3RD YR SNT

1. Networking or What the Social Means in Social Media
“Social media is the ultimate equaliser. It gives a voice and a platform to anyone
willing to engage.”
--- Amy JoMartin, Founder and CEO of Digital Royalty
Is social media and social networking the same? The terms social media and social
network seem to be interchangeable, they have distinct differences. Essentially, social
media is a platform for broadcasting information, whereas social networking is a
platform for communicating with one another.
Social media is the use of web-based technology as an interactive means, usually
with a broad audience. On the other hand, social networking is the creation of
both business and personal relationships and maintaining an interactive
environment, with an aim of building a network.
What social media and social networking have in common?

2. ▸ They both depend on viral marketing to become truly successful. If the
content goes viral, more and more people will be paying attention and the
more online traffic you have, the better your chances are of increasing your
business. A simple way tolook at the basic difference between social media
and social networking is that social media helps people to make the
connection and social networking enhances that connection. People get
together because they have common interests, passions, and causes and they
continue to strengthen their relationships as they get toknow each other
through interaction over time.
The Impact of Social Media Networks on Society
Social media can be very influential on society in both
positive and negative ways. It gives people a way to stay in touch with people
who live far away. It lets people share fun, interesting and informative content. It
gives businesses a way toengage with customers.
One of the problems, however, is that anybody can share anything, including
material that may not be accurate. In some cases, real harm is done when people
spread inflammatory, unverified or outright false information. This can harm private
individuals, as when someone is bullied online. It can also have a harmful impact on
society as a whole.
The rise of social media has unfortunately meant an increase of social
introverts across the globe. The constant use and dependence on Social Media lead
these social recluse’s unable to speak and communicate outside the virtual
interaction safety net of Facebook, instead of talking to individuals in a normal face
to face manor, ultimately lowering his/her social intellect. This has serious
repercussions and can cause people to resent traditional human contact.
What’s Social About Social Media?
▸ All media are social, in the sense that they establish and maintain relations
between and among humans as individuals and collectives, increasingly across
space and time. No medium is more social than any other medium. But each
medium is social in distinctive ways.
▸ So-called social media are distinguished by their potential for many-to-many
communication, drawing on and feeding into networks of one-to-one and one-
to-many communication, as well.
▸ Nowadays, the social manifests itself as a network. The network is the actual
shape of the social. What counts—for instance, in politics and business—are
the “social facts” as they present themselves through network analysis and its
corresponding data visualizations. The institutional part of life is another
matter, a realm that quickly falls behind, becoming a parallel universe. It is

3. tempting to remain positive and portray a synthesis, further down the road,
between the formalized power structures inside institutions and the growing
influence of informal networks.
▸ The social is often heralded as key tounderstanding what social media is or
what it is supposed to be. For platform owners, the social is their business
model. Content providers claim to empower users by framing the social in
terms of community, connectivity, and participation.
▸ Markets, states, and civil societies around the world are recruiting social
media for their own, sometimes complementary, sometimes conflicted
purposes.
▸ as social media platforms constantly suggest the opposite, it takes the social
for granted, naturalize it, make the social equal happiness, inclusion, the good
life. “Sharing is caring.” “All that happens must be known”
▸ But as we all know, there can be no happiness without discontent, inclusion
without exclusion, the good life without struggle. Widely framed as the dark
side of social media, much important work has already been done in terms of
cyber, online harassment, trolling, digital labor, and surveillance.
▸ Friend and follower lists are still a common feature of many social media
platforms. While it might still hold true that people mostly connect with
people they already know, they do so within the boundaries and constraints of
software and adaptive algorithmic architectures.
▸ Users do not simply articulate and make their networks visible; the networks
are also articulated and made visible for them by the underlying software and
algorithmic logics governing many social media platforms.
▸ The social does not manifest itself as an existing circle of friends,
demographic, or movement. It is not the same as a social network.
▸ Social media are not so much about articulating or making an existing
network visible. Rather, being social in the context of social media simply
means creating connections within the boundaries of adaptive algorithmic
architectures.
▸ Every click, share, like, and post creates a connection, initiates a relation. The
network dynamically grows, evolves, becomes: The network, networks. The
social in social media is not a fact but a doing.
NEWS SHARING THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA
Social media has undeniably had a large impact on journalism. It has made the
spread of news more rapid and to a larger audience. We define news sharing as the
practice of giving a defined set of people access to news content via social media

4. platforms as by posting or recommending it. Through social media platform we
can easily access news, we can easily create news and as well as share news.
In today’s society and with today’s technology, news can be produced by anyone.
Social media platforms such as Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and Facebook, allow us
to have access to all things breaking news at our fingertips. Literally. With that being
said, it is important to keep in mind that not everything we read online is verified or
accurate, or even true at all.
According to a recent Forbes article, “50 percent of Internet users surveyed said that
they hear about the latest news via social media before ever hearing about it on a
news station”. However, it also mentioned how a majority of people when scrolling,
just read the headline or title of the article instead of reading the whole thing. This
can lead to a lot of misunderstanding and confusion as it encourages jumping to
conclusions.
With the rise of social media, a lot of news outlets have turned to Twitter tocreate
accounts to be able to reach their online audience. Whether they are tweeting about
the local news, the world news, the weather, celebrities, politics, sports, or anything
in between, Twitter has become the new form of the morning newspaper.
Social networks are taking over the world of news sharing. Safe to say, social media is
indeed reshaping the news, as stated by Pew Research Center. Half of social network
site users have shared news stories, images or videos , and nearly as many (46%)
have discussed a news issue or event. In addition, more people are participating in
bringing the news to social media as well. Pew Research found that in 2014, 14% of
social media users posted their own photos of breaking news events and added them
to a social network site.
Three key facts about social media that any online media outlet should
be aware of as part of your overall strategy for leveraging social media
as part of your editorial process.
#1 Facebook leads the way

5. ● Facebook dominates the global social media landscape with over 1.5 billion
users. Not only are there five new profiles created every second, but
Facebook’s audience is also very loyal: 95 percent of Facebook users log into
their account daily. Facebook users have a myriad of activities they can engage
with on the site – from posting statuses and photos, liking, commenting,
sharing, and viewing. One of these activities includes reading and sharing
news. However, reading the news on Facebook is more or less an incidental
experience. Over two-thirds of Facebook users ‘see’ news on Facebook, but
only one-third actually follow news organizations of their choice on Facebook.
#2 Roughly 29% of world population has an active social media account
According to We Are Social research, there over 2 billion active social media site
accounts today. This is almost 30% of the entire world’s
population. GlobalWebIndex also found that social media users spend an average of
more than two hours per day on the social media sites and microblogs. Incredible
amounts of conversations are happening on these networks – including sharing,
commenting, linking to news stories – it’s a whole new arena for publishers to
leverage and engage.
#3 Social sharing varies by news topic and social platform
According to new academic research published in Journalism Studies, it depends on
the news topic and the social media platform where it is posted, how often news
content is shared.
Whenever there’s a flurry of breaking news, sharing news responsibly is challenging.
It’s only natural to want to stay updated, and in turn inform others. Sorting through
masses of online information is time-consuming enough, but what about our own
responsibility regarding the news we share via our social media feeds?
At a time of global crisis like the one currently enveloping the world, and even in
more normal times when we simply aim to share news with one another, it’s
important to ask ourselves critical questions before sharing articles, images and
videos on social media.
Here are five tips to help responsibly in news sharing
1.Ask yourself: “How do I know this?”
Before you post anything, stop and ask yourself, “How do I (or the person whose post
I’m sharing) know that this is true?” Don’t assume anything.
2.Sourcing
Is the source of the news story, tweet or post identified? Can you judge for yourself if

6. it’s reliable? Is the ultimate source a first-hand eyewitness? Is s/he quoting an
eyewitness, a government official, or another news report?
3.Images
Be wary of images that aren’t credited. We’ve seen recycled images passed off as
current, images lacking context, and more. So if you share a photo, be careful about
the conclusions you draw from it. If it isn’t obvious from the image itself, include
some information about where you saw it and why you trust it enough to post.
Transparency is part of sharing news responsibly
4.Be transparent
Transparency makes it easier for all of us to digest and judge your contribution to the
conversation. This isn’t limited to images. If something you share turns out to be
bogus, transparency can help people track down the source and perhaps protect your
credibility from getting burnt. If you demand media transparency, then hold yourself
to the same standard.
5.When In Doubt, Leave It Out
There’s no need to rush headfirst into posting anything. Take a breath and think it all
through. If you have a doubt about the sources or the information, or if the
conclusions aren’t borne out by the facts, either rethink what you wanted to say, or
don’t say anything.
In conclusion, it is obvious that social media has become the new, quick and easy way
to receive our daily dose of news and entertainment. There are many different
platforms to chose from, and even more accounts in those platforms, making it easy
to read the news but difficult to know the truth. Having all this information in the
palm of our hands is great and efficient, however, it is still important to check the
accuracy of the content to make sure that it is valid.
CRIME & SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS
Social Network- A set of actors who are linked by one or more types of
connections, such as friendship, kinship, or membership in a criminal organization.
Actors in a sense that it can be individuals or organizations. Another thing is that
understanding the dynamics of group formation and social influence is the bread
and butter in SNA studies. It means to say that mapping and analysis of those
connection patterns form the basis of SNA. After understanding what social
network is, let’s now proceed with the lesson proper.
Social Network Analysis
Social network analysis in criminology views social relationships in terms of
network theory, consisting of nodes (representing individual actors within the

7. network) and ties (which represents relationships between the individuals, such as
offender movement, co-offenders, crime groups, etc.) These networks are often
depicted in a social network diagram where nodes are represented as points and ties
are represented as lines.
When we talk about SNA, it is also known as network science. It is a field of data
analytics that uses networks and graph theory para maintindihan yung social
structures. Meaning to say, process ito para mainvestigate yung social structures
by using networks and graph theory. As stated here, SNA characterizes networked
structures in terms of nodes which may be individual actors, people or things
within the network and yung tinatawag na ties, edges or links which represents
relationships or interactions that connect them. Examples of ties are offender
movement, co-offenders and crime groups.
1.Offender Movements- It is the movement of deviant from one location to
another.
2. Co-offenders- It refers to the relationship between two deviant
individuals.
3.Crime Groups- It consists of the social group that participates in the different aspect
of a deviant action.
1. As the statement suggests, the offender or the deviant individual move from
another place. As simple as that.
2. It means to say that it is an act of committing a crime by more than one person.
Meaning to say, there are two or more offenders na nagcommit ng crime together.
3. Here, crime groups engage in different illegal activities most commonly for
profit. Diba we often heard kidnapping and child trafficking.
Also, Social Network Analysis (SNA) is a relatively recent approach to
understand how individuals are connected in society, and more specifically, how
criminals themselves are connected to one another. According to Johnson & Reitzel,
SNA is both theory and method. Stanley Milgram is often cited as the originator of
SNA with his 1967 experiment, “The Small World Problem”.
Meaning to say, if you are on the field of criminology, you can use SNA to
understand human behavior including crime through people’s relations and
interactions.
Interested kasisi Milgram on how two randomly selected persons might know one
another.
Tworandomly chosen people were connected by an average of six connections.
Let’s imagine na sina Ryan, Clabelle at Jayson ay taga Lemery. Then hindi sila
kilala ni Milgram. Ang ginawa ni Milgram is binigyan niya ng package silang

8. tatlo. Take note that Milgram give the package to these three persons randomly. I
mean, hindi kilala ni Milgram sina Ryan, Clabelle at Jayson. Then he asked these
three if kilala nila si Darren na taga Taal. Ang instruction niya is kung kilala nila si
Darren, then they need to forward the package to Darren but if not, ifoforward nila
yung package sa isang tao na kakilala nila na most likely is connected kay Darren.
Let’s say, kilala ni Ryan at Clabelle si Darren kaya wala silang naging problema
kasi ifinorward nila ito kay Darren ng hindi dumadaan sa ibang tao. However,
let’s say hindi kilala ni Jayson si Darren. So ang tendency, iisip siya ng tao na
maaring kakilala ni Darren or kakilala niya na taga Taal. Let’s say si Ate Theresa
ay taga Taal then kilala siya ni Jayson. Ang gagawin ni Jayson ay ifoforward niya
yung package kay Ate Theresa na most likely ay connected kay Darren kasi same
place sila. With that experiment, nalaman ni Milgram that two randomly chosen
people were connected by an average of six connections. Milgram’s experiment set
the stage for future SNA research.
Granovetter furthered Milgram’s work by looking at the nature of the connection, or
“tie” from one person to the next. In his work, Granovetter identified weak and
strong ties and argued that weak ties (acquaintances) were more important in
understanding certain behaviors and strong ties (family and close friends) were more
important in understanding other behaviors.
He asserts that yung weak ties or our acquiantances are less likely to be socially
involved with one another than our close friends or strong ties. Therefore, the set of
people made up of any individual and his or her acquaintances comprises a low-
density network while the set consisting of the same individual will be densely knit.
This is an important revelation for understanding criminal behavior.
Granovetter also looked at the structure of the networks themselves and
argued that networks that had greater access to information and power were
larger, more disperse, more open and less interconnected.
Primarily, the usefulness of SNA to law enforcement
hinges on the fact that knowing who a person associates
with can aid in predicting that person’s future movements.
It is well-documented that crime and victimization are not randomly distributed
across people or space.
Given that crime and victimization are both embedded
within larger social networks, social network analysis has widespread applications
for the field of crime analysis.
It means to say that victims and offenders are often connected in multiple ways and
play varying roles in criminal events (such as a victim, offender, co‐offender, or
witness) and in daily social life (such as an acquaintance, family member,
spouse/partner, etc.). Furthermore, these criminal networks are situated in larger
communities.

9. It can aid in helping analysts better understand crime problems, as well as
provide insight into the development of law enforcement strategies to prevent,
disrupt, and reduce crime.
SNA is an important set of analytical tools that diagram and measure relationships.
People (nodes or vertices) connected to one another (edges or paths) in a variety of
ways.
Relationships can be directional (such as parent to child, offender to victim) or non‐
directional and can vary in strength. A component consists of all nodes (and
their edges) that are connected to one another—all actors are embedded in the
same structure. Example of SNA to measure the relationships between individuals
is…
VERTICES, PATHS/EDGES AND COMPONENTS
All actors have some relationship with one another.
FORBIDDEN TRIAD (Granovetter, 1973)
There are 3 actors. It was introduced by Granovetter. This is an example of
Forbidden Triad. Let’s say, si Nicole ay close kay Erica and also, close din niya si
Marcelle. For that reason, there is a high probability na si Erica and Marcelle have
at least awareness of one another. I mean, si Nicole ang naging way para at least
magkakilala si Erica and Marcelle though hindi sila close. So this figure have
important implication sa crime analysis and law enforcement efforts para
maaddress ang criminal networks. Like for example, if si Nicole ay suspect in a
crime, maaring maraming maisheshare na information about kay Nicole si Erica
since close sila pero si Marcelle, maybe willing siyang magshare ng information
about sa ginawa ni Nicole pero limited lang.
3 DISTINCT TYPES OF NETWORKS OCCUR IN CRIMINOLOGICAL
THEORY AND RESEARCH
Personal Network
Neighborhood Network
Criminal Network
1. Personal Network is the people with whom one interacts like friends and family
have an influence on one’s criminality.
2. Neighborhood Network encourages crime in the neighborhood mainly base on
collective efficacy theory.
3. Criminal Network wherein it is a form of organization of criminal groups and
criminal activities.

10. 2 OUTPUTS PRODUCED BY SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS
Visual- It displays the connections between individual nodes.
Mathematical- It contains computed figures for key items
There are two outputs produced by SNA: one that is visual and one that is
mathematical.
VISUAL - Connections are the links or edges while nodes represent groups or larger
entities.
MATHEMATICAL – It is similar in typical statistical analysis. Examples for this
output are number of vertices, edges and components as well as network measures
including density, in-degree and betweenness centrality.
VISUAL OUTPUT
It is an example of the visual output of SNA. Upon quick examination, madali
nating maa-identify yung role nina Maria, Darren and Nicole since after nila ay
may iba pang nodes under nila. And also, maoobserve natin na malaki ang role
nina Darren and Nicole in controlling the flow and access of information within the
network.
3 CATEGORIES OF SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS
McGloin and Kirk (2010) identify three categories of social network analysis:
descriptive graphs, network measures, and advanced network modeling.
DESCRIPTIVE GRAPHS
These are often termed as “sociograms”. It is a simple visualizations of social
networks and the connections that exist among the individual actors.
Link analysis is a simple sociogram that allows analysts to identify relationships
within an individual’s social network.
Descriptive graph or sociogram is a graphical representation of interpersonal
relationships within a constant collective. In other words, pag sinabing sociogram,
it explains how the people in a group respond to each other. Kumbaga, ang purpose
nito ay para mauncover yung underlying relationships between individuals.
LINK ANALYSIS
Link analysis is useful to law enforcement for investigative and courtroom
purposes.
But though very useful itong link analysis sa field of criminology, one major
shortcoming of this is that it “simply communicates the results”.

11. NETWORK MEASURES
These are central to understanding the overall structure of a criminal network which
can aid in the development of law enforcement strategies as well as identifying key
players within a network. The most common measures used for these purposes
include density, in-degree, and betweenness centrality.
DENSITY
It measures the “cohesion” of a network.
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠
Meaning to say, ineexplain dito kung paano ba connected ang network. Like, it is
the connections between participants. The question here is, why do we need to know
density? The density of network property is important to consider for 2 reasons.
First, nakakatulong ito para maintindihan natin how connected the network is
compared to how connected it might be. Next is that pag ikinocompare natin ang
two networks with the same number of nodes and same type of relationships,
nalalaman natin kung paano nagkakaiba-iba ang networks. Here, we need to be
guided of this formula. Take a look at following figure. You will that there are 2
networks. The network A and the network B and obviously, we can say that
network B has a higher density. But this is not as simple as that because we need to
be reminded of the said formula. Diba Network A and Network B have the same
number of participants which are A, B, C, D, E, F, G & H. So, let’s take a look at the
Network A. So in network A, there are 5 edges. I’m talking the lines na nagbibind sa
each letter ha. A to B, A to E, D to H, F to G and C to F. Therefore, network have 5
edges. On the other hand, if we will count the number of edges of Network B, we
will arrive at 16 edges. The problem, how are we going to know the number of
possible edges. Since, mas marami namang edges ang Network B, dito tayo
magfocus. So, if you will observe, there are some letters na hindi connected sa ibang
letters like yung G ay hindi connected kay H and also, C is not connected to D. So
meaning to say, if all letters are connected to other letters, then we can arrive at the
number of possible edges. Therefore, Network A has 5/28 and network B has 16/28.
That’s a simple process in getting the density but let me just say na napakaraming
formulas pa ang ginagamit dito sa Density like yung directed and undirected
networks but I will not be explaining those formulas as it will consume too much
time.
IN-DEGREE- It measures the popularity of an individual within the network.
BETWEENESS CENTRALITY- It measures to what degree communicationin a
network must “go through” certain individuals.
After knowing what density is, let’s now proceed with the…

12. In-degree concentrates on a specific individual as the point of focus; centrality of
all other individuals is based on their relation to the focal point of the "in-degree"
individual.
Itong betweenness centrality ay ginagamit to measure a person’s role in allowing
information to pass from one part of the network to the other. Kumbaga, all
information na malalaman ng isang group ay dumadaan or nanggagaling muna
sa isang tao.
Thus, within a criminal network, these measures help us identify how tightly
connected a group is, which members have the most influence based on the number
of connections they have, and where they sit inside lines of communication.
Another use of network measures in crime analysis lies in the identification of “key
players”. Three of most common strategies todetect key players have been measures
of network centrality: closeness centrality, degree centrality, and betweenness
centrality.
BETWEENESS CENTRALITY
It refers to the position and ability of an individual to connect others, and thus, be a go-
between for communication purposes.
1. Sinusukat dito kung aling nodes ang nagsisilbing bridge between nodes in a
network and it happens by identifying all the shortest paths and then counting how
many times each node falls on one. Ginagamit itong betweenness centrality para
mahanap yung individuals na nakakainfluence sa flow ng system.
Kung maoobserve ninyo sa example na ito, si Darren ang nagsisilbing betweenness
centrality or bridge sa iba pang actors ng isang network.
CLOSENESS CENTRALITY
Individuals with the highest closeness centrality scores will have the shortest path
lengths to others within the network
DEGREE CENTRALITY
It measures the number of direct connection an individual has inside the network.
2. It indicates how close a node is to all other nodes in the network. Meaning to say,
gaano ba kaclose yung isang tao sa ibang tao sa group or network. Para hindi
kayo malito, let’s take information for example. Halimbawa ay Public Information
Officer si Clabelle. So ang goal niya ay maipahatid ang information sa buong
SocStud Major about sa magiging set-up sa internship. So in closeness reality, ang
imemeasure doon is gaano ba katagal bago maispread ni Clabelle ang information
sa buong SocStud while in betweenness centrality naman, ilang beses ba na naging
bridge si Clabelle para maipakalat ang information.

13. 3. Yung actor na maraming ties to other actors ay may advantaged positions. Kasi
nga marami syang connections, then marami syang alternative ways para
masatisy yung needs and para hindi maging dependent sa ibang individuals.
Kumbaga, maraming connections, marami ring resources.
ADVANCED MODELLING TECHNIQUES
Papachristos et al. employed advanced modeling techniques in their analysis of fatal
and not-fatal gang shootings in Boston and Chicago. McGloin and Kirk recommend
reviewing Carrington, Scott, and Wasserman as well as Wasserman and Faust for a
good discussion of some advanced modeling techniques. In addition, they call
attention to the documentation associated with the network analysis software “Siena”
for further consideration.
Dyan sa study nina Papachristos, sinabi nila that the application of SNA can be
used in the study of street gangs. Of course, we can say that a gang is group but it is
exactly the links or connections between every gang members that differentiates
them from any other gangs. Also, they came in a conclusion that not only do
relationships exist within gangs, but the relationships between gangs can also
shape the structural reality of gang life.