The document argues that the distinction between source code and object code is a false dichotomy. It provides several examples to illustrate that:
1) Source and object code are relative terms, as the output of one program can be input to another. Programs typically undergo multiple transformations from higher to lower-level representations.
2) Even binary machine code can be read by humans with disassemblers, and interpreted languages can execute human-readable source code directly without compiling.
3) The boundaries between human-readable and executable code are blurred, as emulators and virtual machines allow otherwise non-executable code to run. All computer code ultimately expresses the same underlying algorithms and logic.
This Slide will clear all the Question Regarding compiler development and will also help to understand how a compiler works and how the phases are connected to each one
This Slide will clear all the Question Regarding compiler development and will also help to understand how a compiler works and how the phases are connected to each one
Python is General purpose, High level programming language.Python is one of the simplest language ever. Syntaxes are simple, easy to
remember and quite expressive. When it comes to learning, it has been found that the learning curve for python is quite steeper compared to other programming languages.Python being freeware, you don’t have to spend on licensing. And since it is open source so its original source code is freely available and can be redistributed and modifiable.Python was developed to bridge the gap between C and shell
scripting and also include the feature of exception handling from ABC language. So we can say that, initially Python was interpreted language. But later it was made compiled and interpreted both.
Learn more about Python programming with Learnbay.
Visit:www.learnbay.co
3. Introduction to C language ||Learn C Programming Complete.Fiaz Hussain
Today we are going to learn C language history and features or characteristics that provides C language. This is third video of our C language course. In this video we learn that who develops c language, Why C language was developed, sine C language was developed and in last we also learn some Characteristics of C language that made popular in industry.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Aslam O Alikum, My name is Fiaz Hussain, and you’re watching my YouTube channel Coding Series
If you have any question or suggestion then please comments below. I tried my best to reply your comments.
I hope you will enjoy this video, if you enjoy this video then please like this video and share with Friends. And don’t forget to subscribe my channel.
Thanks
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Introduction to Level Zero API for Heterogeneous Programming : NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Highlighted notes on Introduction to Level Zero API for Heterogeneous Programming by Juan Fumero
While doing research work under Prof. Dip Banerjee, Prof. Kishore Kothapalli.
Author:
PhD Juan Fumero
Passionate about compilers and parallelism. Research associate at The University of Manchester. Runner
Level-Zero appears quite similar to CUDA, but is very verbose. AS Juan has said, it is quite similar to OpenCL and Vulkan. It has command queues to commands to device for compute or copy. Shared memory (unified memory in CUDA) is used. Synchronization is done with events and fences (need to read what fences are). You can take an OpenCL kernel, compile with clang to SPIRV (used by Vulkan too) and load it up and build to native, and submit in a command list. Similar to CUDA, synchronize is needed to wait for kernel to complete as execution is asynchronous (its just submit to queue).
Like OpenCL, Level-Zero assumes multiple drivers, and devices, queues. Some picking needed for these (atleast for queues=compute).
5.Hello World program Explanation. ||C Programming tutorial.Fiaz Hussain
Today we are going to learn hello world Program explanation. This is fifth video of our C language course. In this video we learn what is preprocessor directive, two types of preprocessor directive i.e. include preprocessor directive and define preprocessor directive, header file or library file, main function, body of main function, c statement and purpose of return 0 statement.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aslam O Alikum, My name is Fiaz Hussain, and you’re watching my YouTube channel Coding Series
If you have any question or suggestion then please comments below. I tried my best to reply your comments.
I hope you will enjoy this video, if you enjoy this video then please like this video and share with Friends. And don’t forget to subscribe my channel.
Thanks
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Join me on Facebook:
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Twitter Link: https://bit.ly/2puOV0N
Types Of Coding Languages: A Complete Guide To Master Programmingcalltutors
Are you confused about types of coding languages? In this article, we have discussed everything about different types of programming languages in detail.
Python is General purpose, High level programming language.Python is one of the simplest language ever. Syntaxes are simple, easy to
remember and quite expressive. When it comes to learning, it has been found that the learning curve for python is quite steeper compared to other programming languages.Python being freeware, you don’t have to spend on licensing. And since it is open source so its original source code is freely available and can be redistributed and modifiable.Python was developed to bridge the gap between C and shell
scripting and also include the feature of exception handling from ABC language. So we can say that, initially Python was interpreted language. But later it was made compiled and interpreted both.
Learn more about Python programming with Learnbay.
Visit:www.learnbay.co
3. Introduction to C language ||Learn C Programming Complete.Fiaz Hussain
Today we are going to learn C language history and features or characteristics that provides C language. This is third video of our C language course. In this video we learn that who develops c language, Why C language was developed, sine C language was developed and in last we also learn some Characteristics of C language that made popular in industry.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aslam O Alikum, My name is Fiaz Hussain, and you’re watching my YouTube channel Coding Series
If you have any question or suggestion then please comments below. I tried my best to reply your comments.
I hope you will enjoy this video, if you enjoy this video then please like this video and share with Friends. And don’t forget to subscribe my channel.
Thanks
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Join me on Facebook:
Facebook Link: https://bit.ly/2QuNoTn
Join me on Instagram:
Instagram Link: https://bit.ly/2OuI9AK
Join me on Twitter:
Twitter Link: https://bit.ly/2puOV0N
Introduction to Level Zero API for Heterogeneous Programming : NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Highlighted notes on Introduction to Level Zero API for Heterogeneous Programming by Juan Fumero
While doing research work under Prof. Dip Banerjee, Prof. Kishore Kothapalli.
Author:
PhD Juan Fumero
Passionate about compilers and parallelism. Research associate at The University of Manchester. Runner
Level-Zero appears quite similar to CUDA, but is very verbose. AS Juan has said, it is quite similar to OpenCL and Vulkan. It has command queues to commands to device for compute or copy. Shared memory (unified memory in CUDA) is used. Synchronization is done with events and fences (need to read what fences are). You can take an OpenCL kernel, compile with clang to SPIRV (used by Vulkan too) and load it up and build to native, and submit in a command list. Similar to CUDA, synchronize is needed to wait for kernel to complete as execution is asynchronous (its just submit to queue).
Like OpenCL, Level-Zero assumes multiple drivers, and devices, queues. Some picking needed for these (atleast for queues=compute).
5.Hello World program Explanation. ||C Programming tutorial.Fiaz Hussain
Today we are going to learn hello world Program explanation. This is fifth video of our C language course. In this video we learn what is preprocessor directive, two types of preprocessor directive i.e. include preprocessor directive and define preprocessor directive, header file or library file, main function, body of main function, c statement and purpose of return 0 statement.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aslam O Alikum, My name is Fiaz Hussain, and you’re watching my YouTube channel Coding Series
If you have any question or suggestion then please comments below. I tried my best to reply your comments.
I hope you will enjoy this video, if you enjoy this video then please like this video and share with Friends. And don’t forget to subscribe my channel.
Thanks
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Join me on Facebook:
Facebook Link: https://bit.ly/2QuNoTn
Join me on Instagram:
Instagram Link: https://bit.ly/2OuI9AK
Join me on Twitter:
Twitter Link: https://bit.ly/2puOV0N
Types Of Coding Languages: A Complete Guide To Master Programmingcalltutors
Are you confused about types of coding languages? In this article, we have discussed everything about different types of programming languages in detail.
CS266 Software Reverse Engineering (SRE)Reversing and Patching Wintel Machine Code
Teodoro (Ted) Cipresso, teodoro.cipresso@sjsu.edu
Department of Computer Science
San José State University
Spring 2015
C is mother language of all programming language.
It is a system programming language. It is a procedure-oriented programming language. It is also called mid-level programming language.
C evolved from a language called B, written by Ken Thompson at Bell Labs in 1970. Ken used B to write one of the first implementations of UNIX. B in turn was a descendant of the language BCPL (developed at Cambridge (UK) in 1967), with most of its instructions removed.
So many instructions were removed in going from BCPL to B, that Dennis Ritchie of Bell Labs put some back in (in 1972), and called the language C.
The famous book The C Programming Language was written by Kernighan and Ritchie in 1978, and was the definitive reference book on C for almost a decade.
The original C was still too limiting, and not standardized, and so in 1983, an ANSI committee was established to formalize the language definition.
It has taken until now (ten years later) for the ANSI ( American National Standard Institute) standard to become well accepted and almost universally supported by compilers.
Applying Anti-Reversing Techniques to Machine CodeTeodoro Cipresso
CS266 Software Reverse Engineering (SRE)Applying Anti-Reversing Techniques to Machine Code
Teodoro (Ted) Cipresso, teodoro.cipresso@sjsu.edu
Department of Computer Science
San José State University
Spring 2015
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
1. Source vs. Object Code: A False Dichotomy
The notion of source and object code as disjoint classes of computer
code is a false dichotomy common among non-programmers. The general
public's understanding is that computer programs are written as
"source code" that is human readable and not immediately executable by
the machine. Source code is supposed to contain meaningful variable
names and helpful comments that are intended only to be read by
humans. A piece of software called a "compiler" must convert source
code to object code before the program described in the source code
can be executed. Object code cannot be read by people; it is a
sequence of bytes that encode specific machine instructions that will
be executed by the microprocessor when it runs (executes) the program.
The above statements are not exactly false; they are in fact the usual
way of explaining to laymen how a computer works. However, any
attempt to draw legal distinctions between "source" code and "object"
code, or between code that is executable and code that is not, will
immediately encounter difficulties, because these dichotomies are only
a convenient fiction. Computer scientists don't view things this way
at all. Here are some of the problems:
1. "Source" and "object" are not well-defined classes of code. They
are actually relative terms. Given a device for transforming programs
from one form to another, source code is what goes into the device,
and object code (or "target" code) is what comes out. The target code
of one device is frequently the source code of another. For example,
both early C++ compilers and the Kyoto Common Lisp compiler produced C
code as their output. C++ (or Common Lisp) was the source language; C
was the target language. This output was then run through a C
compiler to produce symbolic assembler code as output. This then had
to be run through yet another proram, the "assembler", to produce
binary machine code that could be directly executed by a processor.
In summary, programs typically go through a series of transformations
from higher level to lower level languages. The assembler language
code that a C compiler produces as "object" code is source code for
the assembler. Today, the GNU C compiler (known as gcc) will deliver
assembler language code instead of binary if the user requests it by
specifying the -S switch.
2. Even binary machine code is perfectly readable by humans. It was,
after all, designed by humans. It may be tedious to read, but this
can be helped somewhat by using a program called a disassembler to
translate the raw binary instructions back into symbolic form. For
example, the Pentium instruction "add 7 to register AL" is written
0000010000000111 in the machine's binary language; it is written in
symbolic form as "ADD AL,7". (Reference: Intel Architecture
Developer's Manual, 1997 edition, volume 2, page 3-17.) Converting
between these two forms is trivial.
The instant litigation seems to be a result of a person having read
and understood a piece of machine code. A document signed by 1) a
Norwegian minor, Jon Johansen, 2) an "anonymous German cracker" from
the group MoRE (Masters of Reverse Engineering), who is designated the
2. group's "top coder/disassembler", and 3) an individual referred to
only as "[dEZZY/DoD]", suggests that the original CSS "crack" was
performed by disassembling a software DVD player and rewriting the
descrambling algorithm in C. The "anonymous C source code" in my
Gallery of CSS Descramblers (http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/DeCSS/Gallery)
may be the fruit of that effort.
3. Human-readable programs do not have to be compiled in order to be
executed. Compilation merely transforms the program into a form that
can be executed more efficiently. But a piece of software called an
"interpreter" can execute source code directly, without compiling it.
Programs normally run more slowly when they are being executed by an
interpreter than when they are first compiled into machine
instructions that the processor can execute directly. But they do
run. And interpreters have some advantages: they are easier to write
than compilers, and they are better suited for debugging purposes.
An interpreter for the C programming language, called EIC, is
available for free on the web at http://www.anarchos.com/eic/. There
are other C interpreters as well.
Some languages, such as MATLAB, are normally executed in interpreted
mode. Today, most laser printers have a computer inside running a
PostScript interpreter. When a document prepared in a text editor
such as Microsoft Word is to be printed, it is first converted to a
Postscript program. The Postscript interpreter inside the printer
then executes the program to construct the page image that is sent to
the printing engine. Postscript programs are easily human readable;
they do not even require a disassembler. Yet they are executable.
4. Binary "machine code" isn't necessarily directly executable by the
computer's microprocessor. Languages such as Java and PERL compile to
what is called 'byte code", or "virtual machine code". This is binary
code for an idealized, imaginary processor that does not correspond to
any particular commercial processor architecture, such as the the
Pentium, SPARC, or PowerPC architectures. The virtual machine code
must then be executed by a piece of software called a "byte code
interpreter" that simulates the imaginary processor. The advantage of
this approach is that it allows one to quickly produce Java or Perl
implementations for new computer architectures, because the same
compiler can be used. Only a new byte code interpreter is required.
Byte code interpreters are easier to write than compilers.
Another approach taken by some implementations is to compile a piece
of Java byte code into native machine instructions (e.g., Pentium
instructions, SPARC instructions, or PowerPC instructions) when that
piece begins to execute. In this scheme, the Java byte code becomes
the "source code" and the native mode instructions are the target
code.
The new Crusoe processor from Transmeta treats Pentium code as virtual
machine code. Although it appears to execute Pentium code, internally
the chip translates the code into another machine language that is
considerably more complex, in order to take better advantage of
pipelining and other optimization techniques. Hence, what the layman
would call object code is actually the source code for the Crusoe's
transformation process.
3. 5. "Binary executable" code sometimes isn't. Consider the DECSS.EXE
file that is the subject of the instant litigation. This file
contains a program expressed as machine instructions directly
executable by a Pentium processor. It also includes "system calls",
specific to the Microsoft Windows operating system, to perform
input/output operations. If this file were downloaded to a Sun SPARC
workstation running Unix, or a PowerPC running the Macintosh operating
system, it would not be directly executable. But all is not lost.
The SPARC or PowerPC owner could construct a Pentium emulator program
to simulate the operation of the Pentium processor. Such programs are
commonplace; in fact they are a necessary step in the development of
any new processor architecture. He or she would also need to build a
small portion of a Windows emulator in order to handle the Windows
system calls. At that point, DECSS.EXE could be executed by the
emulator program. An alternative approach would be to build a
translator program to convert Pentium instructions to SPARC or PowerPC
native instructions. Again, this is a well-known technique in
computer science and not technically difficult. DECSS.EXE would then
be the input, or source code, for the emulator or translator program.
6. Executable binary code has much of the same expressive content as
code written in a symbolic language, be it assembly language or a
higher level language such as C or Lisp. Appendix A shows a small C
program for computing 5 factorial (the product of the integers from 1
to 5). Appendix B shows the assembler language output produced by gcc
version 2.95.3 on a Sun UltraSparc 170 running the Solaris operating
system. Appendix C is a dump of the binary output file produced by
the assembler. (The values are actually displayed in hexadecimal,
which is a more compact form of binary.) Appendix D is the result of
disassembling the binary file, going back to symbolic assembler
language code. Note that line number 20 in Appendix D contains an
integer compare instruction, "cmp %o0, 5". The equivalent hexadecimal
form is also shown: it is 80a22005. Appendix C shows this same
sequence in the binary file, mid-way through the line labeled 0000220.
The same instruction, "cmp %o0, 5", also appears in Appendix B, two
lines after the label .LL3. And the equivalent in the C code of
Appendix A is the sequence "i<6". The fact that the constant is 6 in
the C code and 5 in the assembly language code is the sort of thing
one can learn only by looking at the assembly language code, or the
binary file that results from it. (The reason for the difference, 5
vs. 6, has to do with the particular strategy used by the gcc compiler
to implement the FOR loop.)
The lessons that should be drawn from the above are:
1) All computer code is human readable. Some forms are simply more
convenient to read than others.
2. All computer code is expressive. Many of the ideas expressed in C
code are also expressed in the assembly language code that results
from compiling that C code, and again in the binary machine language
that is the output of the assembler. Some content may be lost, e.g.,
source code comments are typically not preserved in object code,
although variable names may be. But some ideas that are only implicit
in the source code may be made more apparent in the object code, such
4. as how a particular sequence of actions should be best expressed in
terms of processor operations in order to obtain maximum performance
from the machine.
3) All computer code is executable. In some instances it may be
advantageous to transform the code into another form first, but
transformation is by no means mandatory. An interpreter can be
employed instead. Interpreters are in common use in computer systems.
4) "Source" and "object" are relative terms, not absolute categories.
5) The file DECSS.EXE is a particular expression of an algorithm for
converting video files from one format to another. It expresses the
same algorithm as the C code from which it was compiled. DECSS.EXE is
coded in a binary language that is more tedious to read than the C
code, but more efficiently executable by a Pentium processor. These
are differences in degree only. If C code is protected speech because
of its expressive content --- and one can argue that a computer
program is nothing but expressive content -- then code written in a
binary machine language that expresses the same algorithm should not
be regarded any differently.
================================================================
APPENDIX A: C source file fact.c
#include <stdio.h>
void main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int i, result;
result = 1;
for (i = 1; i<6; i++) {
result = result * i;
}
printf ("Result is: %d.n",result);
}
================================================================
APPENDIX B: assembler language file fact.s (produced by: gcc -S fact.c)
.file "fact.c"
gcc2_compiled.:
.global .umul
.section ".rodata"
.align 8
.LLC0:
.asciz "Result is: %d.n"
.section ".text"
.align 4
.global main
.type main,#function
.proc 020
main:
!#PROLOGUE# 0
save %sp, -120, %sp
!#PROLOGUE# 1