In this session we had a look at two additional theories of learning: constructivism and connectivism, to find out what they say about how we learn now and in the future.
Additional readings include: Child Power: Keys to the New Learning of the Digital Century by Seymor Papert and Connectivism: A Learning Theory for the Digital Age by George Seimens.
Your homework was to blog your answer to the following question: Why do some people not consider Connectivism to be a learning theory?
Social constructivism focuses on the collaborative nature of learning. Knowledge develops from how people interact with each other, their culture, and society at large. Students rely on others to help create their building blocks, and learning from others helps them construct their own knowledge and reality. Social constructivism, a social learning theory developed by Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky, posits that individuals are active participants in the creation of their own knowledge. While social constructionism focuses on the artifacts that are created through the social interactions of a group, social constructivism focuses on an individual's learning that takes place because of his or her interactions in a group. A very simple example is an object like a cup. Cognitive constructivism comes from the work of Jean Piaget and his research on cognitive development in children. Social. Social constructivism focuses on the collaborative nature of learning. Knowledge develops from how people interact with each other, their culture, and society at large. This is the Theory proposed by Piaget and Vygotsky.
In this session we had a look at two additional theories of learning: constructivism and connectivism, to find out what they say about how we learn now and in the future.
Additional readings include: Child Power: Keys to the New Learning of the Digital Century by Seymor Papert and Connectivism: A Learning Theory for the Digital Age by George Seimens.
Your homework was to blog your answer to the following question: Why do some people not consider Connectivism to be a learning theory?
Social constructivism focuses on the collaborative nature of learning. Knowledge develops from how people interact with each other, their culture, and society at large. Students rely on others to help create their building blocks, and learning from others helps them construct their own knowledge and reality. Social constructivism, a social learning theory developed by Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky, posits that individuals are active participants in the creation of their own knowledge. While social constructionism focuses on the artifacts that are created through the social interactions of a group, social constructivism focuses on an individual's learning that takes place because of his or her interactions in a group. A very simple example is an object like a cup. Cognitive constructivism comes from the work of Jean Piaget and his research on cognitive development in children. Social. Social constructivism focuses on the collaborative nature of learning. Knowledge develops from how people interact with each other, their culture, and society at large. This is the Theory proposed by Piaget and Vygotsky.
Learning is not an easy process. It is acquired in the environment like inhale and exhale not learning. Learning is a conscious action for social and biological adaptation. Permanent and temporary changes take place through the act of learning. Both adaptation and counter-adaptation take place through learning. Learning can be right as well as can be wrong. Learning any action means getting some experience as a whole by completing some actions together. The whole experience is made up of the experience gained from many actions. The analysis of the complete form of learning is given below.
FIVE LENSES INTO THE WORK OF LEV SEMENOVICH VYGOTSKYPaul Gruhn
FIVE LENSES INTO THE WORK OF LEV SEMENOVICH VYGOTSKY A group project presented by Stefan Carretero, Casey Cummings, Kim Csapo-Ebert, Paul Gruhn, Jonathan Lake
March 2017 - EDLD 813 – Theory in Education Research
Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals. (Vygotsky, 1978, p.57)
“the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers.”
Vygotsky's Early Life , Applications of Vygotsky's Theory to Education , Educational Applications of Vygotsky’s Work. , Classroom Applications of Vygotsky's Theory , social constructivism based on the work of Lev Vygotsky , Scaffolding
Learning is not an easy process. It is acquired in the environment like inhale and exhale not learning. Learning is a conscious action for social and biological adaptation. Permanent and temporary changes take place through the act of learning. Both adaptation and counter-adaptation take place through learning. Learning can be right as well as can be wrong. Learning any action means getting some experience as a whole by completing some actions together. The whole experience is made up of the experience gained from many actions. The analysis of the complete form of learning is given below.
FIVE LENSES INTO THE WORK OF LEV SEMENOVICH VYGOTSKYPaul Gruhn
FIVE LENSES INTO THE WORK OF LEV SEMENOVICH VYGOTSKY A group project presented by Stefan Carretero, Casey Cummings, Kim Csapo-Ebert, Paul Gruhn, Jonathan Lake
March 2017 - EDLD 813 – Theory in Education Research
Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals. (Vygotsky, 1978, p.57)
“the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers.”
Vygotsky's Early Life , Applications of Vygotsky's Theory to Education , Educational Applications of Vygotsky’s Work. , Classroom Applications of Vygotsky's Theory , social constructivism based on the work of Lev Vygotsky , Scaffolding
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
• Russian psychologist (originally studied law) – active
in 1920’s & 1930’s. Came to influence Western
researchers mainly in 1960’s and 1980’s when
translations of his work became available
• Much of his research is based on language learning in
children.
3. Lev Vygotsky: Ideas
•Key ideas/concepts: cognitive development is essentially a social
process.
• Thought development is determined by language.
• Intellectual growth is contingent upon the development of the
social key of language.
Social Development/Constructivist Theory
•Definition: Social construction emphasizes the importance of culture
and context in understanding what occurs in society and constructing
knowledge based on this understanding (Pagram and McMahon,
1997)
•Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
4. Lev Vygotsky: Social
Development/Constructivist theory
•Children do not develop in isolation but in a social world.
•The child’s environment, age, culture and life experiences, social
relationships and their interactions with other adults and children,
need to be considered when reaching conclusions about children’s
development. (socio-cultural influences)
•Learning is based in real life experiences. Social and cultural
interaction is vital for learning to take place.
5. Lev Vygotsky: Social
Development/Constructivist theory
•Language is essential to learning. It is the main means by
which adults communicate and transmit information to
children.
•Children internalise language as thought and ‘inner speech’.
Therefore, thought is the result of language. This is criticised
by Fox (2001), who argued that if thought cannot exist
without language, then until a child speaks; they must be
devoid of thought.
6. Lev Vygotsky: Ideas
• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
•Learning is accelerated through the learner working with or the
teaching of a ‘More Knowledgeable Other’
Source
http://www.instructionaldesign.o
rg/theories/social-
development.html
7. Zone of Proximal
Development
• “…not a specific quality of the child, nor is it a specific
quality of the educational setting or educators…it is…
collaboratively produced in the interaction between the
child and more knowledgeable others. The aim of the
collaborative interaction is to lift the learner to become a
‘head taller’” (Vygotsky, 1978, p.102)
8. Jerome Bruner (1915)
• American psychologist. Focused on schooling in
1950’s. Bruner believed the role, purpose and method
of education should reflect the values of society.
• Influenced by Vygotsky and the social constructivist
approach to learning. Bruner was interested in how
context and culture influenced learning.
9. Jerome Bruner - Key ideas:
Three modes of learning
Bruner proposed they are three ways or modes of making sense of our
world…
Enactive: actions
Muscle memory: a baby remembers how to shake a rattle, adult: how to type
or drive a car.
Iconic: images and pictures
Information is stored as mental pictures. This is why diagram and images are
useful to learning.
Symbolic: Information is stored as a code, symbols and language.
Symbols offer flexibility in that they can be manipulated, ordered and
classified. They can also be used to describe and explain abstract
information that cannot be explored through the enactive and iconic modes.
10. Jerome Bruner - Key ideas:
Constructivist
Learning is an active process. Learners construct new
ideas/concepts based on current and previous learning.
Bruner’s work supported discovery learning and
children engaging in problem solving activities.
Smidt (2011, p. 10) comments,
“For Bruner, meaning has always been at the heart of any
investigation into mind and cognition. When we talk of meaning
we are talking about making sense of something, of
understanding or comprehending it.”
11. Jerome Bruner - Key ideas:
Language
Language is important in learning, as it helps learners to develop thinking
skills, to problem solve and to deal with abstract concepts.
Motivation
Learners need to be interested and motivated to learn.
Social learning
Bruner like Vygostsky emphasised the social nature of learning and felt
adults should play an active role in children’s learning. The teacher role is to
facilitate learning and to encourage and support children to learn.
Scaffolding
Complex tasks are broken down into smaller tasks for the child to achieve.
The adult works along side the child offering support. The support is
gradually reduced as learning takes place and the child can work
independently.
12. Jerome Bruner - Key
ideas:
Spiral curriculum – This opposes Piaget’s stages of learning and his
concept of readiness to learn.
Bruner argued that:
•Schools waste time trying to match the complexity of subject
material to a child’s cognitive stage of development.
•Children are held back by teachers as certain topics are seen as too
difficult to understand.
13. Spiral Approach
Different topics are studied more
than once. Each time they are
revisited, it is at a deeper and
more complex level.
‘We begin with the hypothesis that
any subject can be taught
effectively in some intellectually
honest form to any child at any
stage of development.’
(Bruner, J., 1960, The Process of Learning,
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press)
Advantage: A spiral curriculum
can help learners to link a topic to
a range of concepts, as it is
revisited.
Criticism: Some learners may view
the spiral approach as too repetitive.
Image from: Neary, M., 2002, Curriculum Studies in Post-compulsory
and Adult Education. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Ltd
14. Cognitivist: key impacts on
learning
• Child/learner centred approach to teaching and learning:
Discovery learning; Active learning; Inquiry based learning;
Reciprocal learning.
• Teacher as facilitator: Role is guiding/helping student to learn
rather than transmission of information – zone of proximal
development and scaffolding.
• Education is shaped by Society: Alignment with values and
belief systems
15. References
Atherton J. S., 2011. Learning and Teaching; Piaget's developmental theory. Accessed 5 October 2012 from:
http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/piaget.htm
Calloway, W. R., 2001. Jean Piaget: A Most Outrageous Deception. New York: NOVA
Fox, R. 2001. Constructivism examined. Oxford Review of Education, 27, 1 23-35.
Gray, C. & MacBlain, S. 2012. Learning Theories in Childhood. London: Sage
McLeod, S., 2012. Jean Piaget. Accessed 2 October 2012 from: http://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html
Meadows, M., 1993. The Young Child as Thinker: The Cognitive Development and Acquisition of Cognition in
Childhood. London: Routledge
Pagram, J. & McMahon, M. 1997. WeB-CD: An Interactive Learning Experience for Distance Education Students
Studying Interactive Multimedia. Poster presented at ICCE97 International Conference on Computers in Education,
Kuching, Malaysia, 2-6 December.
Piaget, J. P., 1970. Science of Education and the Psychology of the Child. New York: Orion.
Smidt, S., 2011. Introducing Bruner: A Guide for Practitioners and Students in Early Years Education. London:
Routledge
Vygotsky, L. S. 1978. Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
16. Further reading & resources –
check the Weblinks section on
the VLE.
Cognitive Learning - general:
http://www.infed.org/biblio/learning-cognitive.htm
Piaget:
http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/piaget.htm
http://tip.psychology.org/piaget.html
http://www.simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/piaget.html
Vygotsky:
http://tip.psychology.org/vygotsky.html
http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/constructivism.htm#Vygotsky
http://www.simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/vygotsky.html
Bruner:
http://www.infed.org/biblio/learning-cognitive.htm
http://tip.psychology.org/bruner.html
http://www.infed.org/thinkers/bruner.htm
http://www.simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/bruner.html
17. Chapter 4 Cognitivist Theories in: Jarvis, P., Holford, J., Griffin, C., 2003.
The Theory and Practice of Learning. 2nd edn. London: Routledge (E-
book - library)
Chapters 4, 5 & 7 in Gray, C. & MacBlain, S. 2012. Learning Theories in
Childhood. London: Sage Publications Limited.
pp.212-219 & pp. 225-233 in Barlett, S & Burton, D. 2012. Introduction to
Education Studies. Third Edition. London: Sage Publishing Limited.
pp. 37-62 & pp337-340 in Woolfolk, Hughes & Walkup. 2013. Psychology
in Education. Second Edition. Harlow: Pearson
Further reading: Cognitivist
theorists