Research design refers to the plan and structure of an investigation aimed at answering research questions. The plan outlines steps from developing hypotheses to analyzing data. Structure provides a framework relating study elements. Research design expresses the problem structure and investigation plan used to obtain evidence on relationships.
The basic purposes of research design are to provide answers to research questions and maximize experimental variance. Common designs include experimental and control groups with random assignment, as well as quasi-experimental designs using techniques like propensity score matching when randomization is not possible. Proper research design, whether experimental or quasi-experimental, aims to estimate treatment impacts while controlling for confounding factors.
This document discusses research design and approaches. It begins by distinguishing between research design and research approach, with research design being the broader plan for conducting a study and research approach being an important element within the design. The key elements of a research design are then outlined, including the approach, population/sampling, data collection methods, time/place of collection, and data analysis method. The document goes on to classify and describe different types of research approaches, with a focus on quantitative and qualitative approaches as well as experimental and non-experimental designs. Specific experimental designs like true experimental, quasi-experimental, and pre-experimental are defined.
This document discusses different types of research designs, including experimental and non-experimental designs. Experimental designs include within-group designs, between-group designs (such as two-group, multi-group, and factorial designs), and small N designs. Non-experimental designs discussed are quasi-experiments, correlational designs, and pseudo-experiments. The document provides details on the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of each type of design.
This document discusses different types of variables and research designs. It defines constructs, indicators, and operational definitions. It also describes different types of variables like independent, dependent, attribute and extraneous variables. Finally, it explains quasi-experimental designs like non-equivalent groups, interrupted time series, and regression discontinuity designs. It also covers single-case designs like A-B-A, multiple baseline, and changing criterion designs. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate these research concepts and designs.
Research is a systematic and scientific method of finding solutions by obtaining various types of data and systematic analysis of the multiple aspects of the issues related.
The techniques or the specific procedure which helps to identify, choose, process, and analyze information about a subject is called Research Methodology
Experimental design is a statistical tool for improving product design and solving production problems.
This document discusses research design and measurement. It defines research design and describes exploratory, descriptive, and experimental designs. Exploratory research is used to better understand undefined problems, descriptive research accurately describes variables, and experimental research tests hypotheses about causal relationships. Informal designs like before-after and after-only designs are less sophisticated, while formal designs like completely randomized and randomized block designs offer more control using statistics. Key concepts are also defined, like independent and dependent variables, and principles of experimental design like replication and randomization are explained.
Experimental research design aims to test hypotheses about causal relationships. It involves manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable under controlled conditions. True experimental designs have three key characteristics - manipulation, control, and randomization. Manipulation means consciously controlling the independent variable. Control involves using a control group to account for extraneous variables. Randomization ensures subjects are randomly assigned to conditions. Common true experimental designs include post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs. While powerful for establishing causation, experimental designs also have limitations for studying humans.
Experimental research design involves manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable under controlled conditions. There are three main types of experimental designs: true experimental designs have complete control and random assignment; quasi-experimental designs lack random assignment; and pre-experimental designs have no control. True experiments consist of manipulation, control, and randomization. Common true experimental designs include post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs. Randomization helps reduce bias by giving all subjects an equal chance of being in the experimental or control group.
Experimental research design aims to test hypotheses about causal relationships. It involves manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable under controlled conditions. True experimental designs have three key features - manipulation, control, and randomization. Manipulation means consciously controlling the independent variable. Control involves using a control group to account for extraneous variables. Randomization ensures subjects are randomly assigned to conditions. Common true experimental designs include post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs. While powerful for establishing causation, experimental research also has limitations for studying humans.
This document discusses research design and approaches. It begins by distinguishing between research design and research approach, with research design being the broader plan for conducting a study and research approach being an important element within the design. The key elements of a research design are then outlined, including the approach, population/sampling, data collection methods, time/place of collection, and data analysis method. The document goes on to classify and describe different types of research approaches, with a focus on quantitative and qualitative approaches as well as experimental and non-experimental designs. Specific experimental designs like true experimental, quasi-experimental, and pre-experimental are defined.
This document discusses different types of research designs, including experimental and non-experimental designs. Experimental designs include within-group designs, between-group designs (such as two-group, multi-group, and factorial designs), and small N designs. Non-experimental designs discussed are quasi-experiments, correlational designs, and pseudo-experiments. The document provides details on the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of each type of design.
This document discusses different types of variables and research designs. It defines constructs, indicators, and operational definitions. It also describes different types of variables like independent, dependent, attribute and extraneous variables. Finally, it explains quasi-experimental designs like non-equivalent groups, interrupted time series, and regression discontinuity designs. It also covers single-case designs like A-B-A, multiple baseline, and changing criterion designs. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate these research concepts and designs.
Research is a systematic and scientific method of finding solutions by obtaining various types of data and systematic analysis of the multiple aspects of the issues related.
The techniques or the specific procedure which helps to identify, choose, process, and analyze information about a subject is called Research Methodology
Experimental design is a statistical tool for improving product design and solving production problems.
This document discusses research design and measurement. It defines research design and describes exploratory, descriptive, and experimental designs. Exploratory research is used to better understand undefined problems, descriptive research accurately describes variables, and experimental research tests hypotheses about causal relationships. Informal designs like before-after and after-only designs are less sophisticated, while formal designs like completely randomized and randomized block designs offer more control using statistics. Key concepts are also defined, like independent and dependent variables, and principles of experimental design like replication and randomization are explained.
Experimental research design aims to test hypotheses about causal relationships. It involves manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable under controlled conditions. True experimental designs have three key characteristics - manipulation, control, and randomization. Manipulation means consciously controlling the independent variable. Control involves using a control group to account for extraneous variables. Randomization ensures subjects are randomly assigned to conditions. Common true experimental designs include post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs. While powerful for establishing causation, experimental designs also have limitations for studying humans.
Experimental research design involves manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable under controlled conditions. There are three main types of experimental designs: true experimental designs have complete control and random assignment; quasi-experimental designs lack random assignment; and pre-experimental designs have no control. True experiments consist of manipulation, control, and randomization. Common true experimental designs include post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs. Randomization helps reduce bias by giving all subjects an equal chance of being in the experimental or control group.
Experimental research design aims to test hypotheses about causal relationships. It involves manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable under controlled conditions. True experimental designs have three key features - manipulation, control, and randomization. Manipulation means consciously controlling the independent variable. Control involves using a control group to account for extraneous variables. Randomization ensures subjects are randomly assigned to conditions. Common true experimental designs include post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs. While powerful for establishing causation, experimental research also has limitations for studying humans.
types and concept of experimental research design .pptxssuserb9efd7
The document discusses different types of research designs, including exploratory, descriptive, and experimental designs. It provides examples of each type and explains their purposes. The document also covers informal experimental designs like before-after and after-only designs as well as formal designs like completely randomized, randomized block, Latin square, and factorial designs. It explains how to implement each design and which statistical analyses can be used. The conclusion emphasizes that a strong research design contains a clear problem statement, data collection procedures, details on the study population, and plans for data analysis.
This document outlines different types of experimental research designs, including true experimental, quasi-experimental, and pre-experimental designs. It discusses key elements like manipulation of independent variables, use of control groups, and randomization. True experiments aim to establish causation and include random assignment to groups. Quasi-experiments are similar but lack random assignment or a control group. Pre-experiments are the weakest design with no control groups or random assignment. Several specific experimental designs are described like post-test only, pre-test post-test, and randomized block designs. Advantages and disadvantages of different designs are also presented.
This document discusses experimental research design. It defines experimental research as observations under controlled conditions where the researcher manipulates the independent variable. There are three main types of experimental designs: true experimental designs where the researcher has full control, quasi-experimental designs with less control, and pre-experimental designs with no control. True experimental designs involve random assignment, a control group, and manipulation of the independent variable. They allow for causal inferences about the effect of an intervention on the dependent variable. The document describes several true experimental designs including post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and cross-over designs.
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research Design discusses different types of quantitative research designs, including true experimental, quasi-experimental, and different specific designs within those categories. It provides details on key aspects of experimental designs like randomization, manipulation of independent variables, and use of control groups. The document contrasts true experimental designs, which aim to establish clear cause-and-effect through random assignment and control of all variables, with quasi-experimental designs which lack random assignment or a control group. Specific quasi-experimental designs discussed include non-randomized control group designs and time series designs. Steps for designing experimental studies are also outlined.
Experimental research aims to determine cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating an independent variable and observing its impact on a dependent variable. Key characteristics include comparing groups, one receiving a treatment and one not; manipulating the independent variable; and random assignment to control for extraneous variables. True experiments use random assignment, while quasi-experiments employ other techniques like matching. Various experimental designs differ in their ability to control threats to internal validity like history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, regression, selection, mortality, and interaction effects. Factorial designs allow investigation of interactions between variables.
Understanding the Experimental Research Design(Part II)DrShalooSaini
This Power Point Presentation has been made while referring to the research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is to help the research students in developing an insight about the Experimental Research Design(Part- II).
Experimental design involves establishing the relationship between independent and dependent variables through a controlled experiment. There are different types of experimental designs including pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental. Pre-experimental designs lack control groups, true experiments use random assignment to control groups, and quasi-experiments do not use random assignment. Experimental designs specify the treatments or levels of independent variables to apply and how they are combined to answer the research objectives and hypotheses. The treatment design and levels are important for drawing valid conclusions from experimental results.
This document discusses research design, which is the second important step in the research process after defining the research problem. It involves planning the methodology for collecting relevant data and determining the techniques that will be used. The key aspects of research design covered include definitions, the need for research design, features of a good design, aligning the design with the research problem/objective, important concepts, and different types of designs such as exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Experimental designs like before-after, randomized control, and factorial designs are explained in detail along with their principles of replication, randomization, and local control.
Experimental design involves systematically manipulating variables to test hypotheses. There are three principles: randomization, replication, and reducing noise. A response variable is measured, while explanatory variables that may affect the response are investigated. Factors are categorical variables with levels, while covariates are continuous variables. Screening designs identify significant factors from many potential ones using full or fractional factorials. The objective and number of factors determine the appropriate design, such as randomized block, central composite, or Plackett-Burman designs for screening or response surface methods for optimization.
The document discusses experimental research designs. It describes the key components of experimental designs, including methodology, categories of designs, controlling extraneous variables through random assignment and other techniques, and examples of designs like the pre-test post-test control group design. The pre-test post-test control group design involves randomly assigning subjects to an experimental and control group, pre-testing both groups, exposing the experimental group to the independent variable, and then post-testing both groups to assess the impact of the independent variable by comparing the changes in the experimental and control groups. Experimental designs aim to establish causal relationships by manipulating an independent variable while controlling other factors.
This document discusses experimental research designs and methodology. It describes the key components of experimental designs, including different categories of research designs (pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, causal-comparative, true experimental). It also discusses strategies for controlling extraneous variables, such as random assignment, matching subjects, and blocking. The goal of experimental designs is to determine causal relationships by manipulating an independent variable while controlling other potential influences.
An experimental research design helps researchers execute their research objectives with more clarity and transparency.Experimental research design is a framework of protocols and procedures created to conduct experimental research with a scientific approach using two sets of variables.The best example of experimental research methods is quantitative research.
Experimental research helps a researcher gather the necessary data for making better research decisions and determining the facts of a research study.
This document discusses different types of experimental designs and their analysis techniques. It describes true experiments as having random assignment to experimental and control groups, a treatment for the experimental group, and post-testing of both groups. Quasi-experiments similarly compare groups but do not use random assignment. Pre-experimental designs like one-group pre-test post-test are used initially before true experiments. Ex post facto designs compare naturally occurring groups on variables of interest.
This document discusses various experimental research designs, including pre-experimental, true experimental, and randomized controlled trial designs. It provides examples and descriptions of different types of designs, such as one-shot case design, one-group pretest-posttest design, post-test-only control design, pretest-post-test-only design, Solomon four-group design, factorial design, randomized block design, and crossover design. The goal is to help students understand how to properly structure experiments to minimize threats to validity and draw accurate conclusions about causal relationships between independent and dependent variables.
This document discusses research design and experimental research design. It defines research design and its purpose. There are four main types of research design: exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and experimental. Experimental research design tests hypotheses about causal relationships between variables. There are informal and formal experimental designs. Informal designs include before-after, after-only, and before-after with control. Formal designs include completely randomized, randomized block, Latin square, and factorial designs. The document provides details about each design type.
The document discusses different types of research designs used in conducting research studies. It begins by defining research design and its purpose, which is to obtain answers to research questions and minimize variance. The key types of research designs covered are experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive, and correlational designs. Experimental design aims to test causal relationships through manipulation of independent variables. Descriptive design observes and measures variables without manipulation to understand characteristics and trends. Correlational design examines relationships between non-manipulated variables. The document provides examples and comparisons of when each design is most applicable.
This presentation provides an overview of quantitative research design. It defines quantitative research design as a plan for collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe or test relationships between variables. The key elements of quantitative research design discussed include the research approach, methods of data collection and analysis, sampling techniques, and time and location of data collection. True experimental and quasi-experimental designs are described as the two main types of quantitative research designs. Characteristics, examples, and advantages/disadvantages of quantitative research are also summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
types and concept of experimental research design .pptxssuserb9efd7
The document discusses different types of research designs, including exploratory, descriptive, and experimental designs. It provides examples of each type and explains their purposes. The document also covers informal experimental designs like before-after and after-only designs as well as formal designs like completely randomized, randomized block, Latin square, and factorial designs. It explains how to implement each design and which statistical analyses can be used. The conclusion emphasizes that a strong research design contains a clear problem statement, data collection procedures, details on the study population, and plans for data analysis.
This document outlines different types of experimental research designs, including true experimental, quasi-experimental, and pre-experimental designs. It discusses key elements like manipulation of independent variables, use of control groups, and randomization. True experiments aim to establish causation and include random assignment to groups. Quasi-experiments are similar but lack random assignment or a control group. Pre-experiments are the weakest design with no control groups or random assignment. Several specific experimental designs are described like post-test only, pre-test post-test, and randomized block designs. Advantages and disadvantages of different designs are also presented.
This document discusses experimental research design. It defines experimental research as observations under controlled conditions where the researcher manipulates the independent variable. There are three main types of experimental designs: true experimental designs where the researcher has full control, quasi-experimental designs with less control, and pre-experimental designs with no control. True experimental designs involve random assignment, a control group, and manipulation of the independent variable. They allow for causal inferences about the effect of an intervention on the dependent variable. The document describes several true experimental designs including post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and cross-over designs.
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research Design discusses different types of quantitative research designs, including true experimental, quasi-experimental, and different specific designs within those categories. It provides details on key aspects of experimental designs like randomization, manipulation of independent variables, and use of control groups. The document contrasts true experimental designs, which aim to establish clear cause-and-effect through random assignment and control of all variables, with quasi-experimental designs which lack random assignment or a control group. Specific quasi-experimental designs discussed include non-randomized control group designs and time series designs. Steps for designing experimental studies are also outlined.
Experimental research aims to determine cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating an independent variable and observing its impact on a dependent variable. Key characteristics include comparing groups, one receiving a treatment and one not; manipulating the independent variable; and random assignment to control for extraneous variables. True experiments use random assignment, while quasi-experiments employ other techniques like matching. Various experimental designs differ in their ability to control threats to internal validity like history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, regression, selection, mortality, and interaction effects. Factorial designs allow investigation of interactions between variables.
Understanding the Experimental Research Design(Part II)DrShalooSaini
This Power Point Presentation has been made while referring to the research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is to help the research students in developing an insight about the Experimental Research Design(Part- II).
Experimental design involves establishing the relationship between independent and dependent variables through a controlled experiment. There are different types of experimental designs including pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental. Pre-experimental designs lack control groups, true experiments use random assignment to control groups, and quasi-experiments do not use random assignment. Experimental designs specify the treatments or levels of independent variables to apply and how they are combined to answer the research objectives and hypotheses. The treatment design and levels are important for drawing valid conclusions from experimental results.
This document discusses research design, which is the second important step in the research process after defining the research problem. It involves planning the methodology for collecting relevant data and determining the techniques that will be used. The key aspects of research design covered include definitions, the need for research design, features of a good design, aligning the design with the research problem/objective, important concepts, and different types of designs such as exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Experimental designs like before-after, randomized control, and factorial designs are explained in detail along with their principles of replication, randomization, and local control.
Experimental design involves systematically manipulating variables to test hypotheses. There are three principles: randomization, replication, and reducing noise. A response variable is measured, while explanatory variables that may affect the response are investigated. Factors are categorical variables with levels, while covariates are continuous variables. Screening designs identify significant factors from many potential ones using full or fractional factorials. The objective and number of factors determine the appropriate design, such as randomized block, central composite, or Plackett-Burman designs for screening or response surface methods for optimization.
The document discusses experimental research designs. It describes the key components of experimental designs, including methodology, categories of designs, controlling extraneous variables through random assignment and other techniques, and examples of designs like the pre-test post-test control group design. The pre-test post-test control group design involves randomly assigning subjects to an experimental and control group, pre-testing both groups, exposing the experimental group to the independent variable, and then post-testing both groups to assess the impact of the independent variable by comparing the changes in the experimental and control groups. Experimental designs aim to establish causal relationships by manipulating an independent variable while controlling other factors.
This document discusses experimental research designs and methodology. It describes the key components of experimental designs, including different categories of research designs (pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, causal-comparative, true experimental). It also discusses strategies for controlling extraneous variables, such as random assignment, matching subjects, and blocking. The goal of experimental designs is to determine causal relationships by manipulating an independent variable while controlling other potential influences.
An experimental research design helps researchers execute their research objectives with more clarity and transparency.Experimental research design is a framework of protocols and procedures created to conduct experimental research with a scientific approach using two sets of variables.The best example of experimental research methods is quantitative research.
Experimental research helps a researcher gather the necessary data for making better research decisions and determining the facts of a research study.
This document discusses different types of experimental designs and their analysis techniques. It describes true experiments as having random assignment to experimental and control groups, a treatment for the experimental group, and post-testing of both groups. Quasi-experiments similarly compare groups but do not use random assignment. Pre-experimental designs like one-group pre-test post-test are used initially before true experiments. Ex post facto designs compare naturally occurring groups on variables of interest.
This document discusses various experimental research designs, including pre-experimental, true experimental, and randomized controlled trial designs. It provides examples and descriptions of different types of designs, such as one-shot case design, one-group pretest-posttest design, post-test-only control design, pretest-post-test-only design, Solomon four-group design, factorial design, randomized block design, and crossover design. The goal is to help students understand how to properly structure experiments to minimize threats to validity and draw accurate conclusions about causal relationships between independent and dependent variables.
This document discusses research design and experimental research design. It defines research design and its purpose. There are four main types of research design: exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and experimental. Experimental research design tests hypotheses about causal relationships between variables. There are informal and formal experimental designs. Informal designs include before-after, after-only, and before-after with control. Formal designs include completely randomized, randomized block, Latin square, and factorial designs. The document provides details about each design type.
The document discusses different types of research designs used in conducting research studies. It begins by defining research design and its purpose, which is to obtain answers to research questions and minimize variance. The key types of research designs covered are experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive, and correlational designs. Experimental design aims to test causal relationships through manipulation of independent variables. Descriptive design observes and measures variables without manipulation to understand characteristics and trends. Correlational design examines relationships between non-manipulated variables. The document provides examples and comparisons of when each design is most applicable.
This presentation provides an overview of quantitative research design. It defines quantitative research design as a plan for collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe or test relationships between variables. The key elements of quantitative research design discussed include the research approach, methods of data collection and analysis, sampling techniques, and time and location of data collection. True experimental and quasi-experimental designs are described as the two main types of quantitative research designs. Characteristics, examples, and advantages/disadvantages of quantitative research are also summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
2. What is Research Design
• Research Design is the plan and structure of investigation so conceived as to obtain answers to
research questions.
• The plan is the overall scheme or programme of the research. It includes an outline of what the
investigator will do from writing the hypothesis and their operational implications to the final analysis of
data.
• Structure is a framework or configuration of elements related in specified ways. The best way to specify
a structure is to write a mathematical equation that relates the parts of the structure to each other. Such
a mathematical equation, since its terms are defined and specially related by the equation or set of
equations is unambiguous. In short structure is a model of the relations among the variables of the
study.
• Your research design should express both the structure of the research problem and the plan of
investigation used to obtain empirical evidence on the relations of the problem.
Introduction
3. What is the Purpose of Research design
• Research design has two basic purposes:
• (1) To provide answers to research questions and
• (2) To maximise experimental variance
Two Basic Purposes
4. Symbolism and Definitions
• Before discussing designs, explanation of the symbolism to be used is given here:
• X means an experimentally manipulated variable or variables e.g. X1, X2, X3, and so on, though we will use X
alone, even when it can mean more than one independent variable.
• The symbol Ⓧ indicates that the independent variable is not manipulable – is not under the direct control of the
investigator
• The dependent variable is Y: Yb
is the dependent variable before the manipulation of X, and Ya
is the dependent
variable after the manipulation of X.
• With ̴X, means that experimental variable X is not manipulated
• Note that Ⓧ is a non-manipulable variable and ̴X is not manipulated though it is possible to manipulate it.
• 🅁 will be used for random assignment of subjects to experimental groups and random assignment of
experimental treatments to experimental groups.
The symbols
5. The Basic Designs
• Design 19.1: Experimental Group-Control Group: Randomised Subject
• Design 19.1, with two groups as above, and its variants with more than two groups, are probably the best designs for
many experimental purposes in behavioural research.
• 🅁 before the paradigm (or research design) indicates that subjects are randomly assigned to the experimental
group (top line) and the control group (bottom line). With randomisation, all possible independent variables are controlled
at least theoretically. Practically of course this may not be so. If enough subjects are included in the experiment to give
the randomisation a chance to operate, then we have strong control.
• Research design 19.1 can be extended to more than two groups.
Introduction
6. Notion of Control Groups
• The notion of control group can be explained as below.
• Assume that in an educational experiment we have four experimental groups as below.
• A1 is reinforcement of every response
• A2 is reinforcement at regular time intervals
• A3 is reinforcement at random intervals and
• A4 is no reinforcement
• Technically, there are three experimental groups and one control group in the traditional sense of the control group.
However A4 might be another experimental treatment: it might be some kind of minimal reinforcement. Then, in the
traditional sense, there would be no control group.
• The traditional sense of the term control group lacks generality. If the notion of control is generalised the difficulty
disappears. Whenever there is more than one experimental group and any two groups are given different treatments,
control is present in the sense of comparison previously mentioned.
7. Notion of Control Groups
• Thus the traditional notion that an experimental group should receive the treatment not
given to a control group is a special case of the more general rule that comparison
groups are necessary for internal validity of scientific research.
• If this reasoning is correct, we can set up designs such as the following:
• Figure 19.2a
• (Special Diet Experiment)
8. These designs will be more easily recognisable if they are set up in the manner as shown in the next slide.
Figure 19.2b
9. The design on the left is a simple one way analysis of variance design and the one on the right is a 2x2 two factorial design. In the
right hand design, X1a might be experimental and X1b control, while X2a and X2b be either a manipulated variable or a dichotomous
attribute variables. It is of course the same design as shown in Fig 19.2a.
Figure 19.3 a
Figure
19.3b
11. Test for “‘interaction,” or a possible effect due to the peculiar combinations of the
two nominal-scale variables.
12. Data for Factorial ANOVA from Blalock and saved in SPSS as Factorial ANOVA Data from Blalock
For conducting Factorial ANOVA in SPSS, use ANALYSE, General Linear Model, Univariate
13. Design 19.2
• The structure of design 19.2 is the same as that of design 19.1. The only difference is
that subjects are matched on one or more attributes. For the design to take its place
as an adequate design however, randomisation must enter the picture as noted by the
small r attached to the M (for ‘matched’)
Experimental Group-Control Group: Matched Subjects
14. Propensity score matching is a quasi
experimental method in which the
researcher uses statistical techniques to
construct an artificial control group by
matching each treated unit of similar
characteristics. Using these matches, the
researcher can estimate the impact of an
intervention.
Matching is a useful method in data analysis
to estimate the impact of a program for
which it is not ethically or logistically possible
to randomise
Propensity Score Matching
17. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
DESIGNS
• “Quasi-experimental methods are research designs that aim to identify the impact of a particular
intervention, program or event (a treatment) by comparing treated units (households, groups,
salaries, schools, firms etc) to control units.
• While quasi experimental methods use a control group, they differ from experimental methods in
that they do not use randomisation to select the control group. Quasi-experimental methods are
useful for estimating the impact of a program or event for which it is not ethically or logistically
feasible to randomise.
• Common examples of what is the experimental methods include difference in differences,
regression discontinuity design, instrumental variables, and propensity score matching.
• In general, quasi-experimental methods require larger sample sizes and more assumptions than
experimental methods in order to provide valid and unbiased estimates of program impacts.
Introduction
18. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
DESIGNS
• Like experimental methods, quasi-experimental methods aim to estimate program effects free of
confoundedness, reverse causality, or simultaneous causality. While quasi-experimental methods use a
counterfactual, they differ from experimental methods in that they do not randomised treatment assignment.
Instead they exploit existing conditions or circumstances in which treatment assignment has a sufficient
element of randomness, as in regression discontinuity design or event studies. Or simulate an experimental
counterfactual by constructing a control group as similar as possible to the treatment group as a propensity
score matching. Other examples of quasi-experimental methods include instrumental variables and difference
in differences.
• In general, quasi-experimental methods require larger samples than experimental methods.
• Further, for quasi-experimental methods to provide valid and unbiased estimates of program impacts,
researchers must make more assumptions about the control group than in experimental methods. For
example difference in differences relies on the equal trends assumption, while matching assumes identical
and observed characteristics between the treatment and control groups.
OVERVIEW
19. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
DESIGNS
• Video Links
• https://mru.org/courses/mastering-econometrics/introduction-instrumental-variables-p
art-one
• https://mru.org/courses/mastering-econometrics/introduction-differences-differences
• Web links
• https://dimewiki.worldbank.org/Regression_Discontinuity
• https://dimewiki.worldbank.org/Propensity_Score_Matching
• https://dimewiki.worldbank.org/Instrumental_Variables
Some useful links