The document summarizes competing sociological theories about whether modern education systems are meritocratic. Some structural theorists, like functionalists Parsons and Davis and Moore, view education as meritocratic and argue it allows individuals to achieve success based on their own efforts and ability. However, other theorists reject this view. Marxists see education as reproducing social inequality by functioning in the interests of the ruling class. Studies by Bowles and Gintis and Willis found evidence that the education system prepares students for class-based roles and jobs rather than being truly meritocratic. Recent data showing poorer student outcomes and the backgrounds of successful professionals indicate education remains unequal and not a fair system based solely on individual merit.