This document describes a smart space application that dynamically relates medical and environmental information. The application collects data from physiological sensors on users and environmental sensors in rooms. It calculates a discomfort index based on temperature and humidity readings. An ontology represents the data domains and relationships. Knowledge processors insert, query, and analyze the shared information according to the ontology. The application aims to provide a more complete picture of users' health parameters and surrounding conditions to benefit doctors and other stakeholders.
The internet of things in high andean wetland monitoring, historical review a...journalBEEI
The internet of things (IoT) has allowed important technological advances for monitoring and telemetry, thanks to the fact that IoT-based systems allow to obtain information in large areas, far from urban environments, and where low energy monitoring systems are required, features that are consistent with the requirements for high Andean wetlands telemetry. The monitoring of environmental variables, such as water quality in high Andean wetlands, is a topic of great importance for the scientific community, since, if the knowledge of the dynamics of the wetlands is improved, it is possible to optimize the decision making for their conservation. In that sense, to know the application of the IoT in this type of wetlands at a global level, this work presents a review of the literature related to the use of the IoT in the monitoring of high Andean wetlands. In order to carry out a historical review, a methodology was proposed under some guiding questions, which allowed designing a structure for background searches. Both the questions and the structure guided the search process from macro areas, such as IoT and environment, to micro areas, such as IoT applications in wetland monitoring. Finally, the review concluded that IoT has not been applied in high Andean wetland monitoring.
Dr. Ashutosh Tiwari is actively involved in the technological development of the charge to mass (e/m) health, self-powered devices, programmable medicine, intelligent- energy, security and automation etc.
The internet of things in high andean wetland monitoring, historical review a...journalBEEI
The internet of things (IoT) has allowed important technological advances for monitoring and telemetry, thanks to the fact that IoT-based systems allow to obtain information in large areas, far from urban environments, and where low energy monitoring systems are required, features that are consistent with the requirements for high Andean wetlands telemetry. The monitoring of environmental variables, such as water quality in high Andean wetlands, is a topic of great importance for the scientific community, since, if the knowledge of the dynamics of the wetlands is improved, it is possible to optimize the decision making for their conservation. In that sense, to know the application of the IoT in this type of wetlands at a global level, this work presents a review of the literature related to the use of the IoT in the monitoring of high Andean wetlands. In order to carry out a historical review, a methodology was proposed under some guiding questions, which allowed designing a structure for background searches. Both the questions and the structure guided the search process from macro areas, such as IoT and environment, to micro areas, such as IoT applications in wetland monitoring. Finally, the review concluded that IoT has not been applied in high Andean wetland monitoring.
Dr. Ashutosh Tiwari is actively involved in the technological development of the charge to mass (e/m) health, self-powered devices, programmable medicine, intelligent- energy, security and automation etc.
An interactive map of current locations for members of our Wheaton Community High School Class of 1962 group. Just click on a state to see which classmates live there!
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An interactive map of current locations for members of our Wheaton Community High School Class of 1962 group. Just click on a state to see which classmates live there!
An innovative IoT service for medical diagnosis IJECEIAES
Due to the misdiagnose of diseases that increased recently in a scarily manner, many researchers devoted their efforts and deployed technologies to improve the medical diagnosis process and reducing the resulted risk. Accordingly, this paper proposed architecture of a cyber-medicine service for medical diagnosis, based internet of things (IoT) and cloud infrastructure (IaaS). This service offers a shared environment for medical data, and extracted knowledge and findings between patients and doctors in an interactive, secured, elastic and reliable way. It predicts the medical diagnosis and provides an appropriate treatment for the given symptoms and medical conditions based on multiple classifiers to assure high accuracy. Moreover, it entails different functionalities such as on-demand searching for scientific papers and diseases description for unrecognized combination of symptoms using web crawler to enrich the results. Where such searching results from crawler, are processed, analyzed and added to the resident knowledge base (KB) to achieve adaptability and subsidize the service predictive ability.
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Abstract The use of wireless sensor networks in healthcare
applications is growing in a fast pace. Numerous applications
such as heart rate monitor, blood pressure monitor and
endoscopic capsule are already in use. To address the growing
use of sensor technology in this area, a new field known as
wireless body area networks has emerged. As most devices
and their applications are wireless in nature, security and
privacy concerns are among major areas of concern. Body
area networks can collect information about an individual’s
health, fitness and energy expenditure. Comprising body
sensors that communicate wirelessly with the patients
control device for monitoring and external communication.
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sensor network in biomedical field and how to solve most of
these issues. To analyze the different security strategies in
Wireless Sensor Networks and propose this system to give
highest quality medical care with full security in their
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International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing (IJU) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that provides excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of ubiquitous computing. Current information age is witnessing a dramatic use of digital and electronic devices in the workplace and beyond. Ubiquitous Computing presents a rather arduous requirement of robustness, reliability and availability to the end user. Ubiquitous computing has received a significant and sustained research interest in terms of designing and deploying large scale and high performance computational applications in real life. The aim of the journal is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field
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1st Project - Health Systems.
As a result of ageing population, increasing demand and evolving technology on healthcare systems, the progress in the Internet of Things (IoT) has a key role in suppressing all these needs, in particular, redesigning modern health care with promising technological, economic and social prospects. This paper attempts to comprehensively review the current research and development on the impact of IoT in Healthcare. Relying on a comprehensive literature review, this paper analyses the architecture of an IoT-based systems, focusing on the main components and their value to the overall system. In addition, a perspective on electronic health records and on privacy and security issues are overviewed, along with the review of clinical cases of IoT-based systems. Given IoT clear acceptability and affordability among youngers and elders, combined to a broad range of devices and machine learning techniques, it’s expected these devices will facilitate in many ways health providers’ job, as long as other topics like data protection keep side-by-side.
IST - 4th Year - 2nd Semester - Biomedical Engineering.
Today, health monitoring relies heavily on technological advancements. This
study proposes a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) based, multinodal
health monitoring system to monitor vital physiological data. The suggested
system consists of two nodes, an indoor node, and an outdoor node, and the
nodes communicate via long range (LoRa) transceivers. Outdoor nodes use an
MPU6050 module, heart rate, oxygen pulse, temperature, and skin resistance
sensors and transmit sensed values to the indoor node. We transferred the data
received by the master node to the cloud using the Adafruit cloud service. The
system can operate with a coverage of 4.5 km, where the optimal distance
between outdoor sensor nodes and the indoor master node is 4 km. To further
predict fall detection, various machine learning classification techniques have
been applied. Upon comparing various classifier techniques, the decision tree
method achieved an accuracy of 0.99864 with a training and testing ratio of
70:30. By developing accurate prediction models, we can identify high-risk
individuals and implement preventative measures to reduce the likelihood of
a fall occurring. Remote monitoring of the health and physical status of elderly
people has proven to be the most beneficial application of this technology.
2. Figure 1. Proprietary and domain specific approach
As long as health and energy communities keep living in Figure 2. Interoperable approach
separate islands, relying on their own standards and
infrastructures that lack interoperability (Fig. 1), the multi- II. APPLICATION FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
domain nature of the above applications makes them
We claim that if environmental and health data are made
unsustainable due to their high complexity and cost.
interoperable, then they may be abstracted to generate new
In this paper we imagine a different scenario (Fig. 2) where knowledge, and thus effectively reused in innovative applications
information consumers and producers are decoupled and relevant to the benefit of multiple institutions and users. The scenario
information is stored on a shared information search domain devised in our research is depicted in Fig. 3. We partitioned the
accessible by all the relevant actors. With this approach, a wide physical space into “rooms” (room1 and room2 in Fig. 3).
range of cross-domain applications are possible, as long as the Temperature and relative humidity are sensed by Intel® iMote2
data model remains consistent and domain specific knowledge is sensor nodes placed in each room. In our current implementation
represented in an interoperable way. this data is transmitted to the shared information space through a
room PC. Users wear a Zephyr Bioharness BT [1] and a
The shared memory approach has been adopted by SOFIA, smartphone. The Bioharness senses skin temperature, heart rate,
an ongoing European Project lead by NOKIA®* which is respiration frequency, posture angle and an activity index, and
proposing a platform for sharing interoperable information in transmits this to the smartphone which, in turn, feeds the shared
smart environment applications. The platform is called the Open information store over a Wi-Fi connection. As we need user’s
Innovation Platform (OIP) and its goal is to make "information" location information, each room is equipped with an RFID reader
in the physical world available for smart services in embedded [12]. An RFID tag [13] is attached to each user’s
and ubiquitous systems. There are no a-priori restrictions on the smartphone. When a person enters a room, their tag needs to be
application domain - cross-domain as well as domain specific read by the reader that is located by the room entrance. This
applications are equally supported. action is recognized and fed to the shared information space
This paper describes the design and the structure of a cross- through the room-PC. This rather primitive but effective RFID
domain application that relies on the OIP to provide innovative based location system can be swapped out with more viable
services based on the concurrent, dynamic handling of people’s solutions in future deployments. Fig. 3 also shows how data
physiological parameters and their day to day surrounding gathered from the users and from the environment may be used.
environmental conditions. The temperature and relative humidity data are abstracted into the
thermohygrometric index, i.e. a bioclimatic index that is measure
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 is the of the perceived discomfort level due to the combined effect of
functional description of the addressed application; Section 3 humidity and temperature conditions. Health monitoring and
describes the OIP, it’s terminology and main features; in Section Alarm management are still rather rudimentary. The first tracks
4 the ontology is designed, the implementation is modelled, and all of a user’s properties, i.e. her health parameters together with
the main software modules having access to the OIP’s shared the thermohygrometric index and the environmental conditions
information domain are detailed; in section 5 usual conclusions of the place where she is located. The alarm generator is meant to
are drawn. detect alarm conditions under specified policies and to publish
them to the benefit of dedicated alarm handlers. Currently the
alarm detection is threshold based and alarms are communicated
visually
*SOFIA (2009-11) is funded through the European JTI Artemis programme
under the subprogramme SP3 “Smart Environments and Scalable Digital
Services”, see http://www.sofia-project.eu
3. Smart Space Access Protocol (SSAP): Physical distribution
of a Smart Space
Smart Space
SIB
KP KP
Knowledge Processor (KP): SIB SIB
Semantic Information Broker (SIB)
Figure 4. OIP logical architecture
will take a further look at the SIB and its interacting entity, i.e.
the KP. The SIB acts as the shared information store for the OIP.
It utilizes the Resource Description Framework (RDF), a triple
based Semantic Web standard for expressing complex data as
directed labelled graphs in combination with an ontology. An
ontology contains all the definitions of the entities used within
the SS and their properties which are also used to relate the
entities with one another. The SIB provides an interface whose
Figure 3. Our scenario
fundamental components are: join, leave, insert, remove, query
Our claim is that along with the shown approach, valuable and subscribe. The protocol used to communicate with the SIB is
applications could be devised. Thanks to the information level entitled the Smart Space Application Protocol, an application
interoperability enabled by the platform (see section 3), the layer protocol based on XML. For a KP to interact with the SIB,
applications are agnostic with respect to device vendors and it must first join the SS then it can insert or query for information
types, as long as the information is available in the OIP. as needed. The interoperability between KPs is provided when
each KP is imbued with the knowledge from the relevant portion
III. LOGICAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE OPEN INNOVATION of the application’s domain ontology.
PLATFORM
IV. APPLICATION DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
The OIP being developed within Sofia aims to make Designing SS applications is a two-step process: the entities
"information" in the physical world available for smart services involved in the application and the relationships between them
in embedded and ubiquitous systems. This implies a shift away must be modelled in an ontology, then the application must be
from the classical focus on interoperability in the physical/service partitioned into distinct KPs. When approaching the design of an
level towards interoperability at the information level. The ontology, the designer must take into account the information
information level can be seen as a set of information producers hierarchy in their application. The information interoperability is
and consumers, shared information and its semantic data model. directly impacted by how expressive the ontology is. One distinct
The OIP architecture is simplicity driven and it is made up of advantage of the OIP is that the ontology used can be sub-classed
three distinct entities (Fig. 4): after design time and new information can still be interpreted
thanks to the deductive closure calculated by the query engine
1) Smart Space (SS) is a named search extent of [14].
information;
When designing our ontology we took an iterative approach:
2) Semantic Information Broker (SIB) is an entity (at we first performed a top-down analysis of our system functional
the information level) for storing, sharing, and requirements. After finding the abstract concepts, we took a
governing the information of one SS; bottom-up view of the system to understand what kinds of sensor
information our hardware would be providing. The resulting
3) Knowledge Processors (KP) is an entity interacting ontology is shown in Fig. 5. Our main entities, i.e. classes, are
with the SIB and contributing and/or consuming Person, Environment, Alarm, Device, and Data. The Person and
content according to a relevant ontology. Environment entities are self-explanatory. Alarms are entities
characterized by an AlarmType, e.g. HeartRateAlarm, and in this
case are related to Environments or to Persons. Devices are
Using this viewpoint, a SS can be made up of a number of objects that can produce data or run KPs and are described by
SIBs which provide information interoperability and at least two their characteristics, e.g. resolution, communication channels,
KPs, one a producer and the other a consumer. In order to better MAC addresses. Data read by a sensor is represented by a literal
understand the application presented in Section 2, the following value, i.e. the reading, a timestamp, the type of measurement, e.g.
heart rate, temperature, humidity, the unit of measure and its
privacy level. By modelling the data class in this way, we
4. ensured that any KP consuming sensor data would be able to take
advantage of new sensor types without having to rethink the KP.
Once our application’s ontology had been defined, the KPs were
identified and modelled as shown in Fig. 6. The following
subsections describe the functionality of the separate KPs in the
system.
A. Environmental Sensing KP
The environmental sensing KP publishes environmental
sensor data to the system. It has a simple user interface to register
the environment, the sensor platform and to associate them.
When humidity and temperature data are inserted into the SIB
they are associated with the room that is being monitored. In a
typical SS application the registration of the
environment and platforms would be performed separately,
however, for simplicities sake the two have been integrated.
B. Physiological Sensors KP Figure 6. KP-SIB interaction
This runs on a Windows Mobile smartphone and has a GUI
which is used to register the device, its data and alarm thresholds.
After configuration, data is captured from a Zephyr BioHarness:
heart rate, skin temperature, respiration rate, posture angle and an D. Location KP
activity index are associated with a user and the information is This KP interfaces with our RFID readers so that when a
inserted into the OIP. person enters a room, they are associated with the new location.
This KP also updates the location of any devices the person may
C. Thom Index KP have in their possession.
This KP calculates the thermohygrometric index for every
environment in the system. As discussed in section 2, this index - E. Alarm Generator and Announcer KP
also called Thom Index - is a derivation of the humidity and Performs a search for all entities that have an associated
temperature in the room and adjusts it to a new temperature that safety threshold and subscribes to the relevant data. When the
is more akin to that of what a person “feels”. The KP subscribes data falls outside of the threshold, an alarm is raised and placed
to any temperature data, performs a check on the unit of measure, in the SIB. This way any other KP wanting to perform some
and inserts the new Thom index data. The information is action is capable of doing so. Furthermore, in this particular
associated with a given environment based on the location of the instance, the same KP visualizes the alarm (Fig. 6).
sensors.
F. Health Care Monitoring KP
Allows the health care service to monitor a patient in real
time. The KP allows the viewer to select from all the people
available and then creates a subscription to all of their relevant
data. It uses all of the data on the SIB, so not just physiological
data is available, but also the person’s environmental information
as well. The KP visualizes instantaneous heart rate, skin
temperature, respiration rate, posture angle and an activity index
in addition to the user’s location, its Thom Index and
environmental data (temperature and humidity). Fig. 7 shows the
UI of this KP. The user’s information is also logged to a file. Fig.
8 shows some data collected from one such session; during this
example the patient is in a home environment walking between a
cellar and a living room. The seemingly low skin temperature is
due to the Bioharness infrared temperature sensor position on the
user’s chest. This KP runs unchanged on a Ubuntu laptop and on
a Maemo tablet (Nokia N810).
Figure 5. Ontology class tree
5. offered by the OIP. Multiple KPs are run on heterogeneous
devices, while each one takes advantage of the shared
information. This type of system can be extended by new
producer KPs as long as the new information produced follows
the ontology used in the original system. As long as this
condition is met, a consumer KP can take advantage of the new
information with little or no modification of its codebase. This
feature ensures the flexibility of the system to future expansion or
modification of the sensor platforms used. We are continuing the
development of this application by integrating it into a larger
system that will offer us the ability to effect the user’s
environment given their alarms and current state. We also hope to
continue this work by analyzing the medical benefits of having a
more holistic view of a patient by performing field tests with
biomedical engineers and clinicians. The continued development
of the OIP will lead to a number of varying new services and
applications. As our everyday devices evolve towards the vision
of the Internet of Things, data interoperability at the information
level will become ever more important.
Figure 7. Screenshot of health care monitoring KP
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was funded by the European Commission, within
the framework of the ARTEMIS JU SP3 SOFIA project
(http://sofia-project.org/) . The authors would like to thank all
project partners who contributed to the definition and
implementation of SOFIA Open Innovation Platform. Section 3
and Fig. 3 are largely based on SOFIA work-in-progress. The
iMote2 devices used in the research were donated to the
University of Bologna by Intel Lab during a previous research in
2006.
NOKIA is a trademark of Nokia® Corporation.
Intel and iMote2 are trademarks of Intel® Corporation.
Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of their
respective owners.
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