONIC
People or cultures (the united states,
germany,switzerland etc are good examples)
schedule one thing at a time.
• POLYCHRONIC
People or cultures (latin america, arabs etc are
good examples) schedule a number of things at
the same time. Eating, conducting business
with several different people and taking care of
family matters may all be conducted at the
same time.

22. TEMPORAL COMMUNICATION
PSYCHOLOGICAL TIME
It is the personal orientation of a person to time and
is generally divided into three orientations:
past, present, and future.