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White collar crime refers to offenses committed by individuals in positions of power for personal or organizational gain at the expense of the organization or its clients. It includes acts like fraud, embezzlement, forgery, price fixing, insurance scams, and tax evasion. White collar crime is underrepresented in official crime statistics due to its nonviolent nature and the powerful positions of those who commit it, leading to less detection and prosecution compared to street crimes.
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SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
White collar crimes are associated with different social classes. The working class are more likely to commit crimes like theft and violence due to higher visibility. The middle class are more likely to commit fraud, embezzlement and petty theft as these are less likely to be reported to the police. The upper class are more likely to commit insider trading, market rigging and environmental crimes, which are less visible. White collar crimes include occupational, professional, corporate and state crimes. They are more difficult to define than blue collar crimes. Corporations may commit crimes like dangerous sales, breaking health and safety laws, and pollution for profit. Victims can include consumers, employees and the public. Marxists argue that corporate crime is part of the capitalist
Business crime
This document defines and discusses different types of business crimes. It begins by defining business crime as any illegal act committed through commercial activities. The document then outlines three main kinds of business crime: white-collar crime, occupational crime, and cyber crime. It provides examples and descriptions of each type of crime. For white-collar crime, it discusses definitions from the US Congress and Edwin Sutherland, and gives examples of how employees can be victims. For occupational crime, it defines three sub-types and provides examples. For cyber crime, it defines the term and outlines three categories with accompanying examples.
White Collar Crime A growing global problem
This document discusses white collar crime as a growing global problem. It analyzes the Enron accounting scandal in detail, explaining reasons for Enron's bankruptcy such as fraudulent accounting practices. Cybercrime is also examined as a major issue, with examples like the JPMorgan hack impacting 76 million households. The European Union and Europol are working to combat cybercrime through new directives and the European Cybercrime Center. Overall the document analyzes white collar crimes like accounting fraud and emerging threats from cybercrime, their impacts, and efforts to strengthen regulations and enforcement.
Crime in the Business World
Crime in the Business World costs the US economy hundreds of billions of dollars every year, far more than street crimes, yet it often goes unnoticed and unpunished. Business crimes like corporate crimes and white collar crimes are difficult to prosecute since determining responsibility within a company is challenging. Some theories suggest that certain corporate cultures can foster environments where employees are tolerant of illegal acts that benefit the company. Famous examples of large corporate crimes include the Enron scandal and price fixing at ADM, demonstrating how widespread and costly these crimes can be.
WhiteCollarCrimes
The document discusses the origins and definitions of white-collar crime. It notes that the concept was first conceived by Edward Alsworth Ross in 1907, but the term was coined by Edwin Sutherland in 1939-1940, who defined it as non-violent crimes committed by high-status individuals for business or professional advantage. Later, the U.S. Congress expanded the definition to include illegal acts using concealment or guile to obtain money, property or advantage. Examples of white-collar crimes discussed include fraud, environmental violations, and corporate crimes like the Enron and Madoff scandals. Sentencing can involve fines, restitution, or imprisonment depending on the crime and losses incurred.
White Collar Crimes in India
This paper provides a detailed understanding behind the motives of people committing crimes. The prevalence of white collar crimes in India, they are spreading like a rapid fire in every sphere of society. The widespread political, social, economical and technological changes as well as variation in legislation, procedures and policies in different countries on mutual assistance in criminal matters have allowed this white collar white collar crime groups to become increasingly active in the international arena. These kind of criminal groups arena taking full advantage of globalization of world markets, dismantling of trade barriers, and the liberalized migration policies, high tech communicated equipments and sophisticated electronic techniques to enhance their deviant activities. White collar criminals are engaged in such felonious activities such as, fake employment placement rackets, black marketing, medical deviant activities , tax evasion, cybercrime, credit card fraud and procedure large profit and create the incentive to “legitimate†the ill gotten gains through money laundering and many more. Dr. Geetika Sood | Meenu Bala ""White Collar Crimes in India"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23700.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/23700/white-collar-crimes-in-india/dr-geetika-sood
Three Ways of Measuring Crime: worksheet
The document discusses 3 types of criminal statistics that provide information on ethnicity and crime:
1) Official crime statistics which may be unreliable as only 10% of crimes are discovered by police with 90% reported by the public.
2) Victim surveys which reveal the majority of crime is intra-ethnic (within ethnic groups) but may be unrepresentative by excluding under 16s and business/white collar crimes.
3) Self-report studies which found similar rates of offending across ethnicities but have limitations such as potential lying and not covering more serious crimes.
The conclusion is that evidence on crime and ethnicity is inconsistent.
The Body in the Bag
The document summarizes statistics about victims and offenders of violent crimes. It analyzes the data to determine the most likely profiles of the victim and offender in an unknown case. Based on the statistics, it finds that a white male victim and black male offender have the highest probabilities. However, this does not match the initial information provided about the victim.
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SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
White collar crimes are associated with different social classes. The working class are more likely to commit crimes like theft and violence due to higher visibility. The middle class are more likely to commit fraud, embezzlement and petty theft as these are less likely to be reported to the police. The upper class are more likely to commit insider trading, market rigging and environmental crimes, which are less visible. White collar crimes include occupational, professional, corporate and state crimes. They are more difficult to define than blue collar crimes. Corporations may commit crimes like dangerous sales, breaking health and safety laws, and pollution for profit. Victims can include consumers, employees and the public. Marxists argue that corporate crime is part of the capitalist
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This document defines and discusses different types of business crimes. It begins by defining business crime as any illegal act committed through commercial activities. The document then outlines three main kinds of business crime: white-collar crime, occupational crime, and cyber crime. It provides examples and descriptions of each type of crime. For white-collar crime, it discusses definitions from the US Congress and Edwin Sutherland, and gives examples of how employees can be victims. For occupational crime, it defines three sub-types and provides examples. For cyber crime, it defines the term and outlines three categories with accompanying examples.
White Collar Crime A growing global problem
This document discusses white collar crime as a growing global problem. It analyzes the Enron accounting scandal in detail, explaining reasons for Enron's bankruptcy such as fraudulent accounting practices. Cybercrime is also examined as a major issue, with examples like the JPMorgan hack impacting 76 million households. The European Union and Europol are working to combat cybercrime through new directives and the European Cybercrime Center. Overall the document analyzes white collar crimes like accounting fraud and emerging threats from cybercrime, their impacts, and efforts to strengthen regulations and enforcement.
Crime in the Business World
Crime in the Business World costs the US economy hundreds of billions of dollars every year, far more than street crimes, yet it often goes unnoticed and unpunished. Business crimes like corporate crimes and white collar crimes are difficult to prosecute since determining responsibility within a company is challenging. Some theories suggest that certain corporate cultures can foster environments where employees are tolerant of illegal acts that benefit the company. Famous examples of large corporate crimes include the Enron scandal and price fixing at ADM, demonstrating how widespread and costly these crimes can be.
WhiteCollarCrimes
The document discusses the origins and definitions of white-collar crime. It notes that the concept was first conceived by Edward Alsworth Ross in 1907, but the term was coined by Edwin Sutherland in 1939-1940, who defined it as non-violent crimes committed by high-status individuals for business or professional advantage. Later, the U.S. Congress expanded the definition to include illegal acts using concealment or guile to obtain money, property or advantage. Examples of white-collar crimes discussed include fraud, environmental violations, and corporate crimes like the Enron and Madoff scandals. Sentencing can involve fines, restitution, or imprisonment depending on the crime and losses incurred.
White Collar Crimes in India
This paper provides a detailed understanding behind the motives of people committing crimes. The prevalence of white collar crimes in India, they are spreading like a rapid fire in every sphere of society. The widespread political, social, economical and technological changes as well as variation in legislation, procedures and policies in different countries on mutual assistance in criminal matters have allowed this white collar white collar crime groups to become increasingly active in the international arena. These kind of criminal groups arena taking full advantage of globalization of world markets, dismantling of trade barriers, and the liberalized migration policies, high tech communicated equipments and sophisticated electronic techniques to enhance their deviant activities. White collar criminals are engaged in such felonious activities such as, fake employment placement rackets, black marketing, medical deviant activities , tax evasion, cybercrime, credit card fraud and procedure large profit and create the incentive to “legitimate†the ill gotten gains through money laundering and many more. Dr. Geetika Sood | Meenu Bala ""White Collar Crimes in India"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23700.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/23700/white-collar-crimes-in-india/dr-geetika-sood
Three Ways of Measuring Crime: worksheet
The document discusses 3 types of criminal statistics that provide information on ethnicity and crime:
1) Official crime statistics which may be unreliable as only 10% of crimes are discovered by police with 90% reported by the public.
2) Victim surveys which reveal the majority of crime is intra-ethnic (within ethnic groups) but may be unrepresentative by excluding under 16s and business/white collar crimes.
3) Self-report studies which found similar rates of offending across ethnicities but have limitations such as potential lying and not covering more serious crimes.
The conclusion is that evidence on crime and ethnicity is inconsistent.
The Body in the Bag
The document summarizes statistics about victims and offenders of violent crimes. It analyzes the data to determine the most likely profiles of the victim and offender in an unknown case. Based on the statistics, it finds that a white male victim and black male offender have the highest probabilities. However, this does not match the initial information provided about the victim.
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Cultural, social class, and generational diversity all contribute to differences in family forms. Cultural diversity refers to differences between families of various ethnic, religious, and ideological backgrounds. Social class divisions exist between upper, middle, and working classes as well as within those groups. Generational diversity refers to differences in experiences and attitudes between older and younger family members and generations.
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This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
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Sociological research has the potential to influence social policy in several ways:
1) Sociological studies can reveal the true nature and extent of social problems, challenges dominant views, and leads to a redefinition of issues. This occurred with studies of poverty and disability.
2) Establishing definitions and counting the size of marginalized groups through research can raise their profile and lead to new policies. This happened when the disabled population was more accurately defined and quantified.
3) Systematic reviews of research evidence can identify effective solutions and approaches to social issues. An example is a review that informed policies to reduce teen pregnancy and support young parents.
However, critics argue that government-funded research may not be
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
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2) He met J.T., the leader of the local gang, who offered to let Venkatesh shadow him for a day to truly understand life in the neighborhood.
3) Over time, Venkatesh grew close to J.T. and other gang members as he observed their daily activities, though he recognized J.T. was a criminal and his research depended on the gang's approval.
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Here are some potential positive and negative consequences of divorce for each group:
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Positive: Opportunity for personal growth and happiness in a new relationship.
Negative: Financial difficulties from single parenthood or splitting assets. Emotional distress.
For the family:
Positive: Conflict may be reduced.
Negative: Loss of the traditional family structure, less contact with extended family. Financial difficulties.
For the children:
Positive: Grow up in a happier environment without parental conflict.
Negative: Stress and insecurity from family breakdown. May feel torn between parents. Adjustment to new living situations.
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This document provides information about an advanced sociology exam that will take place on January 15, 2013. It is divided into three sections and students must choose one section to answer all the questions from. The exam will last 1 hour and students must write their answers in an AQA 8-page answer book. The exam is out of a total of 60 marks. Questions worth 24 marks require answers in continuous prose and will be assessed on use of English, organization of information, and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary.
The document also provides two sample exam items, one discussing the dark side of family relationships like domestic violence and child abuse, and problems with statistics on these issues. The other sample item discusses reliability of statistics on modern families
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The document discusses reasons for overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime statistics. It questions whether ethnic minorities truly commit more crimes or if statistics provide an inaccurate picture due to factors like institutional racism and stereotyping. Some reasons given for higher crime rates and convictions among ethnic groups include evidence of racism within police culture and practices, unfair targeting of minorities in stop-and-search policies, and socioeconomic challenges like poverty that are more common in minority communities. The case study of Stephen Lawrence, a black teenager murdered in 1993, illustrates failures in the police investigation potentially due to racism and stereotyping.
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Some sociologists would agree that males are more likely to commit crimes than females due to differences in primary socialization and opportunities to commit crimes. However, others disagree because crime statistics may be inaccurate since males face higher rates of arrest and charges. Additionally, the chivalry thesis suggests that females receive more lenient treatment in the criminal justice system since it is male-dominated. In conclusion, there are many complex reasons for apparent gender differences in crime rates that are still debated among sociologists.
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1) Gender is defined by sociologists as the social and cultural differences between masculinity and femininity rather than the biological differences between sexes.
2) From birth, individuals are socialized into gender through practices like dressing, naming, toys/books given which prepare individuals for different roles in society based on their gender.
3) While legislation has promoted more equality, sociologists argue that gender inequality still exists in areas like the workplace where women are more likely to be in lower level jobs and face barriers to promotion.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
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SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Huntington argued that there are 7 major civilizations - Western, Orthodox, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu, Japanese and Latin American/African - and that conflicts will emerge along the dividing lines of these civilizations, especially between the Western and Islamic worlds. However, critics argue that Huntington's theory oversimplifies conflicts and ignores other important factors like economic and political interests, as well as differences in views on issues like individualism, gender equality and sexuality between societies.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses values and ethics in sociology research. It outlines the positivist view that sociology should be objective and value-free like the natural sciences. However, others argue this is unrealistic as researchers are inevitably influenced by their own values and motivations. The document also discusses whether truly neutral research is possible given factors like who funds the research and the personal interests of researchers. It concludes by considering perspectives like committed sociology that believe research should not remain neutral and should aim to change society in some way.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
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SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Secondary data sources that sociologists use include life documents, photographs, diaries, letters, official publications, previous research, and media sources. However, each of these sources has disadvantages such as potential lack of accessibility over time, presenting biased positive perspectives, being selectively edited, and relying on flawed human memory. Sociologists must be aware of these limitations and potential biases when utilizing secondary data in their research.
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Cultural, social class, and generational diversity all contribute to differences in family forms. Cultural diversity refers to differences between families of various ethnic, religious, and ideological backgrounds. Social class divisions exist between upper, middle, and working classes as well as within those groups. Generational diversity refers to differences in experiences and attitudes between older and younger family members and generations.
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The document is a mark scheme for a sociology exam assessing students' understanding of different sociological explanations of suicide. It provides detailed criteria for evaluating answers in bands from 0-21 marks based on the students' interpretation, application, analysis, and evaluation of concepts from the item and elsewhere. Higher bands are characterized by explaining two or more sociological perspectives on suicide accurately and applying them appropriately to the question.
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This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Sociological research has the potential to influence social policy in several ways:
1) Sociological studies can reveal the true nature and extent of social problems, challenges dominant views, and leads to a redefinition of issues. This occurred with studies of poverty and disability.
2) Establishing definitions and counting the size of marginalized groups through research can raise their profile and lead to new policies. This happened when the disabled population was more accurately defined and quantified.
3) Systematic reviews of research evidence can identify effective solutions and approaches to social issues. An example is a review that informed policies to reduce teen pregnancy and support young parents.
However, critics argue that government-funded research may not be
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) Sudhir Venkatesh spent time living with the Black Kings gang in Chicago to study urban poverty from within the community.
2) He met J.T., the leader of the local gang, who offered to let Venkatesh shadow him for a day to truly understand life in the neighborhood.
3) Over time, Venkatesh grew close to J.T. and other gang members as he observed their daily activities, though he recognized J.T. was a criminal and his research depended on the gang's approval.
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This document discusses crime prevention and punishment from various sociological perspectives. It examines strategies for preventing crime, ranging from situational crime prevention to community programs addressing root causes. It also looks at different views of punishment, including deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation. Additionally, it covers trends in victimization and the concept of victimology - the sociological study of victims, their experiences and how some groups are at higher risk of being victimized.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses key concepts in sociology related to social inequality based on age and ethnicity. It provides definitions of ethnicity, ethnic group, and examines how sociologists believe these attributes can create unequal life chances. Specific inequalities are explored around issues like discrimination, legislation, and how views of age and ethnicity may differ cross-culturally.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Here are some potential positive and negative consequences of divorce for each group:
For the husband and wife:
Positive: Opportunity for personal growth and happiness in a new relationship.
Negative: Financial difficulties from single parenthood or splitting assets. Emotional distress.
For the family:
Positive: Conflict may be reduced.
Negative: Loss of the traditional family structure, less contact with extended family. Financial difficulties.
For the children:
Positive: Grow up in a happier environment without parental conflict.
Negative: Stress and insecurity from family breakdown. May feel torn between parents. Adjustment to new living situations.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides information about an advanced sociology exam that will take place on January 15, 2013. It is divided into three sections and students must choose one section to answer all the questions from. The exam will last 1 hour and students must write their answers in an AQA 8-page answer book. The exam is out of a total of 60 marks. Questions worth 24 marks require answers in continuous prose and will be assessed on use of English, organization of information, and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary.
The document also provides two sample exam items, one discussing the dark side of family relationships like domestic violence and child abuse, and problems with statistics on these issues. The other sample item discusses reliability of statistics on modern families
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This document provides memory hooks and tools to help students remember important concepts in sociology. It includes acronyms and phrases to summarize key ideas related to topics like family, education, crime and deviance, religion, research methods, and functionalist theory. Color-coded memory hooks are organized by theme to aid recall of sociological information.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses reasons for overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime statistics. It questions whether ethnic minorities truly commit more crimes or if statistics provide an inaccurate picture due to factors like institutional racism and stereotyping. Some reasons given for higher crime rates and convictions among ethnic groups include evidence of racism within police culture and practices, unfair targeting of minorities in stop-and-search policies, and socioeconomic challenges like poverty that are more common in minority communities. The case study of Stephen Lawrence, a black teenager murdered in 1993, illustrates failures in the police investigation potentially due to racism and stereotyping.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Some sociologists would agree that males are more likely to commit crimes than females due to differences in primary socialization and opportunities to commit crimes. However, others disagree because crime statistics may be inaccurate since males face higher rates of arrest and charges. Additionally, the chivalry thesis suggests that females receive more lenient treatment in the criminal justice system since it is male-dominated. In conclusion, there are many complex reasons for apparent gender differences in crime rates that are still debated among sociologists.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) Gender is defined by sociologists as the social and cultural differences between masculinity and femininity rather than the biological differences between sexes.
2) From birth, individuals are socialized into gender through practices like dressing, naming, toys/books given which prepare individuals for different roles in society based on their gender.
3) While legislation has promoted more equality, sociologists argue that gender inequality still exists in areas like the workplace where women are more likely to be in lower level jobs and face barriers to promotion.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) Social action theorists argue that people are not constrained by external forces and have control over their own attitudes and actions.
2) Society is a product of people interacting in social groups and applying meanings to social behaviors.
3) Norms and values are seen as flexible guidelines that people apply different meanings to depending on the social situation.
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Huntington argued that there are 7 major civilizations - Western, Orthodox, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu, Japanese and Latin American/African - and that conflicts will emerge along the dividing lines of these civilizations, especially between the Western and Islamic worlds. However, critics argue that Huntington's theory oversimplifies conflicts and ignores other important factors like economic and political interests, as well as differences in views on issues like individualism, gender equality and sexuality between societies.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses values and ethics in sociology research. It outlines the positivist view that sociology should be objective and value-free like the natural sciences. However, others argue this is unrealistic as researchers are inevitably influenced by their own values and motivations. The document also discusses whether truly neutral research is possible given factors like who funds the research and the personal interests of researchers. It concludes by considering perspectives like committed sociology that believe research should not remain neutral and should aim to change society in some way.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document outlines aims for answering short style questions: to answer as many questions as possible to identify weaknesses for last-minute revision, increase confidence, and prepare for an upcoming exam.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Secondary data sources that sociologists use include life documents, photographs, diaries, letters, official publications, previous research, and media sources. However, each of these sources has disadvantages such as potential lack of accessibility over time, presenting biased positive perspectives, being selectively edited, and relying on flawed human memory. Sociologists must be aware of these limitations and potential biases when utilizing secondary data in their research.
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SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
- 1. White Collar Crime Timner & Eitzen (1989): Focus is always on crimes on the ‘streets’, not crimes on the ‘suites’. Newburn (2007): The study of crime focuses of crimes of the powerless rather than the powerful Definition: White-Collar Crime refers to offences committed by middle-class individuals who abuse their work positions within organisations for personal gain at the expense of the organisation and/or clients of the organisation (Browne 2009) Sutherland (1949) coined the term ‘White-Collar Crime’ when setting out to show that crime was not just a working-class phenomena.
- 2. Fraud My Name Is… What might be classed as ‘White-Collar Crime?’ Fiddling Expenses Embezzlement Forgery Collusion (Price fixing) Insurance Scams Tax Evasion
- 3. Croall (2001): Often doctors will falsify prescriptions and patient records to claim more funding from the NHS. One GP made over £700,000 over 5 years doing this. In 2007, the millionaire Conrad Black (former owner of the Daily Telegraph was jailed for 6 years after defrauding shareholders out of millions of dollars. In 2002, Worldcom (Telephone company in the USA) was forced to explain why $4 Billion was missing from it’s accounts. Shares dropped from $64 to 20 cents & investors lost millions. Corporate Crime: Crime committed by companies against employees or the public. (This is explored further in a separate PowerPoint) Occupational Crime: Crime committed against a company by an employee. (This will be explored here) As the definition of White Collar Crime is so vague it can be split into two main types:
- 4. Occupational Crime: Ditton (1977) & Mars (1982) found that many employers (in a wide range of occupations), thought that it was a ‘perk’ of the job & legitimate to steal from their workplaces. > Why might stealing from the office be seen as ok but stealing from someone’s home not be? > How might this be linked to labelling theory? > How might Marxists view this type of crime? > What methodological issues might you encounter if you were to research the extent of occupational crime.
- 5. Official Statistics & White-Collar Crime Official statistics tell us that most crime is working-class crime. White-collar crime is under-represented within these statistics and are thus misleading 1) Difficult to Detect - ‘Invisible Crime’. 2) ‘Victimless’ Crime. What are the implications of the under-representation of white-collar crimes in official statistics for the view that most criminals are working class? 3) Crime may benefit all involved e.g. Bribery. 4) Difficult to Investigate. Why might White- Collar crime be under-represented within official statistics? 5) Lack of awareness. 6) Institutional Protection. 7) Lack of Convictions – Middle-Class offenders.
- 6. Explaining Occupational Crime Based on what you have learnt already, can you think of any explanations as to why occupational crime occurs? Strain Theory & Anomie (Merton): Means & Goals Control Theory (Reckless) Market Culture, & Victimless Crime Edgework (Katz & Lyng) The Sociology of Risk Taking
- 7. Based on what you now know about White-Collar Crime, how does it relate to the Marxist Theory of Crime? REMEMBER: White-Collar Crime is linked to the following: > Marxism > Corporate Crime > Transnational Crime > Environmental ‘Green’ Crime > State Crime > Computer-based Crime > Globalisation & Crime > The Social Construction of Crime Statistics