This document appears to be a final exam for an introductory sociology course. It includes 100 multiple choice, true/false, matching, and short answer essay questions assessing students' knowledge of key sociological concepts and theories covered in the class. The exam instructions note it is worth 100 points, or 25% of the overall course grade. Students are provided an answer sheet to record their responses and are permitted to use course materials and notes while completing the exam.

1. Socy 100
Spring 2016
Final Answer sheet
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Essay Questions: Make sure to number your answers and note
that you may use as much room as necessary for you essay
answers. You should be able to answer each question in one or
two paragraphs.
FINAL EXAM

2. Introduction to Sociology (SOCY 100) Spring 2016
Instructions: Please use the answer sheet provided along with
this Exam. The test is comprised of 100 points and contains
multiple choice, true/false, matching, and short-answer essay
questions. You may use any notes you have taken and any
course materials (e.g., the course Modules and Course Text) in
answering the questions. This is an open-book test. I view this
as more of a learning exercise than a traditional final exam. I do
ask that you do your own work and do not work with others.
Please note that the Final is worth 100 points but will be
weighted as 25 percent of the course grade. Please review the
syllabus for more information about how the final grade is
calculated.
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Which of the following men coined the term Sociology and is
widely considered the father of sociology?
a. Auguste Comte
b. Karl Marx
c. Herbert Spencer
d. Émile Durkheim
2. The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs,
knowledge, material objects, and behaviors is known as:
a. Social roles
b. Socialization
c. Culture
d. Ethnocentrism
3. Jeremy wrote an essay criticizing the college admissions
process, arguing that heavy competition and limited educational
resources make admission difficult for the average student.
Which perspective would Jeremy’s argument fall under?
a. Structural Functionalism
b. Conflict Theory
c. Symbolic Interactionism
d. Human Radicalism

3. 4. Which is NOT one of the three distinctive characteristics of a
total institution?
a. Staff members supervise all spheres of daily life
b. Staff members encourage the maintenance of individuality,
and creativity
c. Food, sleeping quarters, and activities are standardized
d. Formal rules dictate how virtually every moment is spent.
5. Eleanor is researching the effect social media has on
worldwide political awareness and revolution. Felix is
examining the effect World of Warcraft has on romantic
relationships of middle-age men in his metro area. Eleanor’s
analysis is ______________, while Felix’s analysis is
____________.
a. Micro-level; macro-level
b. Macro-level; micro-level
c. They are both macro level
d. Middle Range and macro-level
6. Max Weber defined the term Verstehen as:
a. To maintain a moral conscience.
b. To compare and contrast social facts.
c. To understand in a deep way.
d. To require proof of interpretation.
7. Kyle is collecting newspaper clippings from his grandfather
about the American public’s perception of World War II. This
is an example of ______.
a. Tertiary data
b. Interactive data
c. Primary data
d. Secondary data
8. Kevin conducted a study on whether the length of the line at

4. a local Starbucks affected how well the customers enjoyed their
coffee after receiving it. Malcolm conducted the study at his
local Starbucks, and found the same results. Kevin’s study had a
high level of _____.
a. Literacy
b. Validity
c. Interpretation
d. Reliability
9. The term value neutrality is defined by the text as:
a. A practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment
during the course of a study and in publishing results.
b. The study of evolving ethics and morals in relation to
sociological research.
c. A systematic approach to record and value information
gleaned from secondary data as it relates to the study at hand.
d. A study’s participants being randomly selected to serve as a
representation of a larger population.
10. Elise travels across Thailand with her friends and, to her
surprise, finds the country quite unlike the United States. “I
hate the food,” she tells her family at home. “I hate the
language, I hate the weird customs, and awful music. America
is clearly the best place to be.” This is an example of _______.
a. Paradigms
b. Xenocentrism
c. Moral relativism
d. Ethnocentrism
11. Ivanka Trump is the daughter of business mogul Donald
Trump. Her role as heiress to the Trump fortune is an example
of ______.
a. Achieved status
b. The Thomas Theorem
c. Ascribed status
d. Cultural drift

5. 12. Charles Cooley’s concept of the looking-glass self
hypothesizes that:
a. Self-esteem is directly correlated with body image.
b. The media encourages society to base their appearances on
visible public figures.
c. People base their images on how they think other people see
them.
d. Personal identity isn’t influenced by outside social forces.
13. When Michael starts high school, he joins the basketball
team. He begins to look to his teammate friends for cues on
how to behave at dances, in the hallways, and even in the
classroom. Michael’s basketball team is serving as Michael’s
_____.
a. Out-group
b. Reference group
c. Aggregate group
d. Secondary group
14. What is considered the first agent of socialization?
a. The law
b. Family
c. Friends
d. School
15. When Jeanette’s parents find out her twin brother, Rex, has
been sexually active, they tell him to use protection. When they
found out Jeanette has been sexually active, they ground her for
a month. This is an example of:
a. A double standard
b. A misunderstanding
c. Homophobia
d. Gender identity
16. A sociologist studies how a teacher’s attitudes toward
particular students affect students’ performance. Students of

6. similar abilities who are “teacher’s pets” perform at a high
level, and students who are viewed as “troublemakers” perform
poorly. This would illustrate which explanation of deviance?
a. Labeling theory
b. The Societal Drift theory
c. Dramaturgical deviance
d. Differential association theory
17. Adolf Hitler blaming Germany’s pre-war problems on the
Jewish population is an example of:
a. The scapegoat theory
b. The social construction of race
c. White privilege
d. Pluralism
18. In a small town in the Midwest, all of the children attend
the same school and most of the community members attend the
same church. Everyone in this community knows everyone else,
and they have shared numerous experiences with one another.
This community would be characterized by Ferdinand Tonnies
as a (an)
a. Gemeinschaft
b. Gesellschaft
c. Organic solidarity
d. Mechanical solidarity
19. Which of the following is the best example of
ethnocentrism?
a. People move to a new state expecting to find more job
opportunities and become frustrated when it does not happen.
b. People travel to a new society and find it difficult to adjust to
the new food and language.
c. John meets a student from Brazil and finds the student’s
culture fascinating.
d. People travel to another country and regard their practice of
worshipping many gods as primitive and ignorant.

7. 20. According to C. Wright Mills, as sociologists we should
learn to understand our individual lives in terms of the social
forces that have shaped them. This is referred to as.
a. Positivism
b. The generalized other
c. The sociological imagination
d. Impression management
21. An individual wears jeans to a formal dinner. This breach of
social etiquette is regarded as breaking:
a. Folkways
b. Mores
c. Laws
d. Values
22. Skipping school for the first time as an eighth grader is an
example of:
a. Recidivism
b. Primary deviance
c. A degradation ceremony
d. Secondary deviance
23. Travis Hirschi developed which of the following theories:
a. Social control theory
b. Differential association
c. Symbolic interactionism
d. Retrospective interpretation
24. Emile Durkheim coined the term Anomie to mean:
a. A feeling of cultural neutrality
b. Conformist behavior
c. A sense of normlessness, disorientation, and alienation from
society
d. Cognitive dissonance

8. 25. Bob and Sue paint their baby’s room pink as soon as they
find out that they are having a girl. They are beginning to
provide the baby with what?
a. Self-awareness
b. A playroom
c. Her sexuality
d. Her gender identity
26. Corporal Punishment is another way of saying:
a. White Collar Crime
b. Life in prison
c. Spanking
d. The death penalty
27. In which part of the family life cycle, do sociologists point
to as the most stressful time for a marriage?
a. The engagement period.
b. The first year of marriage.
c. The birth of the first child.
d. The birth of the last child.
28. Peter finds that he always reacts differently to correction
from his father than from his mother. What might a symbolic
interactionist studying families make of this situation?
a. Peter needs professional counseling.
b. Peter plays different roles with his father and mother.
c. Peter needs a sibling.
d. Peter’s lack of respect for his mother means he’ll probably
get divorced when he’s older.
29. Sociologists have adopted the phrase, “the graying of the
United States.” What does this phrase mean?
a. People are living under so much stress now, that they are
going gray early.
b. Gray is culturally considered beautiful and thus people are
bleaching their hair.

9. c. The greatest part of the population is reaching the age of 65
and entering old age.
d. With industrialization and the building of big cities, there is
very little green nature left and everything is the color of steel.
30. What is a dependency ratio?
a. It is the comparison of working people to non-working
people.
b. It is the comparison of children to parents.
c. It is the comparison of grandparents to parents.
d. It is the comparison of healthcare professionals to the
elderly.
True & False Questions:
31. The symbolic-interactionist approach presents society less
in terms of abstract generalizations and more as everyday
experiences.
a. True
b. False
32. Any collection of individuals can be called a group.
a. True
b. False
33. Mechanical or segmental solidarity is defined as social
cohesion based on sameness.
a. True
b. False
34. The concept “culture of poverty” is a term relating poverty
to a lower-class subculture that inhibits personal achievement
and fosters resignation.
a. True
b. False
35. A Society is made up of people who live in the same

10. territory, are relatively independent of people outside it, and
participate in a common culture.
a. True
b. False
36. The only real jobs available for sociologists are in education
as a teacher, lecturer or professor?
a. True
b. False
37. True or false: A person’s sex, as determined by his or her
biology, does not always correspond with his or her gender.
a. True
b. False
38. True or false: The majority of American citizens are
descendent of immigrants?
a. True
b. False
39. Maria babysits as a form of income while she is in college.
Because the amounts she gets per job are not huge, Maria never
bothers to report her earnings to the IRS. Maria is a part of the
underground economy.
a. True
b. False
40. Mores may carry serious consequences if violated; folkways
do not.
a. True
b. False
Matching: This section is worth 10 points. Match the term,
concept or theory with the appropriate person. Each correct
answer is worth 1 point.

11. (a) Karl Marx (f) C.W.
Mills
(b) Emile Durkheim (g) Jane
Addams
(c) Erving Goffman (h) Erik
Erickson
(d) Margaret Mead (i)
Robert Merton
(e) Robert Park (j) W.E.B Du Bois
___41. _______________ wrote the Division of Labor in
Society and Suicide among other things.
___42. ______________ believed that societies grew and
changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes
over the means of production and greatly favored communism.
___43. ________________ coined the phrase ‘total institutions”
where all aspects of life are conducted in the same place and
under the same single authority. He also created the theory of
Dramaturgy.
___44. The Anthropologist ___________________ studied
gender in three societies in New Guinea and found that what is
considered feminine in one society may be considered
masculine in another.
___45. _____________________ was the first sociologist to
point out the importance of culture in determining race.
___46. __________________ developed five adaptations to his
strain theory of deviance including retreatism, ritualism,
conformity, innovation and rebellion.
___47. ___________________ spoke out against racial

12. separation / segregation and was a founding member of the
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP).
___48. _______________ advocated the use of the sociological
imagination to view social problems such as divorce, problem
gambling, and crime in the United States as not just an
individual’s personal problem but as societal concerns.
___49. ________________ was a German-born American
developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his
theory on psychosocial development of human beings. He
helped explain how the actions of society help shape
personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life.
___50. _________________ Early sociologist and co-founder of
Hull House in 1889 in Chicago, Illinois.
Short Answer Each Question is worth 10 points for a total of 50
points in this section. You should be able to answer each of the
following questions in a paragraph or two.
51-60. An undecided voter who knows little about the political
candidates reads the result of the latest poll on voting day and
sees that other voters seem inclined to choose one of the
candidates. According to Asch’s work on conformity, how
might the poll affect the voter’s behavior? Do you think media
sources should release polls shortly before an election?
61-70. A student wants to achieve good grades but is not
interested in studying for exams; instead, the student finds
various ways to cheat. How does Robert Merton’s strain theory
explain this behavior, and which “type” does the student
exemplify?

13. 71-80. Is there a difference between the terms “prejudice” and
“discrimination” or are they exactly the same things? Which is
more difficult to get rid of and why? In your answer give an
example of Institutional Discrimination.
81-90. Explain if there is a difference between the terms
“deviance” and “crime” or if these two terms are completely
interchangeable. Make sure to indicate why or why not the
terms are the same and provide examples.
91-100. Parents of different social class socialize their children
differently. Middle-class parents are more likely to stress
independence and self-direction, whereas working-class parents
prioritize obedience to authority. Using this example, explain
how these different socialization experiences could perpetuate
(reproduce) social inequality.