Sociology unit 2
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The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used by Mesoamerican cultures before being introduced to Europe, where it became popular in drinks and confections. The document also notes that modern chocolate production methods were established in the 19th century to allow chocolate to be consumed on a larger scale worldwide.
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Pure Geography notes unit 1
Plate tectonics involves the large crustal plates that make up the Earth's surface constantly moving and interacting with one another. There are three main types of plate boundary interactions: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates push together, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another. Divergent boundaries create new oceanic crust through seafloor spreading, while convergent boundaries can involve one plate subducting under the other and creating volcanic mountain ranges or deep ocean trenches. Transform boundaries cause stress that can result in earthquakes when the plates get stuck.
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Rural settlements are influenced by three main factors:
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3) Avoidance of flood plains, with settlements built on higher river terraces above flood levels.
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Two benefits of folded and faulted landscapes are as sources of minerals and energy. Folded and faulted rock reveals mineral deposits like copper, tin, and silver. Faulting also reveals coal beds. Folded landscapes also provide hydroelectric energy from dams in mountainous areas.
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The document discusses issues relating to taxation and quantitative restrictions under the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas (RTC).
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Plate tectonics involves the large crustal plates that make up the Earth's surface constantly moving and interacting with one another. There are three main types of plate boundary interactions: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates push together, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another. Divergent boundaries create new oceanic crust through seafloor spreading, while convergent boundaries can involve one plate subducting under the other and creating volcanic mountain ranges or deep ocean trenches. Transform boundaries cause stress that can result in earthquakes when the plates get stuck.
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analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
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to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
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diverse human activities.
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and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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