SOCIALIZATION AND CONFLICT & CONFLICT MANAGEMENT.pdf

SOCIALIZATION, AND CONFLICT
AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
ASARE, RICHARD OPOKU
COLLEGE OF NURSING, NTOTROSO
AHAFO REGION, GHANA
asareor@gmail.com ©2022 1

PREPAREDAND PRESENTED
BY
AHAFO REGION, GHANA
asareor@gmail.com ©2022
2
SOCIALIZATION

INTRODUCTION
•Every society shapes its children in the
image of its own culture.
•In ancient Sparta, young boys were taught
discipline, obedience, physical powers and
self-denial through harsh treatment and
deprivation.
asareor@yahoo.com ©2022 3

•In Athens, parents raised their
sons to be artistically sensitive and
broadly educated as well as
athletic.
•These practices produced quite
different individuals as well as
different societies.

•In modern times, for example, the
Chinese foster group loyalty and
willingness to endure self-sacrifice for
the good of society.
•The Japanese instill the value of
cooperation in managing problems
and working together to complete
projects and attain goals.

• In the Ghanaian society, children are
taught the beliefs, values and norms
to be selfless, law abiding and respect
the elderly by learning the culture.
•The process of instilling such
fundamental elements of culture in a
society’s members is called
socialization.

•Reading (1968), in ‘A dictionary of
Sociology’ defines socialization as
the process of communicating the
culture or subculture to a child, an
adult or an individual.

•Mitchell (1968) also gave a description
of socialization as a life-long process
of learning, whereby an individual
learns the principal values and
symbols of the society to which he
belongs and to accept the pattern of
behaviour which characterizes that
society. asareor@gmail.com ©2022 8

•Doda (2005) describes socialization as
a process whereby individual persons
learn and are trained in the basic
norms, values, beliefs, skills, attitudes,
way of doing and acting as appropriate
to a specific social group or society.

•From these definitions one can
conclude that socialization is the
process by which an individual
learns the patterns of behaviour or
the culture of the society to which
he or she belongs.

•It is necessary for successful
adaptation to a new environment
because without socializing well an
individual may find it difficult to
interact freely with the members of
that society and this may lead to
social isolation.

Types of Socialization
•Basically, there are two main types of
socialization, namely:
a)Primary; and
b)Secondary socializations.

Primary Socialization
•Primary socialization starts immediately after
birth.
•From the moment of a baby’s birth everyone
who comes into contact with it will treat it in a
manner considered appropriate to its sex.
•The child is therefore taught only those roles
which belong to his or her sex.

•At the age of four years a boy may follow
his father to his farm while a girl stays at
home helping her mother to cook.
•In this instance, when parents structure
the home environment in such a way that
allows the child to participate and gain in
the socialization process, this is referred to
as participatory socialization (Doda, 2005).

•Primary socialization takes place at home
when the child is still very young.
•It is largely carried out by the parents.
•The mother is usually the first socializing
agent who spends the most time with the
baby.

•Children learn many things by watching
and imitating their parents.
•These include table manners, respect for
elders, toileting, language and so on.
•Primary socialization is usually carried out
by those with strong emotional ties with
the children.

•To sum up, primary socialization deals with
the most basic stage of socialization
whereby the basic personality characters
are forged during the childhood stage.
•It is also called basic or early socialization
(Doda, 2005).

Secondary Socialization
•As children grow older and become more
aware of other people other than their
parents in their environment, brothers,
sisters, grandparents, other relatives and
peer group members then become
socializing agents in addition to the
parents.

•Secondary socialization takes place in the
school and other institutions in the society.
•The interaction with other people in the
society can greatly influence a child’s
behaviour and attitude and help him or
her to develop emotionally.

•At school the teacher formally teaches
him or her how to behave in the
society while his or her peer groups
and neighbors informally influence his
or her behaviour by their lifestyle
which this child can watch and
imitate.

•At this important stage the child
become accustomed to practicing
those pieces of behaviour that are
rewarded.

•To further stem understanding of this,
Doda (2005) describes secondary
socialization as a stage of socialization
which takes place after childhood,
during adult life, and when individuals
are taking new roles.

•Therefore, socialization continues
throughout life where individuals
form a general outlook toward life
and then continue to adapt the
outlook to change social and
material conditions.

The Hospital as an Agent of Socialization for
the Student Nurse
•The hospital serves as a socialization environment
for student nurses.
•It is a place where clinical experience takes place.
•Here students practice what they learnt at the
training school.
•They learn from their seniors, colleagues and
qualified nurse.

•They also learn directly or indirectly from other
professionals of the health team, and even
from their patients and clients because by
listening to their history and complaints
students gain a lot of experience.
•Both in the training school and hospitals they
learn to be together at work, to be punctual,
work as team members, respect patients and
authority.

Professional Socialization of the Student
Nurse
•There are two distinct and successive
stages of the socialization process of
student nurses, each presents with its own
set of activities. The stages are:
1.Anticipatory socialization
2.Exposure stage

Anticipatory Socialization
•This is also known as the ‘pre-arrival’ stage
of socialization process which includes all
the learning that takes place before the
student enters the school of nursing.
•During this stage the student forms
expectations about the nursing profession.

•Some of the ‘will-be student nurses’ go to
people who are members of the profession
or who know something about the
profession for information.
•This information may include what type of
jobs nurses do, how long the training is,
what the salaries are, and whether people
are allowed to marry during training.

•By transmitting, receiving and evaluating
information the ‘will-be student nurses’ will
be able to make up their mind and decide
whether to join the profession or not.
•Those who make a positive decision can
then go the next stage.

Exposure Stage
•This stage starts immediately the student
enters the school of nursing and continues
until the end of the training and even for as
long s/he is still in the profession.
•It starts with the admission procedure.

•In the schools, the authority has a regular
procedure of admission by calling the candidate
for interview which panel members may come
from different backgrounds or be members of
academic and administrative or non-academic
staff.
•After the candidate has successfully sailed
through the interview, the candidate then is
given an admission and the date to report to
the school.

•At the school, the procedure includes
collection of credentials (certificates),
hall/hostel allocation, a welcoming
address, a tour of the hospital and other
interesting sites and so on.
•During this period the students start to
learn to behave as group members and to
acquire more information about the
nursing profession.

•This first encounter with the school
authorities may facilitate or hinder the
progress of the student’s socialization.
•Therefore most schools regard it as an
important stage which needs to be
guided.

•As the students settle down to work,
they receive lectures and clinical
experience directly or indirectly and
they are taught the ethics of the
profession and they are expected to
behave and dress well.

•Good conduct in a school of nursing
included having respect for the authorities
and senior colleagues, getting on with other
students and being honest, loyal and
dutiful.
•The three environments which form
learning grounds for student nurses are the
school, the hostel and the hospital.

ASSIGNMENT
How do the school, the hostel
and the hospital socialize the
student nurse?

Functions/Importance of Socialization
•There are four (4) major functions assigned to
socialization:
1. It helps in the transmission of values, attitudes,
language, customs, behaviour and skills of the society
from one generation to the next.
2. It serves as a means of social control by instilling a
sense of morality in those grow up. By this mechanism
it prevents us from committing serious violations
against society and each other.

3. Every society has a social structure and
socialization helps us to know where we fit into
that structure, for example, into the upper, middle
or lower class.
4. Human beings develop their personalities or their
sense of self during socialization. Such personality
development includes learning how to perceive
things, to criticize, differentiate between good and
bad, to do things as well as possible and have
emotions.

PREPAREDAND PRESENTED
BY
AHAFO REGION, GHANA
asareor@gmail.com ©2022
39
CONFLICT AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT

Explanation of Conflict
•The word conflict has been derived from a Latin
word ‘Conflicts’ which means ‘strike two things at
the same time’.
•Conflict is an opposition or a tug-of-war between
contradictory impulses.
•Conflict in life is one cause of stress.
•Conflict is a painful state or condition of an
individual. asareor@gmail.com ©2022 40

•During this state the person experiences an
intense emotional tension.
•Conflict occurs when one has to choose
between equally desirable or equally
undesirable goals.
•These desires are contradictory in nature
and therefore, cannot be satisfied fully at
the same time.

•Thus, becoming a victim of the two
opposing desires, he suffers from an
inner conflict to either satisfy or not
satisfy one or the other desire.
•In total conflict may be a friction
between two desires, motives, needs
or values, finally the stronger one will
take upper hand.

Definition
•Conflict means a painful emotional state,
which results from a tension between
opposed and contradictory wishes.
(Douglas and Holland)
•A conflict is the anticipated frustration
entailed in the choice of either alternative.
(Colman)

Types of Conflict
1)Approach-approach conflict
2)Avoidance-avoidance conflict
3)Approach-avoidance conflict
4)Multiple approach-avoidance
conflict

Approach-approach Conflict
•Approach-approach conflict occurs
when a person is forced with two
attractive alternatives, while only one
of them can be selected.

•For example, there are two courses that
you want to take, but they are scheduled
for the same time.
•Approach-approach conflicts are usually
easy to resolve.
•But, they become serious, if the choice
of one alternative means the loss of an
extremely attractive alternative.

Figure 9.1: Approach-approach conflict

Avoidance-avoidance Conflict
•Avoidance-avoidance conflict arises when a
person faces two undesirable situations
and avoidance of one forces exposure to
the other.
•These types of conflicts are very difficult to
resolve and create intense emotions.

•For example, a woman trying to
choose between continuing an
unwanted pregnancy and getting an
abortion done (she may morally be
opposed to abortion).

Figure 9.2: Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Approach-avoidance Conflict
•Approach-avoidance type of conflict exists when one
event or activity has both attractive and unattractive
features.
•The result is continuing oscillation or hovering between
approach and avoidance, creating a great deal of
emotional conflict and stress.
• Over here, the individual is undecided about something.
•For example, to marry or not to marry.

Figure 9.3: Approach-avoidance conflict

Multiple Approach-avoidance Conflict
•Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
exists when a choice must be made
between two or more alternatives,
each of which has both positive and
negative features.

•Such conflicts are the most difficult to
resolve and to make the right decision, the
individual must analyze the expected
values of each course of action.
•For example, a person may have the
alternative of accepting any of the two
jobs, of which one may be boring, but
with a very good pay and other may be
interesting, but with a very poor pay.

•Either choice has a positive and a
negative quality, so which one does he
choose?
•The choice will be based on the person
involved and his feelings about the pay
or work involved.

•When it is difficult to decide in a
double approach-avoidance conflict
people usually becomes undecided
and hover in his or her decisions.
•That is, they waver or go back and
forth between the two choices.

Figure 9.4: Multiple approach-avoidance
conflict

Internal Conflicts
•Conflicts may be between one person
and another or between a person and
his environment or may be within the
person himself.
•The most dangerous and serious
conflict is the one within a person.

•This is called internal conflict, the
conflict between one’s motives,
desires, sentiments and attitudes.
•Freud describes it as a conflict
between the forces of the id, the ego
and the super-ego, the three dynamic
aspects of one’s personality.

•Our internal conflict may be conscious
or unconscious.
•We are aware of its causes or sources
when it is at the conscious level,
whereas, we are not aware of the real
motives causing the conflict at the
unconscious level.

•The conflict at the unconscious level
is responsible for many of our
emotional disorders and mental
illnesses.

Management of Conflict
(Resolution of Frustration)
•Frustration and conflict lead to stress
and anxiety causing harm to the body.
•Some methods of relieving frustration
are:

•Identify the source of frustration, try to
change or control it. If cannot, learn to
accept it.
•Decide important things carefully, check
everything carefully before taking a
decision.
•Review the situation again.
•Change our goals or modify our desires.

•Substitute our goals by others, which are
equally satisfying but are different and
obtainable.
•Seek advice from experts, friends or relatives.
•Encourage full expression of positive and
negative feelings within an accepting
atmosphere.
•Avoid indecision. Stick with decisions and
forget about the other choices.

THANK YOU

SOCIALIZATION AND CONFLICT & CONFLICT MANAGEMENT.pdf

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