This document discusses the concept of Higher Criticism and its application to analyzing the origins and authorship of the books of the Pentateuch/Torah. It provides background on the development of the Documentary Hypothesis, which attempts to identify multiple source documents that were combined to form the first five books of the Bible. The summary identifies some of the key figures and their contributions to the evolution of the Documentary Hypothesis, such as Astruc, Eichhorn, Graf, Wellhausen. It also outlines some of the common criteria used to distinguish between the hypothesized source documents, such as differences in divine names used, duplicate narratives, and differences in style.
The document discusses the Holy Trinity - the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as one God. It provides several examples from scripture of how each person of the Trinity is involved in creation, God's revelation to mankind, and salvation. Specifically, it notes their involvement in creation, the incarnation of Jesus, and their different but equal divine attributes like omnipresence and holiness.
This document discusses several apocryphal texts including the Life of Adam and Eve, Assumption of Moses, Protevangelium of James, and Gospel of Thomas. It provides overview information and sample passages from each text. The Life of Adam and Eve and Assumption of Moses were written between 100 BC-100 AD and contain details not found in the biblical accounts. The Protevangelium of James from the 2nd century AD expands on Mary and Joseph's story. The Gospel of Thomas reflects Greek influence and may draw from the canonical gospels.
Attached are notes and a power point for a 23 hour class on the Book of Hebrews given by Dr. John Oakes recently in Manila, Philippines. The recordings are now available in the ARS store.
The document discusses the Bible, describing it as consisting of many sacred books written by human authors who were divinely inspired by God through the Holy Spirit. It is made up of the Old Testament containing 46 books and the New Testament containing 27 books, covering the preparation of the Hebrew people for Jesus Christ and the establishment of the Church. The Bible is considered inerrant and infallible due to this divine inspiration during the writing process, though the human authors wrote in their own styles.
Slideshow assembled to supplement Chapter 19 of The Story of Christianity Volume 1: The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation by Justo L. Gonzalez ("Athanasius of Alexandria").
This document provides an overview and introduction to a class on the Bible and archaeology. It discusses how archaeology can confirm, clarify, and complement the Bible. Specific examples are given, such as how the discovery of King Sargon's palace at Khorsabad confirmed the mention of Sargon in Isaiah 20:1. It also discusses how the Nuzi tablets found in modern-day Iraq clarified details in the stories of Jacob and Laban found in Genesis. The document encourages studying archaeology to increase biblical knowledge and defend the faith.
Mark is believed to be the earliest gospel written around 60-70 AD in Rome. It was likely written by John Mark, an interpreter of the apostle Peter. The author aimed to encourage Roman Christians facing persecution by emphasizing Jesus' suffering. Key themes are the kingdom of God and its presence in Jesus' works. Jesus is portrayed as a man of action who conceals his identity. Disciples are depicted as ignorant. Stories are linked through repetition of words and sandwiching smaller stories within larger ones.
The document discusses the Holy Trinity - the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as one God. It provides several examples from scripture of how each person of the Trinity is involved in creation, God's revelation to mankind, and salvation. Specifically, it notes their involvement in creation, the incarnation of Jesus, and their different but equal divine attributes like omnipresence and holiness.
This document discusses several apocryphal texts including the Life of Adam and Eve, Assumption of Moses, Protevangelium of James, and Gospel of Thomas. It provides overview information and sample passages from each text. The Life of Adam and Eve and Assumption of Moses were written between 100 BC-100 AD and contain details not found in the biblical accounts. The Protevangelium of James from the 2nd century AD expands on Mary and Joseph's story. The Gospel of Thomas reflects Greek influence and may draw from the canonical gospels.
Attached are notes and a power point for a 23 hour class on the Book of Hebrews given by Dr. John Oakes recently in Manila, Philippines. The recordings are now available in the ARS store.
The document discusses the Bible, describing it as consisting of many sacred books written by human authors who were divinely inspired by God through the Holy Spirit. It is made up of the Old Testament containing 46 books and the New Testament containing 27 books, covering the preparation of the Hebrew people for Jesus Christ and the establishment of the Church. The Bible is considered inerrant and infallible due to this divine inspiration during the writing process, though the human authors wrote in their own styles.
Slideshow assembled to supplement Chapter 19 of The Story of Christianity Volume 1: The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation by Justo L. Gonzalez ("Athanasius of Alexandria").
This document provides an overview and introduction to a class on the Bible and archaeology. It discusses how archaeology can confirm, clarify, and complement the Bible. Specific examples are given, such as how the discovery of King Sargon's palace at Khorsabad confirmed the mention of Sargon in Isaiah 20:1. It also discusses how the Nuzi tablets found in modern-day Iraq clarified details in the stories of Jacob and Laban found in Genesis. The document encourages studying archaeology to increase biblical knowledge and defend the faith.
Mark is believed to be the earliest gospel written around 60-70 AD in Rome. It was likely written by John Mark, an interpreter of the apostle Peter. The author aimed to encourage Roman Christians facing persecution by emphasizing Jesus' suffering. Key themes are the kingdom of God and its presence in Jesus' works. Jesus is portrayed as a man of action who conceals his identity. Disciples are depicted as ignorant. Stories are linked through repetition of words and sandwiching smaller stories within larger ones.
The document discusses the importance of understanding the Torah (Pentateuch/first five books of the Bible) as the foundational revelation from God and the basis for interpreting the rest of the Tanakh (Old Testament) and the New Covenant Scriptures. It asserts that Yahushua (Jesus) and the writers of the New Testament always pointed to the Torah as the source of their teachings and did not view the Torah as being replaced. Establishing the Torah as the scriptural foundation is necessary to properly understand God's word.
The document provides an overview of three major world religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It discusses their origins, core beliefs, sacred texts, practices and rituals. Some key similarities are their monotheistic nature and roots in the Middle East tracing back to Abraham. Differences include their founding figures (Moses, Jesus, Muhammad), places of worship (synagogues, churches, mosques) and divisions within each faith tradition over time. Conflict has also occurred between the religions while they share some common origins and beliefs.
This document provides historical context and archaeological evidence relevant to assessing the accuracy of the Bible. It outlines important periods in the history of Israel according to biblical chronology and the dominant powers that influenced the region. It then presents archaeological findings that corroborate various biblical persons, places, and events, such as the destruction of Jericho matching biblical accounts, inscriptions mentioning biblical kings, and artifacts from the time of Jesus and Paul. The conclusion is that archaeological evidence increasingly shows the Bible to be a reliable historical document.
The document provides an overview of the Old Testament, including its origins, themes, divisions, and history. Some key points covered are:
- The OT is the primary collection of writings of the Jewish people and is recognized as scripture by both Judaism and Christianity.
- Major themes include God as the creator, God revealing himself to mankind, and God seeking a relationship with mankind to help him reach his potential.
- The OT can be studied as great literature, as a historical work, and as a book of religious faith. It contains historical narratives, law codes, wisdom literature, and prophets.
- The history spans from the beginnings with Abraham, to the kingdoms of Israel and
The document summarizes the Inter-testamental Period between the Old and New Testaments known as the "Silent Years." It discusses the history of the Jewish people from Alexander the Great to Herod the Great, including the problems in Malachi's day, the message of Malachi and John the Baptist, Persian rulers and the return from captivity. It also provides timelines and discusses the religion, culture, literature and sects during this period such as the Pharisees, Sadducees and Essenes.
This document outlines the timeline of events related to the 70 weeks prophecy from Daniel 9:24-27. It discusses the decrees to rebuild Jerusalem, the cutting off of the Messiah at 33 AD, the destruction of the second temple in 70 AD, and the future fulfillment of the remaining 7 years in the tribulation period. The timeline spans from 445 BC to the future millennial kingdom and includes important dates and events related to the 3 Solomon-era temples in Jerusalem.
1. The document provides a summary of the key people and events in the book of Genesis, including the creation of the world, Adam and Eve, Noah and the flood, the Tower of Babel, and the lives of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph.
2. It discusses 10 major divisions of Genesis covering Creation to the death of Joseph over approximately 2,315 years.
3. The summary highlights the main people and events in each division, such as God's promise to Abraham to make him a great nation and bless all people through him.
The document provides an overview of the doctrine of the Trinity according to Christianity. It defines the Trinity as God existing as three distinct persons - the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit - yet as one God. Several Bible passages are cited that reference all three persons together. Early church leaders before the 4th century are noted as defending the Trinity. Common misunderstandings about the Trinity are addressed.
The document discusses several Bible passages from Ezekiel that describe Ezekiel's vision of God's likeness appearing as fire from the waist down and brightness from the waist up. It provides the text of these passages from several Bible translations. It also includes commentary distinguishing between the literal translation and other translations that use terms like "figure" or "form" instead of "likeness".
The Gospels are not strictly biographical or chronological accounts of Jesus' life. They portray Jesus' identity and mission through carefully selected stories arranged by the Gospel authors to convey theological messages and elicit a response of faith from readers. While the Gospels differ on some details like the timing of Jesus' crucifixion, their primary purpose is to show that Jesus is the Messiah and Son of God, and to communicate the "good news" of God's kingdom through his life and teachings.
God reveals exciting truths about His nature through the pages of the Old Testament. We can discover many spiritual gems by knowing the story of the Old Testament and how the various books of the Bible fit into that story. John Beene taught an Overview of the Old Testament at the November 20, 2011 congregational worship. The class included timelines, pictures, and maps to help the scriptures come to life. Listen to the lessons, view the Power Point presentation, and use the Old Testament Timelines to further your own study of God's story in the Old Testament.
The document discusses the synoptic gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke and the synoptic problem. It defines key terms like source criticism, synoptic, and the synoptic problem. It proposes the two-source theory that Matthew and Luke both used Mark and another source called Q as sources for their gospels. Q is a hypothetical lost text containing about 235 sayings of Jesus. The document provides details about what scholars know about Q, such as that it was likely composed in Aramaic in Galilee before 70 CE and focused on Jesus' teachings without his death and resurrection.
1) The document is a lesson outline for the Book of Romans. It summarizes the main topics and sections of Romans.
2) The outline discusses who Romans was addressed to, its theme of justification by faith, its purpose of explaining Paul's gospel to Christians in Rome, and its date of being written around 57-58 AD.
3) The content sections summarized are: the need for salvation, the way of salvation through faith in Jesus, Israel's relationship with God, and the practical applications of salvation for Christians to live holy lives.
Looking at the overview of the bible, based on research from Greg Koukl of Stand to Reason in his "The Bible Fast Forward" series. This covers the main theme of the Bible, as well as the 12 major events of the Old Testament.
Mark's gospel was written under the shadow of persecution. It is filled with action and only a small amount of teaching. It shows Jesus suffered and was victorious.
All about the bible, how it was put together, why certain books were left out, how do we know that it\'s divine, what about the Da Vinci Code, dealing with "contradictions", etc.
The Book of Joshua describes the Israelites conquering Canaan under Joshua's leadership after Moses' death. Key events include crossing the Jordan River, marching around Jericho which causes its walls to fall, defeating the Amorite kings who attacked Gibeon, and dividing the land among the tribes. The book emphasizes obeying God and avoiding assimilation into Canaanite culture. Joshua prepares the people to continue without him before he dies at age 110.
ABTI Hermeneutics 1 - Intro to Hermeneuticsashebible
This document provides an introduction to biblical hermeneutics, which is the science and art of biblical interpretation. It defines hermeneutics as both the general interpretation of writings and the specific interpretation of biblical texts as the inspired word of God. The document outlines some key principles of biblical hermeneutics, including interpreting texts literally based on the author's intended meaning and style, understanding the authorial intent in light of the surrounding context, and interpreting difficult passages based on how Scripture interprets itself to ensure no contradictions. The overall goal of biblical study is to change lives through proper understanding and application of the text.
Genesis ch 1, #1a, 2012, intro, why study gen., gen. & rev., torah, toledot,...Valley Bible Fellowship
The document discusses the relationship between the first book of the Bible, Genesis, and the last book, Revelation. It notes that they are like "bookends" that open and close the story of God. Several themes are presented in both, such as gardens, cities, trees, and rivers. The document argues that Genesis and Revelation should be studied together because they both focus on the work of Christ. It also explores terms used in both books, such as "Alpha and Omega" and discusses theories about the authorship of Genesis.
The document discusses the importance of understanding the Torah (Pentateuch/first five books of the Bible) as the foundational revelation from God and the basis for interpreting the rest of the Tanakh (Old Testament) and the New Covenant Scriptures. It asserts that Yahushua (Jesus) and the writers of the New Testament always pointed to the Torah as the source of their teachings and did not view the Torah as being replaced. Establishing the Torah as the scriptural foundation is necessary to properly understand God's word.
The document provides an overview of three major world religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It discusses their origins, core beliefs, sacred texts, practices and rituals. Some key similarities are their monotheistic nature and roots in the Middle East tracing back to Abraham. Differences include their founding figures (Moses, Jesus, Muhammad), places of worship (synagogues, churches, mosques) and divisions within each faith tradition over time. Conflict has also occurred between the religions while they share some common origins and beliefs.
This document provides historical context and archaeological evidence relevant to assessing the accuracy of the Bible. It outlines important periods in the history of Israel according to biblical chronology and the dominant powers that influenced the region. It then presents archaeological findings that corroborate various biblical persons, places, and events, such as the destruction of Jericho matching biblical accounts, inscriptions mentioning biblical kings, and artifacts from the time of Jesus and Paul. The conclusion is that archaeological evidence increasingly shows the Bible to be a reliable historical document.
The document provides an overview of the Old Testament, including its origins, themes, divisions, and history. Some key points covered are:
- The OT is the primary collection of writings of the Jewish people and is recognized as scripture by both Judaism and Christianity.
- Major themes include God as the creator, God revealing himself to mankind, and God seeking a relationship with mankind to help him reach his potential.
- The OT can be studied as great literature, as a historical work, and as a book of religious faith. It contains historical narratives, law codes, wisdom literature, and prophets.
- The history spans from the beginnings with Abraham, to the kingdoms of Israel and
The document summarizes the Inter-testamental Period between the Old and New Testaments known as the "Silent Years." It discusses the history of the Jewish people from Alexander the Great to Herod the Great, including the problems in Malachi's day, the message of Malachi and John the Baptist, Persian rulers and the return from captivity. It also provides timelines and discusses the religion, culture, literature and sects during this period such as the Pharisees, Sadducees and Essenes.
This document outlines the timeline of events related to the 70 weeks prophecy from Daniel 9:24-27. It discusses the decrees to rebuild Jerusalem, the cutting off of the Messiah at 33 AD, the destruction of the second temple in 70 AD, and the future fulfillment of the remaining 7 years in the tribulation period. The timeline spans from 445 BC to the future millennial kingdom and includes important dates and events related to the 3 Solomon-era temples in Jerusalem.
1. The document provides a summary of the key people and events in the book of Genesis, including the creation of the world, Adam and Eve, Noah and the flood, the Tower of Babel, and the lives of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph.
2. It discusses 10 major divisions of Genesis covering Creation to the death of Joseph over approximately 2,315 years.
3. The summary highlights the main people and events in each division, such as God's promise to Abraham to make him a great nation and bless all people through him.
The document provides an overview of the doctrine of the Trinity according to Christianity. It defines the Trinity as God existing as three distinct persons - the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit - yet as one God. Several Bible passages are cited that reference all three persons together. Early church leaders before the 4th century are noted as defending the Trinity. Common misunderstandings about the Trinity are addressed.
The document discusses several Bible passages from Ezekiel that describe Ezekiel's vision of God's likeness appearing as fire from the waist down and brightness from the waist up. It provides the text of these passages from several Bible translations. It also includes commentary distinguishing between the literal translation and other translations that use terms like "figure" or "form" instead of "likeness".
The Gospels are not strictly biographical or chronological accounts of Jesus' life. They portray Jesus' identity and mission through carefully selected stories arranged by the Gospel authors to convey theological messages and elicit a response of faith from readers. While the Gospels differ on some details like the timing of Jesus' crucifixion, their primary purpose is to show that Jesus is the Messiah and Son of God, and to communicate the "good news" of God's kingdom through his life and teachings.
God reveals exciting truths about His nature through the pages of the Old Testament. We can discover many spiritual gems by knowing the story of the Old Testament and how the various books of the Bible fit into that story. John Beene taught an Overview of the Old Testament at the November 20, 2011 congregational worship. The class included timelines, pictures, and maps to help the scriptures come to life. Listen to the lessons, view the Power Point presentation, and use the Old Testament Timelines to further your own study of God's story in the Old Testament.
The document discusses the synoptic gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke and the synoptic problem. It defines key terms like source criticism, synoptic, and the synoptic problem. It proposes the two-source theory that Matthew and Luke both used Mark and another source called Q as sources for their gospels. Q is a hypothetical lost text containing about 235 sayings of Jesus. The document provides details about what scholars know about Q, such as that it was likely composed in Aramaic in Galilee before 70 CE and focused on Jesus' teachings without his death and resurrection.
1) The document is a lesson outline for the Book of Romans. It summarizes the main topics and sections of Romans.
2) The outline discusses who Romans was addressed to, its theme of justification by faith, its purpose of explaining Paul's gospel to Christians in Rome, and its date of being written around 57-58 AD.
3) The content sections summarized are: the need for salvation, the way of salvation through faith in Jesus, Israel's relationship with God, and the practical applications of salvation for Christians to live holy lives.
Looking at the overview of the bible, based on research from Greg Koukl of Stand to Reason in his "The Bible Fast Forward" series. This covers the main theme of the Bible, as well as the 12 major events of the Old Testament.
Mark's gospel was written under the shadow of persecution. It is filled with action and only a small amount of teaching. It shows Jesus suffered and was victorious.
All about the bible, how it was put together, why certain books were left out, how do we know that it\'s divine, what about the Da Vinci Code, dealing with "contradictions", etc.
The Book of Joshua describes the Israelites conquering Canaan under Joshua's leadership after Moses' death. Key events include crossing the Jordan River, marching around Jericho which causes its walls to fall, defeating the Amorite kings who attacked Gibeon, and dividing the land among the tribes. The book emphasizes obeying God and avoiding assimilation into Canaanite culture. Joshua prepares the people to continue without him before he dies at age 110.
ABTI Hermeneutics 1 - Intro to Hermeneuticsashebible
This document provides an introduction to biblical hermeneutics, which is the science and art of biblical interpretation. It defines hermeneutics as both the general interpretation of writings and the specific interpretation of biblical texts as the inspired word of God. The document outlines some key principles of biblical hermeneutics, including interpreting texts literally based on the author's intended meaning and style, understanding the authorial intent in light of the surrounding context, and interpreting difficult passages based on how Scripture interprets itself to ensure no contradictions. The overall goal of biblical study is to change lives through proper understanding and application of the text.
Genesis ch 1, #1a, 2012, intro, why study gen., gen. & rev., torah, toledot,...Valley Bible Fellowship
The document discusses the relationship between the first book of the Bible, Genesis, and the last book, Revelation. It notes that they are like "bookends" that open and close the story of God. Several themes are presented in both, such as gardens, cities, trees, and rivers. The document argues that Genesis and Revelation should be studied together because they both focus on the work of Christ. It also explores terms used in both books, such as "Alpha and Omega" and discusses theories about the authorship of Genesis.
The document discusses various aspects of scripture and canonization. It provides background on how the books of the Bible were collected and recognized as sacred texts over time. It also discusses the Apocrypha, which contains books that were considered useful but not inspired, and "lost books" that are mentioned in the Bible but not contained within it. The document explores different sources that provide religious truth or insight, ranging from canonized scripture to personal revelation.
This document provides an overview of Genesis, including:
1) Genesis recounts the origins of mankind, sin entering the world, and God's plan to bless nations through Abraham.
2) Scholars debate who wrote Genesis, with tradition and the New Testament attributing it to Moses, though others argue it was compiled later.
3) Criticisms of Mosaic authorship include the documentary hypothesis, which argues Genesis was compiled from sources over centuries, and form criticism, which examines the oral traditions behind the text. However, these theories are problematic and archeological findings support details in Genesis.
This document discusses claims that Jesus was simply a copy of pagan god myths and that Christianity borrowed from other religions. It summarizes the views of several people who have made these claims, such as Dan Brown, Timothy Freke/Peter Gandy, and Acharya S. However, it also questions the credibility and reliability of these sources. It notes that many of their assertions are not supported by reputable scholars or historical sources. The document then provides more context about the origins of these ideas and criticisms of the sources used to support these pagan copy theories. Overall, it casts doubt on the pagan copy claims by highlighting issues with the sources and evidence used to make these comparisons to pagan gods.
The document discusses claims that Jesus and Christianity are simply copies of pagan god myths that predated Christianity. It presents counterarguments to claims that Jesus was just a copy of Horus, Krishna, and other pagan gods. It notes how the sources making these claims, like Acharya S and Gerald Massey, have been debunked by historians and scholars as making unfounded assertions without reliable evidence. Experts in religions like Hinduism have stated there is no evidence for claims that Krishna was crucified or resurrected. The document aims to show the pagan god myth theory lacks credible evidence and has been rejected by experts in related fields.
Who Wrote the Bible? or, A Serious Romp Through the Graf-Wellhausen-Friedma...spd2000
A non-scholarly presentation of the "documentary hypothesis" of multiple authorship of the Hebrew Bible, with information about its origins and implications.
Understanding The Bible Part One The Canons Of The BibleEdward Hahnenberg
The first in a six-part series examining how to understand the Bible using the historical-critical method. The subject of Part One is the Canons of the Old and New Testament, how they were decided, and the difference between the Catholic and Protestant canons.
This document discusses metamorphosis in early Christian imagination, specifically focusing on Jesus appearing in the form of an eagle. It provides several examples from early Christian texts where Jesus transforms into an eagle, sitting in a tree or appearing above a cross. The author argues that these ideas were influenced by Homeric literature, where gods like Apollo and Athena sometimes took the form of birds. Looking at evolutionary psychology, the author suggests that concepts of death and metamorphosis were appealing to early Christian minds. Overall, the document examines how the motif of Jesus transforming into an eagle emerged and what purposes it served in early Christian thought.
The document discusses the origins and composition of the Bible. It is composed of ancient writings from Hebrew, Greek, and Latin manuscripts. The Bible has two main parts - the Old Testament and the New Testament. It also discusses the three main parts of the Old Testament and different approaches to interpreting and analyzing biblical texts, including historical, structural, and contextual analysis.
The document provides background information on the Septuagint (LXX), which was the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament produced in Alexandria, Egypt around the 3rd century BC. It was translated by Jewish scholars for the Greek-speaking Jewish community. The LXX became the Bible predominantly used by Greek-speaking Christians in the earliest periods of the faith.
Other jewish literature of the first centurydallife
This document discusses various Jewish literature from the first century CE. It describes extra-biblical writings like the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, as well as rabbinic works including the Talmud and Midrash. It also profiles two important Jewish historians and philosophers of the period - Josephus, who recorded Jewish history, and Philo of Alexandria, a Hellenized Jew who sought to reconcile Judaism with Greek philosophy.
This document discusses the historical search to determine what can be known about the historical Jesus from historical sources. It describes the major phases of the "Quest for the Historical Jesus" including the Old Quest from 1738-1906, the New Quest from 1950s-1970s, and the current Third Quest from 1980s-present. Key figures and their approaches are outlined for each phase, along with the methods and findings of groups like the Jesus Seminar in the Third Quest. The overall focus is on analyzing biblical and non-biblical sources using historical and scientific methodology to reconstruct an accurate portrait of Jesus' life and teachings.
The document provides information about various genres of literature, including fiction, non-fiction, poetry, drama, and subgenres. It discusses key characteristics of different genres, such as fiction involving imaginary stories while non-fiction contains facts. Poetry is defined as a structure created from human imagination and expressed rhythmically in words. The history of English poetry is also summarized, covering poems from the Old English period to modern poetry. Literary devices used in poetry like rhyme, meter, figures of speech, and stanzas are defined.
The document discusses several "gospels" outside the canonical four gospels of the New Testament. It provides context for why the four gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John were selected for inclusion in the biblical canon while others like the Gospel of Thomas and Gospel of Peter were rejected. Key reasons given include issues with authorship, contradicting core Christian teachings, being written later than the eyewitness accounts, and promoting Gnostic beliefs.
Evidence for the true faith in historical sources. englishHarunyahyaEnglish
The document discusses archaeological findings that provide evidence for historical events described in the Quran, including:
1) The discovery of the Ebla tablets from 2500 BC containing the names of prophets Abraham, David, and Ishmael, supporting the divine scriptures written thousands of years later.
2) Mount Nimrod in Turkey is believed to contain hidden texts from Prophet Abraham challenging King Nimrod's claims of divinity.
3) An Egyptian papyrus from the 13th century BC describes plagues in Egypt matching those in the Quran during the time of Prophet Moses, supporting the Quran's historical accuracy.
The study of the literary forms and genre of the different pericope in the Bible plays a very significant role in Biblical interpretation. This study allows the people to recognize that there are many types of literature. The authors always choose a vehicle through which they send a message to the readers. By there choice of genre, the authors are able to signal the readers how to take the message they want to convey.
The pervasiveness of Lying in today's World.pptxniwres
In our interconnected world, lies weave through the fabric of society like hidden threads. We encounter them in politics, media, personal relationships, and even within ourselves. The prevalence of deception raises profound questions about truth, trust, and the human condition.
Historia del Adventismo del Séptimo Día II.pptxniwres
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
Pero cuando vino la plenitud del tiempo, Dios envió a Su Hijoniwres
Pero cuando llegó la plenitud del tiempo, Dios envió a su Hijo. ¿Por qué vino hace dos mil años durante el Imperio Romano?
But when the fullness of the time had come, God sent forth His Son. Why did he come two thousand years ago during the Roman Empire?
La historia de la traducción de la Biblia a idiomas extranjeros y el papel de...niwres
El documento describe brevemente la historia de varias personas que contribuyeron al trabajo misionero y de traducción bíblica entre los hispanohablantes, incluyendo a William Cameron Townsend, Marcial Serna y Reyes y Adiel Sánchez. También destaca la necesidad continua de traducir la Biblia a más idiomas, ya que actualmente miles de millones de personas aún no pueden acceder a las Escrituras en su lengua materna.
Human Trafficking and the Refugee Crisis in the Context of the Social Teachi...niwres
This document discusses the global refugee and migration crisis from a Christian perspective. It begins with Bible verses calling Christians to welcome strangers and care for the vulnerable. It acknowledges the fears around migration but calls Christians to face prejudice with wisdom and challenge hatred. The document advocates praying for refugees and those in power, as well as promoting peace to lessen humanitarian tragedies. It presents a moral argument that Christians should open their arms to refugees fleeing immense suffering around the world based on Biblical principles of compassion.
Why all the Similarities ? The Serpent and other Universal Beliefs & Symbolsniwres
The document discusses similarities found across different parts of the world related to religious and cultural concepts like flood stories, legal codes, divine figures bestowing laws, and patriarchal societies. It also extensively covers the prevalence of serpent or snake worship and symbolism globally, noting their associations with fertility, life cycles, immortality, and creation in many belief systems. Images are provided showing serpent depictions from ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, India, Norse mythology, Africa, Australia, and North and South America. Bible passages on the serpent in the Garden of Eden and Jesus being lifted up are also presented.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
THE WORLD BELONGS TO THE SICK, THE BLIND, THE ITCHY AND THE LUMPYniwres
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness and boost overall mental well-being.
The document discusses aging and what contributes to a successful old age according to biblical texts and research. It notes that good physical and mental health, financial security, independence, activity, social relationships, and sense of purpose are important. While aging involves physical and cognitive declines, the Bible presents both positive and negative views of old age. Successfully aging individuals maintain interests and roles, and see continuity between earlier and later life.
Relationship between Abraham’s Descendents - Promise to Abrahamniwres
The document provides an overview of the lineages and relationships between the descendants of Abraham through his sons Ishmael and Isaac according to the Bible and Quran. It discusses their births, mothers, circumstances around their births, childhood experiences, later lives, and descendants. It outlines contacts between the descendants, including marriages and alliances. It describes the true believers in Christianity and Islam, and contains an invitation from believers in Islam to come to common terms and build on the faith of Abraham to receive God's promised blessings.
This document discusses the Seventh-day Adventist Church's position on noncombatancy and participation in war over time. It notes that early Adventists and the church officially adopted a stance of noncombatancy. However, there was debate among members during the American Civil War. During World War I, the German Adventist leadership recommended members serve in the military, while a Reform Movement advocated strict noncombatancy. Localized interpretations of policy have emerged with global expansion of the church.
The document lists various cemeteries from around the world and asks what comes to mind when seeing cemeteries globally. It then discusses prehistoric peoples from locations like Varna, Bulgaria and Harappa, Indus Valley in Pakistan, theorizing they believed in an afterlife based on burial goods. Next it covers topics from the Gilgamesh epic to different religious views of the afterlife. The document analyzes origins of the soul concept and debates immortality of the soul versus soul sleep. It discusses the nature of man and what happens to the "whole" man at death based on biblical texts.
When a foreigner resides among you in your land, do not mistreat them. The foreigner residing among you must be treated as your native-born. Love them as yourself, for you were foreigners in Egypt. I am the Lord your God .(Leviticus 19:33-34 NIV)
Paul addressed the people of Athens in the Areopagus, noting they were very religious but worshiped an unknown god. He proclaimed to them what they were ignorant of. Jesus was amazed at the faith of a gentile man and said many from east and west would dine with Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in heaven. Religions in Taiwan like Buddhism, Taoism and their blend teach ethical principles like humaneness, reciprocity and righteousness that have positively impacted Taiwan's safety, crime rates, education scores and family stability compared to other nations.
Paul discusses being content in whatever state he finds himself. He has learned to be humble during difficulties and thankful during good times. Through Christ who strengthens him, Paul can endure all things.
The discovery of King Tutankhamun's intact tomb in the Valley of the Kings in 1922 by Howard Carter and his team was one of the most remarkable archaeological finds in history. Upon initially finding a step cut into bedrock, further excavation revealed an undisturbed tomb containing three nested gold coffins which held the well-preserved mummy of the young pharaoh Tutankhamun. While rumors of a "curse" arose due to several early deaths, the tomb provided an unprecedented look into ancient Egyptian burial practices and funerary beliefs during the New Kingdom period.
The Rise and Fall of Women Leaders in Christianity & Adventismniwres
This document discusses the role of women in Christianity from biblical times to the present. It notes that women played prominent leadership roles in Jesus' ministry and the early church as prophets, heads of churches, and teachers. However, it describes how women's roles became suppressed over time as patriarchal systems reasserted dominance. The document provides examples of the first women ordained in different Christian denominations in modern times, showing a gradual increase in women's leadership opportunities over the 19th-20th centuries. It also highlights some of the first Adventist women licensed and ordained as ministers in the late 19th century.
The document discusses the biblical concept of repentance from sin. It provides three main points:
1. Repentance is required for salvation according to numerous biblical passages calling people to repent.
2. Repentance is necessary to receive forgiveness of sins and the Holy Spirit.
3. The elements of biblical repentance include admitting and recognizing sin, feeling contrition and remorse for sins, abandoning sinful conduct and lifestyle, confessing sins to God and others, and making restitution where possible. Repentance involves the intellect, emotions, and will turning away from sin toward God.
The document discusses several factors that affect how the Bible is interpreted:
1. The Bible was written by humans in different times and cultures, so it reflects the ideas and language of its writers' eras.
2. The manuscripts were copied by hand over centuries, introducing mistakes and variants in the text. Translations also involve interpretive choices.
3. Readers approach the Bible through the lens of their own backgrounds, experiences, languages, and cultures. It is impossible to be completely objective when interpreting Scripture.
The Enchantment and Shadows_ Unveiling the Mysteries of Magic and Black Magic...Phoenix O
This manual will guide you through basic skills and tasks to help you get started with various aspects of Magic. Each section is designed to be easy to follow, with step-by-step instructions.
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Santan Vastu Provides Vedic astrology courses & Vastu remedies, If you are searching Vastu for home, Vastu for kitchen, Vastu for house, Vastu for Office & Factory. Best Vastu in Bahadurgarh. Best Vastu in Delhi NCR
Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)heartfulness
Dear readers,
This month we continue with more inspiring talks from the Global Spirituality Mahotsav that was held from March 14 to 17, 2024, at Kanha Shanti Vanam.
We hear from Daaji on lifestyle and yoga in honor of International Day of Yoga, June 21, 2024. We also hear from Professor Bhavani Rao, Dean at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, on spirituality in action, the Venerable BhikkuSanghasena on how to be an ambassador for compassion, Dr. Tony Nader on the Maharishi Effect, Swami Mukundananda on the crossroads of modernization, Tejinder Kaur Basra on the purpose of work, the Venerable GesheDorjiDamdul on the psychology of peace, the Rt. Hon. Patricia Scotland, KC, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, on how we are all related, and world-renowned violinist KumareshRajagopalan on the uplifting mysteries of music.
Dr. Prasad Veluthanar shares an Ayurvedic perspective on treating autism, Dr. IchakAdizes helps us navigate disagreements at work, Sravan Banda celebrates World Environment Day by sharing some tips on land restoration, and Sara Bubber tells our children another inspiring story and challenges them with some fun facts and riddles.
Happy reading,
The editors
A Free eBook ~ Valuable LIFE Lessons to Learn ( 5 Sets of Presentations)...OH TEIK BIN
A free eBook comprising 5 sets of PowerPoint presentations of meaningful stories /Inspirational pieces that teach important Dhamma/Life lessons. For reflection and practice to develop the mind to grow in love, compassion and wisdom. The texts are in English and Chinese.
My other free eBooks can be obtained from the following Links:
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/presentations
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/documents
The Book of Samuel is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books in the Old Testament. The book is part of the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and that aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets.
A375 Example Taste the taste of the Lord, the taste of the Lord The taste of...franktsao4
It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
Protector & Destroyer: Agni Dev (The Hindu God of Fire)Exotic India
So let us turn the pages of ancient Indian literature and get to know more about Agni, the mighty purifier of all things, worshipped in Indian culture as a God since the Vedic time.
Chandra Dev: Unveiling the Mystery of the Moon GodExotic India
Shining brightly in the sky, some days more than others, the Moon in popular culture is a symbol of love, romance, and beauty. The ancient Hindu texts, however, mention the Moon as an intriguing and powerful being, worshiped by sages as Chandra.
2nd issue of Volume 15. A magazine in urdu language mainly based on spiritual treatment and learning. Many topics on ISLAM, SUFISM, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, SELF HELP, PSYCHOLOGY, HEALTH, SPIRITUAL TREATMENT, Ruqya etc.A very useful magazine for everyone.
The Vulnerabilities of Individuals Born Under Swati Nakshatra.pdfAstroAnuradha
Individuals born under Swati Nakshatra often exhibit a strong sense of independence and adaptability, yet they may also face vulnerabilities such as indecisiveness and a tendency to be easily swayed by external influences. Their quest for balance and harmony can sometimes lead to inner conflict and a lack of assertiveness. To know more visit: astroanuradha.com
Trusting God's Providence | Verse: Romans 8: 28-31JL de Belen
Trusting God's Providence.
Providence - God’s active preservation and care over His creation. God is both the Creator and the Sustainer of all things Heb. 1:2-3; Col. 1:17
-God keep His promises.
-God’s general providence is toward all creation
- All things were made through Him
God’s special providence is toward His children.
We may suffer now, but joy can and will come
God can see what we cannot see
The Hope of Salvation - Jude 1:24-25 - MessageCole Hartman
Jude gives us hope at the end of a dark letter. In a dark world like today, we need the light of Christ to shine brighter and brighter. Jude shows us where to fix our focus so we can be filled with God's goodness and glory. Join us to explore this incredible passage.
2. My teen age experience – reading
Deuteronomy 34 : 5, 7-8
5 So Moses the servant of the LORD died there in the land of Moab,
according to the word of the LORD
7 And Moses was an hundred and twenty years old when he died: his eye
was not dim, nor his natural force abated.
8 And the children of Israel wept for Moses in the plains of Moab thirty
days: so the days of weeping and mourning for Moses were ended.
I Thought how strange, but I did not think anything about it.
My German Bible names the books of the Pentateuch – The
Books of Moses
So it must be
Moses who wrote
about his own death
It some years to
reconsider the fact
3. 1. Higher Criticism is a product of the
Enlightenment (Age of Reason)
2. Interpretations were based on human reason and a
naturalistic worldview.
3. The Bible was not considered God’s special
revelation but written by mere human
beings.
Everything is to be explained naturally.
The supernatural is excluded from
interpretations
The Bible is only a human book and is to
be interpreted from a naturalistic and
eventually (in the 19th century) an
evolutionary perspective.
4. Higher Criticism is a branch of literary analysis that
investigates the books of the Bible and compares them to other
texts. . .
Higher Criticism includes:
Source, Source criticism questions traditional authorship, so
it attempts to determine the original sources.
Form, Form criticism assumes that style and cultural forms
influenced the writing of the text, so it attempts to determine the
original forms.
Redaction, Redaction criticism believes the present day
documents are merely edited versions, so it attempts to determine
the specific revisions or edits to the text.
Tradition,
Literary,
as well as others.
Source criticism is the pivotal method of higher criticism.
5. A. Definition:
1. Source Criticism is the study of the source
or origin of the material found in a
written document.
2. In the Old Testament it focuses on the
sources of the Pentateuch (Documentary
hypothesis) and Kings and Chronicles.
6. “The Four Document Hypothesis” which included
--“Q” ―Quelle‖ hypothetical lost source (material common to
Matthew and Luke and not found in Mark),
--Mark,
--L (material unique to Luke) and
--M (material unique to Matthew).
B. H. Streeter in 1924
7. 1. Traditional Conservative View
a. Moses is the author of the
Pentateuch
b. It was written ca. 1400 BC
c. It is inspired by God
2. Radical Documentarian View
a. Moses is not the author of any of it
b. It was written much later than
Moses’ time
c. It is a composite of many documents
and authors and a result of literary
evolution
d. It is not inspired by God. God is not
assumed to exist
Glenn Giles, The Documentary Hypothesis - Evidence for Christianity
8. Spanish rabbi
Abraham Ibn Ezra (1089-?)
He believed certain passages did not
come from Moses' own hand:
passages that referred to Moses
in the third person,
terms that Moses would not have
known,
places where Moses had never been,
language that reflected another time
and locale from those of Moses. The Book Exodus with the commentary of
Abraham ibn Ezra, Naples 1488
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra
9. Andreas Carlstadt, (1486 –1541)
One time friend of Martin
Luther and 16th century scholar.
The description of Moses'
death was written in the
same style as preceding
narrative.
Moses could not have
described his own death,
therefore the book of
Deuteronomy may not be
his work.
Otto Eissfeldt, The Old Testament an Introduction, (1965) 159
10. The Birth of the Documentary Hypothesis
• From there Abraham journeyed
toward the region of the
Negeb…While residing in Gerar
as an alien, Abraham said of his
wife Sarah, “She is my sister.”
(Gen. 20:1-2)
• So Isaac settled in Gerar.
When the men of the place
asked him about his wife, he
said “She is my sister.” (Gen.
26:6-7)
• Richard Simon
(1638-1712) noticed
that some stories in
Genesis were very similar.
• He developed the theory
that the Pentateuch was a
compilation of a number of
sources.
• Some of these sources
could have been derived
from Moses.
For Simon Ezra was the editor of the
final form of the Pentateuch.
Thus, the Torah was a product of the
postexilic period; the fifth century
B.C.
11. The Birth and History of DH
Baruch Spinoza (1632 –1677)
a Spanish Jewish scholar who claimed the Pentateuch was
not written by Moses because:
1. in passages he is spoken of in third person rather than
first person (he rather than I) (Now the man Moses was very
humble, more than any man who was on the face of the earth. Numbers 12:3 )
2 Moses could not have written of his own death in Deut. 34
3. unsubstantiated historical references (Gen 14:14; Ex 16:35;
Deut 1:1; etc.),
4. inconsistencies within the text (Ex 4:20; 18:2
A redactors (Ezra) composed the present-day Pentateuch many
years after the death of Moses.
12. • Jean Astruc (1684-
1766) noticed
something odd
about some lines in
Genesis 2.
• One referred to
God as Elohim. See
blue arrow:
• The other used
Yhwh. See red
arrow:
The Birth and History of DH
www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/pilchj/Documentary_Hypothesis.ppt
13. Moses compiled Genesis
from several centuries of
oral and written materials,
laying them out in
four columns; later editors
combined these columns to
produce a continuous
narrative.
This explains why some of
the narrative material is not
in chronological order
Employed
1. duplicate narratives
2. divine names Elohim
and YHWH
From two recognizable
primary and parallel
sources,
as well as some 10 minor
fragmentary sources.
From this time forward Moses was no longer considered the direct author of the Pentateuch/Torah.
The source, based on Elohim,
he titled A; the other source,
based on YHWH, he titled B;
the remaining material he
placed in two other columns, C
and D.
Otto Eissfeldt, The Old Testament an
Introduction, (1965) 161
14. He extended the criteria of
duplicate narratives
and the divine names used by Astruc
to include:
literary style
and thought content,
broadening his approach to include the entire
Pentateuch.
He Changed Astruc’s A and B to E and J
respectively,
which are the first letters of the corresponding
divine names—
He also identified several smaller Sources
Concluded that the Pentateuch was
much later than Moses and he could
not be the author.
Eichhorn
The Birth and History of DH
15. Alexander Geddes, a Scottish Roman
Catholic priest proposed a
―fragmentary theory‖ in 1792
Johann S. Vater, advanced in his
Commentar uber Den Pentateuch Vol 1-3 (1802,1805)
the idea that Genesis was composed
from at least 39 different
fragments which he dated from
Moses’ time up to 586 B.C.
Redactor
1400 BC
Chart from: Did Moses Write the Torah? Examining the JEDP Theory. Allan A. MacRae. Robert C. Newman.
Abstracts of Powerpoint Talks. - newmanlib.ibri.org
16. The origin of the Supplementary Hypothesis is to
be found in Heinrich Ewald review of
J.J. Stahelin, Kritische Untersuchungen
uber die Genesis (1831), and in Franz
Delitzsch (1852)
Heinrich Ewald (1823) noticed an impressive unity
running thru Genesis. It couldn’t very well
be a mass of independent fragments.
a. proposed the ―supplementary theory‖ of
the origin of the Pentateuch in which
there was ―one basic document or body
of tradition (E) which underlay all the
rest and which dated from about
1050-950 BC‖ (Archer, 83)
b. later additions were made by the J author
c. laws attributed to Moses by the text were
genuinely his. The rest were codified
by priests after the conquest of
Canaan
E
Basic
Document
(Grundschrift)
J supplement
Heinrich Ewald
Franz Delitzsch
17. Ewald later developed this to solve
problems in the Supplementary Theory,
as it looked like both J and E materials
assumed the existence of the other.
Ewald suggested that J and E
were types of material which
gradually accumulated, being
composed in view of the
currently existing compilation.
accumulation
accumulation
gradually
accumulated
18. Scholars began to explore the religious
history of Israel were they seemed to
discover development.
Also the evolutionary philosophic view of
Hegel began to have an impact.
Scholars began to see religious development
in the Torah which could be used to date the
documents.
Hupfeld's (1853) attempt to combine
stylistic criteria with developmental ones
19. Hermann Hupfeld (1853)
Re-examined the E document and proposed that
there were two documents (E1 and E2)
Karl Heinrich Graf (1866)
Graf divided P into historical P and a ―legal-P‖ document.
―legal-P‖ was later than D
Historical P was very early so had order
of documents as P,E,J,D, legal-P
Abraham Kuenen (1869)
argued for a unified P document
the order J-E-D-P
20. Julius Wellhausen (1878).
a. contributed basically nothing new
b. restated the four source theory with ―great skill and
persuasiveness, supporting the JEDP sequence
upon an evolutionary basis” fitted into Hegelian
dialecticism and the supposed evolutionary
development of polytheism to monotheism in the
Jewish religion. Gleason Archer, A Survey of Old Testament Introduction (1985 ed), p.89
―…was largely based on a Hegelian philosophy of history, not upon his
literary analysis. It was an a priori evolutionary scheme that guided
him…" – G.E.Mendenhall in The Bible & the Ancient Near East: Essays in Honor of William F. Albright., 32.
c. Became ―Graf-Wellhausen Hypothesis‖ or
―The Documentary Hypothesis‖
d. Classic statement is found in his Prolegomena to the
History of Ancient Israel (New York: The World Publishing Co, 1957).
http://www.evidenceforchristianity.org/the-documentary-hypothesis-power-point/
21. Julius Wellhausen’s
Presuppositions
Wellhausen approached scripture with three
key presuppositions:
1. Scripture must submit itself to
human reason and “contemporary
methods of study and modes of
thought;
2. Scripture has errors
3. Humans are the only authors of
scripture.
22. Wellhausen established the criteria for
the classical theory of the documentary
hypothesis.
Since then, proponents use five literary
identifiers to distinguish the sources.
1. variation in the ways of referring to
God ((Elohim myhla and Yahweh hwhy)
2. Duplication (Doublets) and repetition
of material;
3. variation in vocabulary and literary
style;
4. contrasting author perspectives;
5. evidence of editorial activity.
Wellhausen’s Criteria Documentary Hypothesis.
www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/pilchj/Documentary_Hypothesis.ppt
23. Some Examples
of the Identifiers to distinguish the Sources
1. Variation in the ways of referring to God
The use of two different names for God (Elohim myhla and Yahweh hwhy) in
different passages.
For example:
1:1-2:3 uses Elohim
Gen. 4: 6-16 uses Yahweh
6 Yahweh said to Cain, "Why are you angry? …9 Yahweh said to Cain, "Where is
Abel, your brother?" …10Yahweh said, "What have you done? …13 Cain said to
Yahweh, "My punishment is greater than I can bear. .. 15 Yahweh said to him,
"Therefore whoever slays Cain, vengeance will be taken on him sevenfold."
Yahweh appointed a sign for Cain, lest any finding him should strike him. 16 Cain
went out from Yahweh's presence, and dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of
Eden.
Gen. 1:1
In the beginning God created heaven and earth.
Bereshit bara Elohim et hashamayim ve'et ha'arets.
Gen. 2:2
The earth was without form and empty, with darkness on the face of
the depths, but God's spirit moved on the water's surface.
Veha'arets hayetah tohu vavohu vechoshech al-peney tehom veruach
Elohim merachefet al-peney hamayim.
Gen. 3:3
God said, 'There shall be light,' and light came into existence.
Vayomer Elohim yehi-or vayehi-or.Gen 2 & 3 uses YHWH Elohim
24. a. two different stories of creation
b. two converged stories of the flood
c. two stories of the covenant between God and Abraham
d. two stories of Abraham claiming Sarah is his sister
e. two stories of Jacob making a journey to Mesopotamia
f. two stories of God changing Jacob's name to Israel
g. two stories of Moses getting water from a rock at a place
called Meribah
(From http://prophetess.lstc.edu/~rklein/Doc4/source.htm).
Some Examples
of the Identifiers to distinguish the Sources
2. Doublets seemingly repeating the same story
25. Noah's special status
Then the LORD said to Noah, "Go into the ark, you
and all your household, for I have seen that you
alone are righteous before me in this generation. [7:1]
Noah's special status
"For my part, I am going to bring a flood of waters on the
earth, to destroy from under heaven all flesh in which is the
breath of life; everything that is on the earth shall die. But
I will establish my covenant with you; and you shall come
into the ark, you, your sons, your wife, and your sons' wives
with you." [6:17-18]
Animals by pairs and seven pairs
"Take with you seven pairs of all clean animals, the male
and its mate; and a pair of the animals that are not
clean, the male and its mate; and seven pairs of the birds
of the air also, male and female, to keep their kind alive on
the face of all the earth. For in seven days I will send rain
on the earth for forty days and forty nights; and every
living thing that I have made I will blot out from the face
of the ground." And Noah did all that the LORD had
commanded him. [7:2-5]
Animals by pairs
"And of every living thing, of all flesh, you shall bring
two of every kind into the ark, to keep them alive
with you; they shall be male and female. Of the birds
according to their kinds, of every creeping thing of the
ground according to its kind, two of every kind shall
come in to you, to keep them alive. Also take with you
every kind of food that is eaten, and store it up; and
it shall serve as food for you and for them." Noah did
this; he did all that God commanded him. [6:19-22]
Duration of flood
The rain fell on the earth forty days and forty
nights. [6:12]
Duration of flood
And the waters swelled on the earth for one
hundred fifty days. [7:24]
End of flood
At the end of forty days Noah opened the window of the
ark that he had made and sent out the raven; and it went
to and fro until the waters were dried up from the earth.
Then he sent out the dove ... He waited another seven
days, and again he sent out the dove... Then he waited
another seven days, and sent out the dove; and it did not
return to him any more. [8:6-12]
End of flood
In the six hundred first year, in the first month, the
first day of the month, the waters were dried up from
the earth; and Noah removed the covering of the ark,
and looked, and saw that the face of the ground was
drying. In the second month, on the twenty-seventh
day of the month, the earth was dry. Then God said to
Noah, "Go out of the ark, you and your wife, and your
sons and your sons' wives with you....[8:13-16]
Doublets repeating the same story with consequent contradictions
Weaving together two previous versions of the Flood Story, J source and P source
J P
http://www.evidenceforchristianity.org/the-documentary-hypothesis-power-point/
26. Genesis 1:2-2:3 Genesis 2:4-25
plants
animals
Man & woman (simultaneous)
man
plants
animals
woman
Creator Elohim mentioned
thirty-five times
Yahweh or Yahweh Elohim
mentioned eleven times
Doublets repeating the same story with consequent
contradictions
27. In the first account Israel sees the thunder and lightning and stays
at a distance from the mountain. But, in the second account they go
up to the mountain and see the smoke and fire.
Doublets repeating the same story with consequent
contradictions
When the people saw the thunder
and lightning and heard the
trumpet and saw the mountain in
smoke, they trembled with fear.
They stayed at a distance
(Exodus 20:18, NASB)
Then Moses led the people out of
the camp to meet with God, and
they stood at the foot of the
mountain. Mount Sinai was
covered with smoke, because the
LORD descended on it in fire. The
smoke billowed up from it like
smoke from a furnace, the whole
mountain trembled violently
(Exodus 19:17-18, NASB)
28. Vivid narrative of Exodus 2—the childhood and
early career of Moses—
Ponderous accounts of the building and equipping
of the tent sanctuary in Exodus 36-40.
Some Examples
of the Identifiers to distinguish the Sources
"I talked to mom‖ or "I spoke to my mother.― These two phrases are from two
different people.
These same variations in writing style can be seen in of the Torah.
"Yahweh said to Moses." Numbers 21:16
"Yahweh spoke unto Moses." Exodus 4:30
3. Language and Style differences
Certain parts of the Pentateuch are:
statistical or enumerative,
other parts are narrative
most of Deuteronomy consists of exhortation
29. Documentary Hypothesis:
Composition of Pentateuch
Wellhausen proposed that the
Pentateuch was composed
from four main sources.
1)J = Yahwist
2)E = Elohist
3)D = Deuteronomist
4)P = Priestly writer
30. J Jahwist
written ca 800 BC;
Prefers the narrative style
and stories
stress on Judah;
Calls indigenous people
“Canaanites”
stresses leaders
anthropomorphic speech
about God
God walks and talks with
us
God is YHWH
uses "Sinai” for God’s
mountain
Yahwist
9th cent.
Jahwist
9th cent BC
31. E Elohist
Written ca 750 BC
stress on northern
Israel;
Calls indigenous people
“Amorites”
stresses the prophetic
refined speech
about God, narrative,
stories of warning
God speaks in dreams
God is Elohim (till Ex 3)
Uses "Horeb” as God’s
mountain in place of
Sinai
Yahwist
9th cent.
JE
JE
Jahwist
9th cent BC
Elohist
750 BC
32. P Priestly
Written in various
stages (Ezekiel to Ezra)
stress on Judah
stresses the cultic
majestic speech about
God
cultic approach to God
God is Elohim (till Ex
3)
has genealogies and
lists
Deuteronomist
650 BC later
Yahwist
9th cent.
JE
Jahwist
9th cent BC
JE (D)
Elohist
750 BC
Deuteronomist
650 BC later
Priestly
JEDP
33. Yahwist
9th cent.
D Deuteronomist
Written under high priest
Hilkiah & king Josiah 621
BC
stress on central
shrine
stresses fidelity to
Jerusalem
speech recalling God's
work
moralistic approach
God is YHWH
has speeches and long
sermons
Hilkiah the high priest said to
Shaphan the secretary, "I have
found the Book of the Law in the
temple of the LORD." He gave it to
Shaphan, who read it. 2 Kings 22:8
Yahwist
9th cent.
JE
Jahwist
9th cent BC
JE (D) Deuteronomist
650 BC later
Elohist
750 BC
34. J Jahwist E Elohist P Priestly D Deuteronomist
written ca 800 BC Written ca 750 BC Written in various
stages (Ezekiel to Ezra)
Written under high priest
Hilkiah & king Josiah 621
BC
stress on Judah stress on northern
Israel
stress on Judah stress on central
shrine
stresses leaders stresses the prophetic stresses the cultic stresses fidelity to
Jerusalem
anthropomorphic speech
about God
refined speech
about God
majestic speech about
God
speech recalling God's
work
God walks and talks with
us
God speaks in dreams cultic approach to God moralistic approach
God is YHWH God is Elohim (till Ex
3)
God is Elohim God is YHWH
uses "Sinai” Sinai is "Horeb" has genealogies and
lists
has long sermons
http://www.evidenceforchristianity.org/the-documentary-hypothesis-power-point/
35. Wellhausen’s sequencing and dating according
to his Developmental (evolutionary) View
Wellhausen divided, sequenced and dated the sources according to his view of
the development of the Israelite religion and Heglian evolutionary ideas
Lit. Society Religion Law
1. J
E
primitive, tribal,
semi-nomadic
(Judges)
free, unorganized, natural worship at
many local shrines; monolatrous at
best
Book of the Covenant
Ex. 20:22 – 23:19
(esp. 20:24)
2. D monarchy
(Samuel, Kings)
prophets, the real founders of
Israelite religion, advocate strict
monotheism; God personal, not
national; ethical, not natural; worship
centralized
Deuteronomic Law
(esp. 12:1-7)
3. P ecclesiastical
hierarchy in post-
exilic times
cultus end in itself; denatured,
formulistic worship; fraudulent
ancient setting created to give it
authority
Priestly Code
Ex 25-31; 35-40; Lv and
legal portions of Numbers
Summary of Wellhausen’s Evolutionary Views
[DOC] 6. Negative Criticism 26-29.doc - Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary
PPT] Did Moses Write the Torah? - Newmanlib.ibri.org
36. CREATION OF THE PENTATEUCH
2100 BC--Abraham's Lifetime
2000 BC
1900 BC
1800 BC
1700 BC
1600 BC
1500 BC
1400 BC--End of Moses'
Life
Conservative Date for Pentateuch
1350 BC
1300 BC
1250 BC
1200 BC
1150 BC
1100 BC
1050 BC
1000 BC--King David's Reign J
950 BC
900 BC
850 BC
800 BC
750 BC
700 BC--Fall of Northern
Kingdom E
650 BC
600 BC--Josiah's Reform D
550 BC--Babylonian Exile P W
500 BC
450 BC W
400 BC Q JEDP
Pentateuch
The Evolution of the
JEDP Document
37. 1 Then the LORD said to Noah, "Go into the ark, you and all your household, for I have seen that
you alone are righteous before me in this generation. 2 Take with you seven pairs of all clean
animals, the male and its mate; and a pair of the animals that are not clean, the male and its
mate; 3 and seven pairs of the birds of the air also, male and female, to keep their kind alive on the
face of all the earth. 4 For in seven days I will send rain on the earth for forty days and forty
nights; and every living thing that I have made I will blot out from the face of the ground." 5 And
Noah did all that the LORD had commanded him.6 Noah was six hundred years old when the flood
of waters came on the earth. 7 And Noah with his sons and his wife and his sons' wives went into
the ark to escape the waters of the flood. 8 Of clean animals, and of animals that are not clean, and
of birds, and of everything that creeps on the ground,9 two and two, male and female, went into
the ark with Noah, as God had commanded Noah. 10 And after seven days the waters of the flood
came on the earth.
17 The flood continued forty days on the earth; and the waters increased, and bore up the ark, and
it rose high above the earth.18 The waters swelled and increased greatly on the earth; and the ark
floated on the face of the waters. 19 The waters swelled so mightily on the earth that all the high
mountains under the whole heaven were covered; 20 the waters swelled above the mountains,
covering them fifteen cubits deep. 21 And all flesh died that moved on the earth, birds, domestic
animals, wild animals, all swarming creatures that swarm on the earth, and all human
beings; 22 everything on dry land in whose nostrils was the breath of life died. 23 He blotted out
every living thing that was on the face of the ground, human beings and animals and creeping
things and birds of the air; they were blotted out from the earth.Only Noah was left, and those
that were with him in the ark. 24 And the waters swelled on the earth for one hundred fifty days.
Bold type for (red) J sections, ordinary type (yellow) for P sections, and underlined
type for “harmonizing additions” from a later editor (blue). (Gen 7:1-9, 17-24)
A. Campbell and M. O’Brien, Sources of the Pentateuch: text, introductions, annotations. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993.
38. Genesis 5
Jawist (J) Source Priestly (P) Source Redactor (R) Source
29) Now he called his name Noah, saying, "This one
will give us rest from our work and from the toil of
our hands arising from the ground which the LORD
has cursed."
30) Then Lamech lived five hundred and ninety-five
years after he became the father of Noah, and he
had other sons and daughters. 31) So all the days
of Lamech were seven hundred and seventy-seven
years, and he died. 32) Noah was five hundred
years old, and Noah became the father of Shem,
Ham, and Japheth.
Genesis 6
1) Now it came about, when men began to multiply
on the face of the land, and daughters were born to
them, 2) that the sons of God saw that the daughters
of men were beautiful; and they took wives for
themselves, whomever they chose. 3) Then the LORD
said, "My Spirit shall not strive with man forever,
because he also is flesh; nevertheless his days shall be
one hundred and twenty years." 4) The Nephilim
were on the earth in those days, and also afterward,
when the sons of God came in to the daughters of
men, and they bore children to them. Those were the
mighty men who were of old, men of renown. 5) Then
the LORD saw that the wickedness of man was great
on the earth, and that every intent of the thoughts of
his heart was only evil continually. 6) The LORD was
sorry that He had made man on the earth, and He
was grieved in His heart. 7) The LORD said, "I will blot
out man whom I have created from the face of the
land, from man to animals to creeping things and to
birds of the sky; for I am sorry that I have made
them." 8) But Noah found favor in the eyes of the
LORD.
9) These are the records of the generations of
Noah. Noah was a righteous man, blameless in his
time; Noah walked with God. 10) Noah became the
father of three sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth. 11)
Now the earth was corrupt in the sight of God, and
the earth was filled with violence. 12) God looked
on the earth, and behold, it was corrupt; for all
flesh had corrupted their way upon the earth. 13)
Then God said to Noah, "The end of all flesh has
come before Me; for the earth is filled with
violence because of them; and behold, I am about
to destroy them with the earth. 14) "Make for
yourself an ark of gopher wood; you shall make the
ark with rooms, and shall cover it inside and out
with pitch. 15) "This is how you shall make it: the
length of the ark three hundred cubits, its breadth
fifty cubits, and its height thirty cubits. 16) "You
shall make a window for the ark, and finish it to a
cubit from the top; and set the door of the ark in
the side of it; you shall make it with lower, second,
and third decks. 17) "Behold, I, even I am bringing
the flood of water upon the earth, to destroy all
flesh in which is the breath of life, from under
heaven; everything that is on the earth shall
perish. 18) "But I will establish My covenant with
you; and you shall enter the ark--you and your sons
and your wife, and your sons' wives with you. 19)
A Sample of the Distribution of Sources in the Pentateuch
39. Distribution of materials of Jahwist, Elohist and
Priestly sources, as well as Redactor's contribution in
the first four books, following Richard Friedman
Distribution of Sources in the Pentateuch
R Friedman
40. Implications from the Wellhausen hypothesis which became widely
accepted
1. Moses could not have authored the Pentateuch
2. The Pentateuch is much later then the traditional view
3. The Law originated after the historical books, not before them.
4. The true history of Israel is very different from the history
narrated by the OT.
41. 1. Variation in the ways of referring to God
The same author can use different names for God in order to
reflect different characteristic
He ―selected the name YHWH when the text reflects the Israelite
conception of God, …express… attributes traditionally
ascribed to Him by Israel, particularly in His ethical
character‖ YHWH is employed when God is presented … in
His personal character and in direct relationship to the
people or nature‖
―It preferred the name Elohim when the passage implies the
abstract idea of the Deity…–God conceived as the Creator of
the physical universe, as the Ruler of nature, as the Source
of life‖ ―Elohim… as the Transcendental Being who exists
completely outside and above the physical universe” Umberto
Cassuto (Hebrew, 1941; English translation, 1961) in The Documentary Hypothesis and the
Composition of the Pentateuch: Eight Lectures (Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, 1961) (31)
When applied to Gen. 1 and 2, it perfectly explains the different usages of the two terms in these
passages without a need to posit two different authors/sources.
--Genesis 1 is the story of Creation and Lord of the Universe which wouldrequire the term
“Elohim.” Indeed “Elohim” is the word used in that passage.
--With respect to Genesis 2-3, “God is portrayed as the moral Ruler,… YHWH. This is appropriate
here as it is dealing with God’s personal relationship with people.
42. --It is assumed that doublets were
pieced together by a redactor and this
is the cause of the perceived
―inconsistencies.‖
--Kaiser quotes Whybray about doublets
and the inconsistencies
―. . . the hypothesis can only be
maintained on the assumption that,
while consistency was the hallmark of
the various documents, inconsistency
was the hallmark of the redactors‖
Kaiser, 137
2. Doublets repeating the same story and consequent Inconsistencies
Another arguments against doublets indicating different sources may be chiasms.
Chiasms are simple literary structures which use reverse duplication. They are
found in the Pentateuch such as in Genesis 9:6
____A) Whoever sheds
_____B) the blood
______C) of man
______C) by man shall
_____B) his blood
____A) be shed.
43. 3. Language and Style differences
Variety in Language and style ―could just as well be a sign of differences in subject
matter that carry with them their own distinctive vocabulary and style‖
Kaiser, 137
Cassuto found that ―change in style depends on change of subject-
matter, not on differences of sources‖ (54)
Style can vary widely and still belong to a single person
Consider:
The painter Pablo Picasso
44. ―On the face of it, the study of the Pentateuch is in
ferment . . . The debate between different points of view is
lively and sometimes heated. As yet, no new consensus has
emerged about the composition of the Pentateuch.‖
(Gordon Wenham “Pentateuchal Studies Today,” Themelios 22:1 (October 1996): 3
“a fix is needed”
(Antony F. Campbell and Mark A. O’Brian , Rethinking the Pentateuch:
Prolegomena to the Theology of Ancient Israel (Louisville, KY: Westminster
John Knox Press, 2005), 1.
45. ―Another point to be kept in mind is what I do not mean when I take the position
that Moses was the author/compiler of the Pentateuch. I do not mean that
Moses wrote every single word so that the current form of the entire Hebrew
Pentateuch is exactly the same as it came from his pen. It is clear that there are
some post-Mosaic elements in the text. Not only the account of Moses death in
Deut. 34, but also other statements reflect post-Mosaic editorial activity.(Gen. 13:6b;
Gen. 36:31). A high view of inspiration does not preclude editorial work by someone
other than the original author.
I also do not mean that every word was original with Moses. It is not only
possible but likely that Moses made use of written sources (see Num. 21:14),
even
as Luke would later do in constructing his gospel (see Luke 1:1Ð4). It also seems
probable that Moses made use of oral tradition in composing the Pentateuch. It
bears emphasizing that originality is not a prerequisite for inspiration. All truth
belongs to God, and He has the right to inspire His prophet to make use of it, even
if it is derived from another source, whether oral or written.
In conclusion, in light of the weaknesses inherent in the documentary hypothesis,
this is certainly not the time for Bible-believing Christians to be flocking
to its banner. Rather, it is an auspicious time for them to affirm a more traditional
view, …‖
Greg A. King. The Documentary Hypothesis, Journal of the Adventist Theological Society, 12/1 (2001): 22-30.
46. "... it is true that the documentary hypothesis has
increasingly been shown to be flawed, and will
survive, if at all, only in a greatly modified form,
but that does not mean that we should ignore
the results of the last two centuries of
investigation. Our task is to find better ways of
understanding how the Pentateuch came to be
without writing off the real advances of our
predecessors.―
Blenkinsopp, The Pentateuch, p 28:
47. Moses the author of the Pentateuch according to the Bible
New Living Translation (NLT):
Passages in the Pentateuch itself:
Exodus 17:14 "Then the Lord instructed Moses, 'Write this down as a permanent record...'"
Exodus 24:4 "Then Moses carefully wrote down all the Lord's instructions."
Exodus 34:27 "And the Lord said to Moses, 'Write down all these instructions, for they
represents the terms of my covenant with you and with Israel.'―
Passages elsewhere in the Hebrew Scriptures:
Joshua 8:31-34 "He followed the instructions that Moses the Lord's servant had written in
the Book of the Law...―
2 Chronicles 34:14 "...Hilkiah the high priest...found the book of the Law of the Lord as it
had been given through Moses."
Passages in the Gospels which show that Jesus and John the Baptizer believed Moses to be the
author:
Matthew 19:7-8 "...why did Moses say a man could merely write an official letter of divorce
and send her away?", they asked. Jesus replied, 'Moses permitted divorce...'―
Mark 12:24 "...haven't you ever read about this in the writings of Moses, in the story of the
burning bush..."
Luke 24:44 "...I told you that everything written about me by Moses and the prophets and in
the Psalms must all come true.―
Passages elsewhere in the Christian Scriptures:
Romans 10:5 "For Moses wrote..."
48. No JEDP Document or
shred of it ever found
Nor are there any
references to it anywhere
We have no J,
E, D, or P.
Documents,
BUT
We have hundreds
of manuscripts of
the Hebrew Bible