SOCIAL EQUITY IN AMERICAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 75
5
The State of Social Equity in American
Public Adrninistration
Unlike chapter 1, which was written in 1969, and chapters 2, 3, and 4,
much of which was written in the 1970s and early 1980s, chapter 5 was
written in 2005. It is, therefore, far more historical and reflective than
the earlier chapters. I discarded several alternative titles for this essay
in favor of the rather bland “State of Social Equity in American Public
Administration:’ Upon further reflection, and in the interest of a title that
is somewhat more descriptiveof the tenor of the chapter, today Iwould
probably use a title like ”Social Equity in Public Administration: Succeed
ing in Theory, Struggling in Practice.” The point of this alternative title is
that social equity i s now broadly accepted in academic and theoretical
public administration, as the chapter claims. However, the application of
social equity in administrative practice is very complex and challenging.
As the chapter points out, applications of social equity to the street-level
practices of publicadministrationare freightedwith ethical issues. Indeed,
a readingof chapter 5 should make clear that social equity is a theoretical
perspective on public administration, a set of prescriptionsto guide the
practices of public administration, and an ethic-the social equity ethic.
Chapter 5 completes a general summary of the history and evolution
of social equity and public administration. The next three chapters are
more detailed and specific considerations of social equity applied to
intergenerational equity, law and research, and public education.
c7
Over the years, public administrators have contributed much in helping to
create a more equitable, fairer, and more just America. Yet we have much
more to contribute. As a core value in public administration, social equity is
Adapted and updated from H. George Frederickson, “The State of Social Equity in
American Public Administration,” National CivicReview 94,4 (Winter2005):31-38.
Used by permission of Jossey-Bass.
no longer novel or new. Nevertheless, during the past forty years, as social
equity has grown in importance in public administration, there is an irony:
Americans have become less equal in virtually all aspects of social, economic,
and political life. In our literature, in our classrooms, and in our administra
tive practices, we have learned to talk the social equity talk. But if the data
on the growing gap between the haves and have-nots in American are any
clue, we are not walking the social equity talk. In this essay, I attempt to
describe the changing terrain of public administration and sketch the chal
lenges administrators facc as they navigate both the theory and the reality of
that terrain. Finally, I offer some suggestions for wallung the social equity
talk in the years ahead.
The Evolution of Social Equity in American Public
Administration
In.
Answer the questions that follow in a short paragraph each 3-4 sen.docxamrit47
Answer the questions that follow in a short paragraph each 3-4 sentences Be sure to cite materials from the course. For example, if you are referring to an article that has an author, use the following citation format (Author’s Last Name, Year). If the article has no author, you can use the title of the article, or the title I’ve given it, in quotation marks (“Six Characteristics of a Democracy”, n.d.). Note that you use “n.d.” if the article or post has no date/year associated with it.
Discussion Questions:
1. In what ways are the values of individualism and communitarianism, although seemingly in opposition, both critical to a liberal democracy?
2. After reading the article on communitarianism, do you feel you follow the philosophical tradition of liberalism or of communitarianism when it comes to your view of democracy (note: Don’t confuse “liberalism” with “liberal” in American politics – you have to read the article to understand the meaning of liberalism in American political history).
3. In your opinion why did citizens vote in the latest 2018 elections in higher numbers than past mid-term elections? (Please consider your view in light of the trends noted in the FiveThirtyEight article in Week 1 e-resources (Dottle et al., 2018)
4. Why do you think other western societies vote at higher levels than Americans?
Commentary
According to sociologists, Bellah et al. in Habits of the Heart (2007) and social commentator E.J. Dionne (2012) in Our Divided Political Heart, there are two strains in U.S. history and the underlying set of values that are important to us as member of that society – individualism and communitarianism. Both have shaped our values and sense of who we are as Americans.
On the one hand, we are individualistic - intent in meeting our individual needs and pursuing our individual instrumental (material success) and expressive (personal non-material happiness) needs and goals.
On the other hand, we seek community - the sense of belonging to and active in a larger group and fulfilling the needs of the community and its members.
While individualism is more concrete and easier to identify, communitarianism is more abstract (though see the article on communitarianism in the readings, particular what the authors says about views toward political systems ability to achieve a “good life” other than democracy).
Social institutions fulfill social needs that drive both individualistic and communitarian tendencies in American Society.
Sociologists view social institutions (family, government, economic, education, religion, media) as socially created structures or organizational systems that function to satisfy basic social needs by linking the individual to the larger culture.
Today, some might argue that extreme individualism has become dominant. [Another position is that our society is currently dominated by tribalism or a sense of community based on in-group identities (those like "us"), and often at the expense and derogation of.
Respond to each peer with response being 3-4 sentences longPee.docxkhanpaulita
The American founders did not recognize the importance of public administration when establishing the government system. They focused instead on developing the nation's economy and wanted individuals to be self-sufficient rather than dependent on public services. Today, public organizations play a major role in society by providing important services like educating low-income families. While the founders prioritized independence and limiting government influence, modern representatives should work to incorporate public administration into the government structure and ensure its protection, as it has become critical to American society. However, reorganizing the government in this way would be a complex process requiring significant political coordination and debate.
Social Work, Politics, and Social Policy Education ApplyingAlleneMcclendon878
Social Work, Politics, and Social Policy Education: Applying
a Multidimensional Framework of Power
Amy Krings , Vincent Fusaro , Kerri Leyda Nicoll, and Na Youn Lee
ABSTRACT
The call to promote social justice sets the social work profession in
a political context. In an effort to enhance social workers’ preparedness to
engage in political advocacy, this article calls on educators to integrate
a broad theoretical understanding of power into social policy curricula. We
suggest the use of a multidimensional conceptualization of power that
emphasizes mechanisms of decision making, agenda control, and attitude
formation. We then apply these mechanisms to demonstrate how two
prominent features of contemporary politics—party polarization and
racially biased attitudes—affect the ability of social workers to influence
policy. Finally, we suggest content that social work educators can integrate
to prepare future social workers to engage in strategic and effective social
justice advocacy.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Accepted: January 2018
As part of their broader mandate, codified in the National Association of Social Workers (2017)
Code of Ethics, social workers are called to advance social and economic justice by participating in
political action with, or on behalf of, disadvantaged groups. The goals of such action are broad
democratic participation, a fair distribution of power and resources, and an equitable distribution of
opportunities (Reisch & Garvin, 2016). To achieve these goals, social workers must go beyond an
analysis of how existing policies reinforce or reduce social problems to recognize and strategically
engage with the power embedded in political processes themselves. This power not only influences
how problems are addressed or ignored but also how they are constructed and understood. Thus, to
be effective practitioners and change agents, it is necessary for social workers to “see power as central
to understanding and addressing social problems and human needs” (Fisher, 1995, p. 196).
At its inception, the social work profession emerged as a leader in shaping policies and programs
that improved the health and well-being of disadvantaged people and families. Social workers played
key roles in policy areas such as aid to families, Social Security, the juvenile court system, minimum
wage, and unemployment insurance (Axinn & Stern, 2012). Over time, external pressures, including
austerity-driven policies that emphasize market-based approaches to social service delivery and the
reduction of the social safety net, have limited the range of microlevel interventions and margin-
alized mezzo- and macrolevel community and policy practice (Abramovitz & Sherraden, 2016;
Reisch, 2000). Consequently, many social work educators have expressed concern that the profession
has become increasingly depoliticized and decontextualized by focusing disproportionately on
individual interventions at the expense of systematic interventions that could help individuals an ...
Introduction(Frontier of public Administration)Suzana Vaidya
1. Public administration involves implementing public policy and enforcing laws on behalf of the government. It has evolved over time from sporadic administrative functions under monarchs to a more organized bureaucracy in the 19th century.
2. The history of public administration dates back to ancient Greece, where Plato recognized the separation of management and democracy. Key figures like Machiavelli, Adam Smith, and Thomas Jefferson contributed ideas about organization, specialization, and political patronage that influenced the development of public administration.
3. Major milestones in the history of public administration include the establishment of the U.S. Civil Service Commission in 1883 to regulate political patronage, the passage of civil rights laws in the 1960s-1970
This document discusses classical public administrative theory and how perspectives on bureaucracy have evolved over time. It summarizes Weber's view of bureaucracy as an impersonal hierarchical system and compares it to more modern approaches that emphasize serving citizens, empathy, and allowing flexibility. The document also analyzes how reforms from 1945 to 2002 reflected different viewpoints and discusses the importance of social equity in public administration.
· Does the Right to Free Speech Extend to CorporationsThis week.docxoswald1horne84988
· Does the Right to Free Speech Extend to Corporations?
This week, we studied how, under the Supreme Court ruling of Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, corporations are afforded free speech. For your essay this week, make a case for or against the constitutionality of not allowing a corporation to promote one political candidate over another (for example, through campaign funding, advertising, compelling votes from employees, etc.). As part of the assignment, use your position on constitutional interpretation and show how that school of thought informs your position.
In addition to the arguments on corporations and free speech in the text book, use at least one additional outside source. Use one source from the textbook pages provided in the attachments labeled ‘Textbook Pages’ and one from another source from the internet. Your paper needs to be a minimum of 500 words in length and follow APA style guidelines. You may not use Wikipedia as a source. Below is the textbook source information:
TITLE: TAKING SIDES: CLASHING VIEWS ON POLITICAL ISSUES 19TH EDITION
AUTHOR: WILLIAM J. MILLER
Unit 3.6 (pgs. 166-177)
ISBN: 978-1-259-34270-7
PUBLISHER: MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION
LAVC
/
Soc
/
Raskoff
Knowledge
of
the
Hidden
Rules
of
Social
Class:
A
Questionnaire
Assignment:
For
each
of
the
three
questionnaires
below,
place
a
check
mark
in
front
of
each
item
that
you
definitely
know
how
to
do-‐-‐
right
now,
today,
at
this
very
minute.
Be
honest.
If
you
are
the
least
bit
unsure,
do
not
check
the
item.
(If
you
don’t
have
children,
use
yourself
and
your
siblings
as
a
reference
group.)
List
#1
_____1.
I
know
which
churches
and
sections
of
town
have
the
best
rummage
sales.
_____2.
I
know
where
the
nearest
food
bank
is
and
when
it
is
open.
_____3.
I
know
which
grocery
stores’
garbage
bins
can
be
accessed
for
thrown-‐away
food.
_____4.
I
know
how
to
get
someone
out
of
jail.
_____5.
I
know
how
to
physically
fight
and
can
defend
myself
if
necessary.
_____6.
I
know
how
a
person
can
get
a
gun
even
if
they
have
a
police
record.
_____7.
I
know
how
to
keep
my
clothes
from
being
stolen
at
the
Laundromat.
_____8.
I
know
what
problems
to
look
for
in
a
used
car.
_____9.
I
know
how
to
live
without
a
checking
account.
_____10.
I
know
how
to
get
by
without
electricity
and
without
a
phone.
_____11.
I
know
how.
Evolution Of Public Administration ApproachesTiffany Surratt
The document discusses the evolution of public administration approaches from ancient times to modern times. It describes how Plato first developed the concept of democracy in 400 BC. It then discusses how Taylorism in the early 1900s promoted scientific management principles like specialization and standardization. Weber further explored these principles and advocated for a clear chain of command. The old public administration model emphasized hierarchy, centralized control, separating policy and implementation, and specialized roles. It targeted efficiency and effectiveness through defined roles and merit-based hiring. Recent developments in public administration include e-government, technological changes, and more collaborative efforts between public and private sectors.
Answer the questions that follow in a short paragraph each 3-4 sen.docxamrit47
Answer the questions that follow in a short paragraph each 3-4 sentences Be sure to cite materials from the course. For example, if you are referring to an article that has an author, use the following citation format (Author’s Last Name, Year). If the article has no author, you can use the title of the article, or the title I’ve given it, in quotation marks (“Six Characteristics of a Democracy”, n.d.). Note that you use “n.d.” if the article or post has no date/year associated with it.
Discussion Questions:
1. In what ways are the values of individualism and communitarianism, although seemingly in opposition, both critical to a liberal democracy?
2. After reading the article on communitarianism, do you feel you follow the philosophical tradition of liberalism or of communitarianism when it comes to your view of democracy (note: Don’t confuse “liberalism” with “liberal” in American politics – you have to read the article to understand the meaning of liberalism in American political history).
3. In your opinion why did citizens vote in the latest 2018 elections in higher numbers than past mid-term elections? (Please consider your view in light of the trends noted in the FiveThirtyEight article in Week 1 e-resources (Dottle et al., 2018)
4. Why do you think other western societies vote at higher levels than Americans?
Commentary
According to sociologists, Bellah et al. in Habits of the Heart (2007) and social commentator E.J. Dionne (2012) in Our Divided Political Heart, there are two strains in U.S. history and the underlying set of values that are important to us as member of that society – individualism and communitarianism. Both have shaped our values and sense of who we are as Americans.
On the one hand, we are individualistic - intent in meeting our individual needs and pursuing our individual instrumental (material success) and expressive (personal non-material happiness) needs and goals.
On the other hand, we seek community - the sense of belonging to and active in a larger group and fulfilling the needs of the community and its members.
While individualism is more concrete and easier to identify, communitarianism is more abstract (though see the article on communitarianism in the readings, particular what the authors says about views toward political systems ability to achieve a “good life” other than democracy).
Social institutions fulfill social needs that drive both individualistic and communitarian tendencies in American Society.
Sociologists view social institutions (family, government, economic, education, religion, media) as socially created structures or organizational systems that function to satisfy basic social needs by linking the individual to the larger culture.
Today, some might argue that extreme individualism has become dominant. [Another position is that our society is currently dominated by tribalism or a sense of community based on in-group identities (those like "us"), and often at the expense and derogation of.
Respond to each peer with response being 3-4 sentences longPee.docxkhanpaulita
The American founders did not recognize the importance of public administration when establishing the government system. They focused instead on developing the nation's economy and wanted individuals to be self-sufficient rather than dependent on public services. Today, public organizations play a major role in society by providing important services like educating low-income families. While the founders prioritized independence and limiting government influence, modern representatives should work to incorporate public administration into the government structure and ensure its protection, as it has become critical to American society. However, reorganizing the government in this way would be a complex process requiring significant political coordination and debate.
Social Work, Politics, and Social Policy Education ApplyingAlleneMcclendon878
Social Work, Politics, and Social Policy Education: Applying
a Multidimensional Framework of Power
Amy Krings , Vincent Fusaro , Kerri Leyda Nicoll, and Na Youn Lee
ABSTRACT
The call to promote social justice sets the social work profession in
a political context. In an effort to enhance social workers’ preparedness to
engage in political advocacy, this article calls on educators to integrate
a broad theoretical understanding of power into social policy curricula. We
suggest the use of a multidimensional conceptualization of power that
emphasizes mechanisms of decision making, agenda control, and attitude
formation. We then apply these mechanisms to demonstrate how two
prominent features of contemporary politics—party polarization and
racially biased attitudes—affect the ability of social workers to influence
policy. Finally, we suggest content that social work educators can integrate
to prepare future social workers to engage in strategic and effective social
justice advocacy.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Accepted: January 2018
As part of their broader mandate, codified in the National Association of Social Workers (2017)
Code of Ethics, social workers are called to advance social and economic justice by participating in
political action with, or on behalf of, disadvantaged groups. The goals of such action are broad
democratic participation, a fair distribution of power and resources, and an equitable distribution of
opportunities (Reisch & Garvin, 2016). To achieve these goals, social workers must go beyond an
analysis of how existing policies reinforce or reduce social problems to recognize and strategically
engage with the power embedded in political processes themselves. This power not only influences
how problems are addressed or ignored but also how they are constructed and understood. Thus, to
be effective practitioners and change agents, it is necessary for social workers to “see power as central
to understanding and addressing social problems and human needs” (Fisher, 1995, p. 196).
At its inception, the social work profession emerged as a leader in shaping policies and programs
that improved the health and well-being of disadvantaged people and families. Social workers played
key roles in policy areas such as aid to families, Social Security, the juvenile court system, minimum
wage, and unemployment insurance (Axinn & Stern, 2012). Over time, external pressures, including
austerity-driven policies that emphasize market-based approaches to social service delivery and the
reduction of the social safety net, have limited the range of microlevel interventions and margin-
alized mezzo- and macrolevel community and policy practice (Abramovitz & Sherraden, 2016;
Reisch, 2000). Consequently, many social work educators have expressed concern that the profession
has become increasingly depoliticized and decontextualized by focusing disproportionately on
individual interventions at the expense of systematic interventions that could help individuals an ...
Introduction(Frontier of public Administration)Suzana Vaidya
1. Public administration involves implementing public policy and enforcing laws on behalf of the government. It has evolved over time from sporadic administrative functions under monarchs to a more organized bureaucracy in the 19th century.
2. The history of public administration dates back to ancient Greece, where Plato recognized the separation of management and democracy. Key figures like Machiavelli, Adam Smith, and Thomas Jefferson contributed ideas about organization, specialization, and political patronage that influenced the development of public administration.
3. Major milestones in the history of public administration include the establishment of the U.S. Civil Service Commission in 1883 to regulate political patronage, the passage of civil rights laws in the 1960s-1970
This document discusses classical public administrative theory and how perspectives on bureaucracy have evolved over time. It summarizes Weber's view of bureaucracy as an impersonal hierarchical system and compares it to more modern approaches that emphasize serving citizens, empathy, and allowing flexibility. The document also analyzes how reforms from 1945 to 2002 reflected different viewpoints and discusses the importance of social equity in public administration.
· Does the Right to Free Speech Extend to CorporationsThis week.docxoswald1horne84988
· Does the Right to Free Speech Extend to Corporations?
This week, we studied how, under the Supreme Court ruling of Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, corporations are afforded free speech. For your essay this week, make a case for or against the constitutionality of not allowing a corporation to promote one political candidate over another (for example, through campaign funding, advertising, compelling votes from employees, etc.). As part of the assignment, use your position on constitutional interpretation and show how that school of thought informs your position.
In addition to the arguments on corporations and free speech in the text book, use at least one additional outside source. Use one source from the textbook pages provided in the attachments labeled ‘Textbook Pages’ and one from another source from the internet. Your paper needs to be a minimum of 500 words in length and follow APA style guidelines. You may not use Wikipedia as a source. Below is the textbook source information:
TITLE: TAKING SIDES: CLASHING VIEWS ON POLITICAL ISSUES 19TH EDITION
AUTHOR: WILLIAM J. MILLER
Unit 3.6 (pgs. 166-177)
ISBN: 978-1-259-34270-7
PUBLISHER: MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION
LAVC
/
Soc
/
Raskoff
Knowledge
of
the
Hidden
Rules
of
Social
Class:
A
Questionnaire
Assignment:
For
each
of
the
three
questionnaires
below,
place
a
check
mark
in
front
of
each
item
that
you
definitely
know
how
to
do-‐-‐
right
now,
today,
at
this
very
minute.
Be
honest.
If
you
are
the
least
bit
unsure,
do
not
check
the
item.
(If
you
don’t
have
children,
use
yourself
and
your
siblings
as
a
reference
group.)
List
#1
_____1.
I
know
which
churches
and
sections
of
town
have
the
best
rummage
sales.
_____2.
I
know
where
the
nearest
food
bank
is
and
when
it
is
open.
_____3.
I
know
which
grocery
stores’
garbage
bins
can
be
accessed
for
thrown-‐away
food.
_____4.
I
know
how
to
get
someone
out
of
jail.
_____5.
I
know
how
to
physically
fight
and
can
defend
myself
if
necessary.
_____6.
I
know
how
a
person
can
get
a
gun
even
if
they
have
a
police
record.
_____7.
I
know
how
to
keep
my
clothes
from
being
stolen
at
the
Laundromat.
_____8.
I
know
what
problems
to
look
for
in
a
used
car.
_____9.
I
know
how
to
live
without
a
checking
account.
_____10.
I
know
how
to
get
by
without
electricity
and
without
a
phone.
_____11.
I
know
how.
Evolution Of Public Administration ApproachesTiffany Surratt
The document discusses the evolution of public administration approaches from ancient times to modern times. It describes how Plato first developed the concept of democracy in 400 BC. It then discusses how Taylorism in the early 1900s promoted scientific management principles like specialization and standardization. Weber further explored these principles and advocated for a clear chain of command. The old public administration model emphasized hierarchy, centralized control, separating policy and implementation, and specialized roles. It targeted efficiency and effectiveness through defined roles and merit-based hiring. Recent developments in public administration include e-government, technological changes, and more collaborative efforts between public and private sectors.
Citizenship, Democracy, and ProfessionalismJay Hays
This document presents a curriculum for citizenship, democracy, and professionalism. It discusses six interdependent elements - citizenship, democracy, professionalism, empowerment, community, and sustainability. It argues these elements form a complex adaptive system and must work together synergistically. The curriculum is designed to develop the capabilities and dispositions that these elements require to build and sustain healthy communities. It involves learning through doing, working collaboratively, and engaging in critical reflection.
The document discusses representativeness as one of the six pillars of public administration. It argues that representativeness goes beyond just reflecting the demographics of the community and that a truly representative administration reflects the views and interests of the community it serves. It mentions that while reflecting community demographics is important, that alone does not guarantee an administration will serve the public's best interests.
The document discusses the emergence of New Public Administration (NPA) in the late 1960s from the Minnowbrook Conference in 1968. The NPA rejected classical theories of public administration and advocated for social equity in addition to efficiency and effectiveness. It also questioned the relevance of traditional public administration and argued for more focus on social purposes and values rather than just economic factors. The NPA called for more client-oriented, participatory, and decentralized approaches with less bureaucracy. While social equity has gained more acceptance since NPA, it still struggles to be viewed equally alongside other core values of public administration like economy, efficiency, and effectiveness.
Woodrow Wilson established the field of public administration with the goal of determining what government can and should do most efficiently. Since then, the goals and methods of public administration have changed, transforming from a bureaucratic system to one focused on transparency, efficiency, and social equity. This has refined the image of the public servant from the era of traditional public administration to the new public administration. To analyze this transition, the key differences between traditional and new public administration must be clarified.
RETHINKING THE IDENTITY OF ADMINISTRATION CPUC 032 (2).pptxUnarineNdou
This document discusses rethinking the identity of public administration through an interdisciplinary lens. It argues that public administration has struggled with its identity as an independent field and would benefit from incorporating insights from other disciplines like political science, sociology, and management. The document provides a lengthy overview of the evolutionary history of public administration and how it has drawn from law, politics and other fields over time. It also examines current trends in public administration and argues that an interdisciplinary approach can help address challenges in government and strengthen public administration's identity by drawing on diverse perspectives.
Public administration aims to understand how government can effectively achieve its proper functions. It studies the activities in public agencies and how they work to implement policies affecting society. The discipline has existed for centuries but was formalized in the late 19th century. Early thinkers aimed to make administration more competent by separating it from politics, applying business principles. Later, the field recognized the political nature of administration and sought to balance efficiency with other goals like accountability. It now sees its role as understanding and strengthening government institutions to better govern.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
The document discusses the relationship between politics and power. It defines three dimensions of power: decision-making, agenda setting, and thought control. Politics involves a struggle over scarce resources, and power is the means through which this struggle is conducted. Radical feminists and Marxists view politics as occurring wherever resources are unequally distributed, including within families and personal relationships. The document concludes that politics takes place at all levels of social interaction, from personal relationships to international organizations, as it involves the allocation of scarce resources.
In a 3 page essay, address the following· Provide a summary of .docxwilcockiris
In a 3 page essay, address the following:
· Provide a summary of the vignette's key points as related to the social movements it represents. Identify and describe the concepts from this module that can be applied to the vignette to describe human behavior (i.e., cultural framing).
· Identify and discuss the effects of the identified social movement on the individual described in the vignette.
· Provide a summary of service methods or options that could be used to support this person. You can use examples you have identified in your own community as well.
Here are some notes down below to help out
Three major perspectives on social movements have emerged out of this lively interest. I refer to these as the political opportunities perspective, the mobilizing structures perspective, and the cultural framing perspective. There is growing agreement among social movement scholars that none of these perspectives taken alone provides adequate tools for understanding social movements (Buechler, 2011; Edwards, 2014). Each perspective adds important dimensions to our understanding, however, and taken together they provide a relatively comprehensive theory of social movements. Social movement scholars recommend research that synthesizes concepts across the three perspectives. The recent social movement literature offers one of the best examples of contemporary attempts to integrate and synthesize multiple theoretical perspectives to give a more complete picture of social phenomena.
Political Opportunities Perspective
Many advocates have been concerned about the deteriorating economic situation of low-wage workers in the United States for some time. After Republicans regained control of Congress in 1994, advocates saw little hope for major increases in the federal minimum wage. The federal minimum wage was increased slightly, from $4.25 an hour to $5.15 an hour in 1996, with a Democratic president and a Republican Congress. However, under the circumstances, advocates of a living wage decided it was more feasible to engage in campaigns at the local rather than federal level to ensure a living wage for all workers. A shift occurred at the federal level when the Democrats regained control of Congress in November 2006. After being stalled at $5.15 for 10 years, the minimum wage received a three-step increase from Congress in May 2007, and Republican president George W. Bush signed the new wage bill into law. The law called for an increase of the federal minimum wage to $5.85 in the summer of 2007, to $6.55 in the summer of 2008, and to $7.25 in the summer of 2009 (U.S. Department of Labor, 2014). In early 2014, Democratic president Barack Obama recommended an increase in the federal minimum wage to $10.10, but this proposal was given little chance in a highly polarized Congress. In the meantime, state and local governments continue to consider the issue of fair wages. These observations are in line with the political opportunities (PO) perspective, whose main.
This document summarizes the evolution of public administration over five phases from 1887 to the present:
1) 1887-1926 saw early reforms and the first textbook on public administration. Politics and administration were considered separate, with administrators implementing policy and politicians making it.
2) 1927-1937 focused on scientific management principles. Books defined optimal assembly lines for efficiency.
3) 1938-1959 challenged the dichotomy between politics and administration and questioned universal principles. Values could not be separated from administration.
4) 1950-1970 saw efforts to reconnect public administration with its political science roots to avoid being too narrow of a science. Comparative administration also emerged.
5) After 1970, public administration refined management techniques
The document summarizes the evolution of public administration over five phases from 1887 to the present:
1) 1887-1926 saw early reforms and the first textbook on the topic. Politics and administration were seen as distinct.
2) 1927-1937 focused on applying scientific management principles from business. A dichotomy between facts and values emerged.
3) 1938-1959 challenged the universality of administrative principles and the politics-administration dichotomy.
4) 1950-1970 sought to reconnect public administration with its political science roots and broaden its social and political focus.
5) Post-1970 solidified public administration as its own discipline focused on decision-making and defining "public." Recent technological changes
This document summarizes the evolution of public administration over five phases from 1887 to the present:
1) 1887-1926 saw early reforms and the first textbook on public administration. Politics and administration were considered separate, with administrators implementing policy and politicians making it.
2) 1927-1937 focused on scientific management principles. A key book defined principles of optimal assembly lines for efficiency.
3) 1938-1959 challenged the dichotomy between politics and administration and questioned universal principles. Authors argued administration involves values and contexts differ between organizations.
4) 1950-1970 saw efforts to reconnect public administration with its political science roots by considering both internal bureaucratic processes and external political pressures.
5) Post-1970 utilized
This document discusses different conceptions of citizenship that underlie civic education programs. It identifies three main conceptions: personally responsible citizens who obey laws and help their community through volunteering; participatory citizens who actively engage in community organizations and efforts; and justice-oriented citizens who critically analyze social problems and work towards systemic solutions for social justice. The document argues that while developing personal responsibility in citizens is important, it is an inadequate focus for democratic education as it can obscure needs for collective action and distract from analyzing and addressing root causes of social issues.
The document provides an introduction to administrative law. It discusses how administrative law evolved in response to the growth of the modern welfare state and increased government powers. It defines administrative law and discusses its purpose and scope. Specifically:
1) Administrative law developed to control and regulate the exercise of executive power as governments assumed new social and economic roles. It aims to balance expanded state power with legal limits and protection of individual rights.
2) Administrative law is defined as the body of law governing the organization and powers of government agencies, and the principles and rules for exercising power in relation to citizens.
3) The primary purpose of administrative law is to control government power through mechanisms like judicial review, while also facilitating good governance,
ROLE GOVERNMENT IN DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE TOECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE ECONOMYEmperor .A. Simon
The document discusses the role of government in ensuring distributive justice for economic growth. It defines key terms like distributive justice and economic growth. The government has a role in equitable distribution of resources to provide equal opportunities and participation in economic activities, contributing to growth. Elements of an inclusive society and distributive justice include policies promoting access to resources, services, and participation for all.
Students are expected to watch at least 30 minutes of political ne.docxjensgosney
Students are expected to watch at least 30 minutes of political news a week. Nearly any news program is acceptable, foreign or domestic, including public television, cable, and online sources. The key is diversity. Do not take in the same news source week after week. Be sure to take notes during the program that you watch, including the program’s name, outlet (cable, television, online, etc.), and date viewed. You will write
two
1-2 paged papers, connecting current political news to the material from the textbook and lecture outlines. Detailed instructions will be posted on Titanium within the first two weeks of the semester. These two papers, along with your notes from watching the news, are to be stapled together and turned in as one assignment.
.
Student will review prior readings (Chapter #8) and Klein Journal Ar.docxjensgosney
Student will review prior readings (Chapter #8) and Klein Journal Article to prepare a 10-page paper that will compare and contrast (analyze) one traditional gang and one neo-traditional gang.
The assignment will encompass gang structure, factors in gang membership, group dynamics, and aggression.
Paper will be completed in APA format.
.
Student Name Date Read the following case study and thorou.docxjensgosney
Student Name:
Date:
Read the following case study and thoroughly and completely answer the questions that follow. Remember to use full sentences and cite sources to support any contentions that you make, using proper APA formatting.
CASE STUDY:
Mary is a 36-year-old stay-at-home mother of four children. She is starting to become a bit bored with staying home, having done that for the past 15 years. Prior to having children, Mary worked in a credit union and enjoyed her job. She especially liked the precision of number crunching. She has carried this characteristic into her housekeeping chores. She tries to keep her home spotless, even with four children. She cleans the two bathrooms every day, vacuums, dusts, picks up toys, and performs various and sundry cleaning chores. Clutter and messiness bother her, and she is almost neurotic about cleaning. She is a perfectionist and knows it. All of her friends agree, but she is able to laugh at this quirk and not take herself too seriously.
Although maintaining a house with four children might seem overwhelming to others, Mary handles these chores fine and has time (sometimes while cleaning) to keep in close touch with her friends, especially with phone calls. Mary is continuously on the phone. Her friends are a very important part of her social support network, especially since she does not have coworkers with whom to interact and because her husband travels a lot for his job. Often, her friends seem more important to her than her spouse and she seems to have a better relationship with them than her husband. They describe her as being fiercely loyal, supportive, and talkative. They also know that she has a good heart. She is always willing to help another mom whose babysitter got sick by watching their child while she goes to work. If a friend is feeling overwhelmed about preparing for an upcoming party, she is willing to cook or bake something for them. You would never know from looking at her that Mary is such a warm and caring person. She actually looks a bit intimidating and angry, but that is just because her age is starting to show with somewhat deep lines between her eyes, which is mistaken for a frown. She is aware of this contradiction and is a bit self-conscious of her frown lines.
Mary is also insecure about not having attended college. Many of her friends graduated from college. Some even have doctorate degrees, but Mary never did. She does not think of herself as unintelligent, but she sees herself as uneducated and defers to others with a better education. Her friends see her as very intelligent, and they encourage her to pursue at least an associate’s degree mainly so she will feel better about herself. Mary is considering this possibility. It is something that she has always wanted to do. In particular, she is thinking about getting an associate’s degree in legal business studies and becoming a legal assistant after all of her children are in middle school. They will be old.
Strategy DevelopmentDiscuss the role that an I-O psychologist pl.docxjensgosney
Strategy Development
Discuss the role that an I-O psychologist plays when integrating theory during strategy development.
Include a detailed example to demonstrate the importance of careful planning and employee buy-in.
Support your position with the use of one additional outside source.
1 page APA
.
Sociology in a Nutshell A Brief Introduction to the Discipl.docxjensgosney
Sociology in a Nutshell:
A Brief Introduction to the Discipline of Sociology
Alan Barton, Ph.D.
As an independent discipline, Sociology dates back to the end of the 19
th
century, although
Sociology has influences from various other disciplines, including Philosophy, Political Economy
and Statistics. The first practitioners of Sociology were in France and Germany, as the effects of
the industrial revolution were being felt across Europe, and early sociologists were primarily
concerned with understanding the nature of industrial society (Levine, 1995). The first theories
that emerged contrasted community structures, common in agrarian societies, with societal
structures, common in industrial settings (Tönnies, 1887/2002; Durkheim, 1893/1997; Redfield,
1953). Community systems are rooted in personal emotional attachments, a desire for
homogeneity, strict normative (informal) controls, and a rudimentary division of labor (e.g., by
gender, within the household), while societal systems are based on professional rational
attachments, valuing diversity, legal (formal) controls, and a complex division of labor (e.g., by
occupation, at workplaces). As industrialization develops, systems of social organization move
from community to society, and states and markets take central roles in the operation of society
(Polanyi, 1944).
Sociology came to America in the early twentieth century, and was first established at the
University of Chicago (Collins, 1994). American sociologists developed a new approach to the
study of modern (industrial) society, by appropriating ecological theories from Biology and
applying them to urban settings. American sociologists also highlighted interaction as the root of
social structures (Mead, 1934; Goffman, 1959; Blumer, 1969). As Sociology spread, other
perspectives grew as well, including Functionalist Sociology, which emphasizes social order and
the “social glue” that holds society together, and Conflict Sociology, which emphasizes social
hierarchies and the differing levels of status accorded to different groups (Collins, 1994).
At its core, Sociology is the study of the relationship between individuals and their social
contexts. This is sometimes known as the Sociological Perspective (or the Sociological
Imagination) , because in order to understand the social causes of human behavior, sociologists
typically must adopt a way of thinking that differs from how most people see the world (Mills,
1959). Humans are by nature social beings; we cannot survive unless we interact with other
humans. But our interactions are not random, they are shaped by our relationships with others,
by our cultural values and beliefs, by the rules of institutions we participate in, and by our
experiences in previous interactions, among other influences (Bellah, Madsen, Sullivan, Swidler
& Tipton, 1991). Through interaction, we create the terms of these social structures―the
r.
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Group 2 Final Project
Kenneth Mikkalson
Alton Hinton
Shawn Henson
Sarah Holley
Tara Lawson
Richard Wysong
Table of Contents
1.0 Test plan identifier 4
2.0 Introduction 4
2.1 Objectives 4
2.2 Background 4
2.3 Scope 4
2.3.1 In Scope 4
2.3.2 Out of Scope 6
2.4 References 6
2.5 Roles and Responsibilities 6
2.5.1 Developer 6
2.5.2 Test Team Member 6
2.5.3 Test Lead 6
2.6 Definitions 7
2.7 Suspension Criteria and Resumption 7
2.8 Pass/Fail criteria 7
2.9 Testing Resources 7
3.0 Methodology 8
3.1 Overview 8
3.2 Unit Testing 8
3.3 Integration Testing 8
3.4 Final Delivery Testing 9
3.5 Bug Regression 9
3.6 Test Complete Criteria 9
3.7 Test Deliverables 9
4.0 Bug Tracking & Reporting 10
4.1 Bug Reporting 10
4.2Assigning Labels 10
5. Approvals 11
List of Figures
Figure 1: GitHub Issue Form10
List of Appendix
Appendix A
Appendix B
1.0 Test plan identifier
CMS-02142.0 Introduction2.1 Objectives
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Maximum players: 6
Minimum players: 3
Bait cards: (Adjective/Question Options)
Response cards: (Noun/Answer Options)2.3 Scope
2.3.1 In Scope
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from Human Resources is assigned full time to manage this project, and top management has
pledged its support.
1. Project Scope Management
Create a WBS for this project and enter the tasks in Project 201 0. Create milestones
and summary tasks. Assume that some of the project management tasks you need
to do are similar to tasks from the Project Tracking Database example. Some of the
tasks specific to this project will be to:
a. Review off-the-shelf training materials from three major vendors and decide
which materials to use.
b. Negotiate a contract with the selected vendor for its materials.
c. Develop communications information about this new training program. Disseminate
the information via department meetings, e-mail, the company's intranet,
and flyers to all employees.
d. Create a survey to determine the number and type of courses needed and
employees' preferred times for taking courses.
e. Administer the survey.
f. Solicit qualified volunteers to teach the courses.
g.
h.
Review resumes, interview candidates for teaching the courses, and develop a
list of preferred instructors.
Coordinate with the Facilities department to build two classrooms with 20 personal
computers each, a teacher station, and an overhead projection system
(assume that Facilities will manage this part of the project).
i. Schedule courses.
j. Develop a fair system for signing up for classes.
k. Develop a course evaluation form to assess the usefulness of each course and
the instructor's teaching ability.
I. Offer classes.
2. Project Time Management
a. Enter realistic durations for each task and then link appropriate tasks. Be sure
that all tasks are linked in some fashion to the start and end of the project. Use
the Project Tracking Database as an example. Assume that you have six mont.
Soft skills are most often characterized as the personal attribu.docxjensgosney
Soft skills are most often characterized as the personal attributes that make up the interpersonal and intrapersonal aspects of an individual. Soft skills can include attitude, manners, social skills, the ability to communicate, listen, delegate, resolve conflicts, work as a team player, adapt to change, and work hard.
The term “soft skills” is not an indication on their importance; in fact, it can be argued that soft skills are more important to character and success you might achieve. Soft skills are compared to, and more specifically complement, a person’s “hard skills” which are the specific skills required for a job. For example, the soft skills necessary for a leader in an organization would be vision, social skills, emotional intelligence, empathy, work ethic, communication, and flexibility while the hard skills would be execution, organization, knowledge of computer programs, a second language, planning, coordinating and a thorough understanding of the organization’s policies and procedures.
In the previous section, many soft skills have already been discussed. You practice a variety of soft skills every day as a matter of fact. They occur so naturally you may not even notice them or have never spent time to realize strengths that you regularly exhibit. Identifying your soft skills will give you talking point in interviews and in promotion discussions, as well as give you new goals and areas to improve upon.
Critical Soft Skills
The following is a list of primary soft skills that just about every employer is looking for from their staff. It is no means inclusive as soft skills refer to an often intangible set of abilities that to some degree are engrained in everyone. While the primary soft skills are generally agreed upon as important in any job capacity, there are countless others that are deemed imperative as well (See Module 3: Personal and Career Evaluation). Depending on the job or function you are performing, these may be just as imperative as the ones listed below but not as universal. Review the following and determine which areas are personal strengths and which are areas in need of improvement.
· Communication. Communication permeates just about every aspect of both personal and professional endeavors. It is associated with active listening, comprehension, and clear expression of thoughts and ideas. It includes oral, written, and non-verbal types. To improve your communication skills, focus on both what you are saying and how you are saying it, and always remember that receiving information is just as crucial as providing it so practice active listening instead of just thinking of what to say next.
· A Good Work Ethic. Your work ethic is the sum of your attitude, actions, and guiding values. It is how company leadership knows that you are trustworthy and have the best interests of the organization at heart. A good work ethic is demonstrated through your decisive behavior, motivation, and dedication. You cannot .
Software Design Specification Document (SDD) By Da.docxjensgosney
Software Design Specification Document (SDD)
By David M. Jones
November 16, 2014
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
1.1 Purpose ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1
1.2 Scope …………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
1.3 Definitions and acronyms …………………………………………………………… 1
2. References ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1
3. Decomposition description ………………………………………………………………………. 2
3.1 Module decomposition ……………………………………………………………… 3
3.2 Concurrent process decomposition ………………….………………………. 9
3.3 Data decomposition ………………………………………………………………… 10
4 Dependency description …………………………………………………………………………. 11
4.1 Intermodule dependencies ……………………………………………………… 13
4.2 Interprocess dependencies ……………………………………………………… 14
4.3 Data dependencies ………………………………………………………………….. 15
5. Interface description …………………………………………………………………….………… 16
5.1 Module description …………………………………………………………….……. 16
5.2 Process description ………………………………………………………………….. 24
6. Detailed design ……………………………………………………………………………….….….. 25
6.1 Module detailed design ………………………………………………….………. 25
6.2 Data detailed design ……………………………………………………….….…… 30
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This document’s purpose is to document the set of requirements for the development of a software
management system for a bed and breakfast operation. It describes how reservations and financial
transactions are made. It also specifies the human to computer graphical user interface screens.
1.2 Scope
This Bed and Breakfast Management System enables a the automated operation of a 3 bedroom bed and
breakfast business. Customers can call the Bed and Breakfast reservation phone number and give desired
reservation dates. A staff member can check the available and give the daily price rate for each room. The
customer can provide a reservation guarantee date. The guest reservation information will be entered by
the staff member while the customer is on the phone. After the stay, there is a check out process.
Additionally the owner can generate a profit report to monitor the financial status of the operation.
1.3 Definitions
a. BBMS – Bed and Breakfast Management System
b. Reservation – A room assigned to a guest stay for a specific date range
c. Guarantee – Financial contract between the management of the bed and breakfast and a guest that
a room reservation will be available to the guest
d. Workflow – Sequential steps needed to accomplish a task
e. Domain Object – A computer entity that holds information for a given function
f. User interface – A computer graphical element that enables the user to interact with the software
g. GUI – Graphical User Interface which the method by which the user interacts with the BBMS
2. References
IEEE. Std 1016-1998 IEEE Recommended Practice for Software Design Descriptions. IEEE Computer Society,
1998.
3. Decomposition description
Entity Rel.
Software Engineering Capstone 1
SWE481: Software Engineering Capstone
Phase 2 IP Software Engineering Methodologies
July 21, 2014
Contents
3Phase 1 Project Outline
3Development Methodology
4Phase 2 Software Production
4Requirements
5Design
6Application Architecture
7Music Player Main Screen
8Class Diagram
9Use Case Diagram
10Phase 3 Rapid Development (TBD)
11Phase 4 Project Scheduling (TBD)
12Phase 5 Project Risks (TBD)
13References
Phase 1 Project Outline
The project that our team is proposing is that of a mobile music application. This application will be a front end application that uses already in place internet services. The project involves. The mobile will contain free listening for radio and a paid listening subscription for user selected content. The application will be multiplatform based and be useable on iOS, Android, Windows 8.x. The application will also be integrated with social media sites such as Facebook and Google +, to name a few. There will be 6 phases for this project to include the following;
1. Pilot Application
2. Radio module
3. Subscription module
4. Social Media Module
5. Project CloseDevelopment Methodology
The development methodology will be that of Iterative/Incremental that allows for breaking up the project into small digestible chunks and is easy to understand. This method is similar to making small waterfalls out of each iteration of the software. This method allows for quick testing and customer feedback. This is best suited for small teams that support parallel coding and testing which will be used in this project. The ability to release the product in 90 to 120 days below budget is planned.Phase 2 Software Production
Requirements
The requirements gathering sessions will be completed by formal meetings, chat and email interaction. This will be done due to the various locations of the stakeholders and team members in this project. The original project inception and the requirements for the agreed upon project were gathered by email correspondence between the team members. The group leaded compiled a list of the initial requirements and this was discussed during a live chat meeting. The requirements are as follows;
· Initial pilot app (includes account creation)
· Player Module to include equalizer module ( Includes 5 bans of equalization)
· Radio module (search for music interest)
· Subscription module (create playlists, add music to library)
· Social media module
· Project close
· Application will operate across multiple platforms (Supports iOS, Android, Windows 8.x)
· Paid subscription for direct listening
· Free listening for radio playlists
· App will use backend services already exist from current website
· App will integrate into existing backend services
The first 5 requirements are functional requirements and the remaining 7 requirements are non functional requirements. The functional re.
Strength–Based Approaches Paper
Covering
Displaced Homemakers
People over 60
·
All key elements of the assignment are covered in a substantive way.
o
The learning team selected a special population from those listed in University of Phoenix Material: Strength-Based Approaches and included the following topics:
·
Problems faced by special populations in society
·
Strengths of these special populations and how those strengths can enhance individual and community empowerment
·
Combining Western healing approaches with traditional indigenous healing approaches to enhance solutions for the individual and community
The content is comprehensive and accurate.
.
Sociology Project
CLASSROOM “COMPARATIVE CULTURE” STUDY
Write an essay comparing / contrasting the classroom culture of three
different teachers (Do not use actual names – substitute “Teacher A”, etc.)
A. Describe the class as a culture. Include:
· General atmosphere of class
· Seating patterns (e.g., students sitting toward back, male/female division, etc.)
· Rules – formal and informal
· Teacher’s mannerisms, attitude, teaching method / style.
B. Assess student comfortability and productivity in each setting.
C. As you write the essay, attempt to determine whether classroom culture has an impact on students’ lives / attitudes and, if so, what that impact might be.
.
Socometal Rewarding African WorkersBy Evalde Mutabazi and C. B.docxjensgosney
Socometal: Rewarding African Workers
By: Evalde Mutabazi and C. Brooklyn Derr
It was a most unusual meeting at a local café in Dakar. Diop, a young Senegalese engineer who was educated at one of Frances’s elite engineering grandes ‘ecoles in Lyon, was meeting with N’Diaye, a model factory worker to whom other workers from his tribe often turned when there were personal or professional difficulties. N’Diaye was a chief’s son, but he didn’t belong to the union and he was not an official representative of any group within the factory.
Socometal is a metal container and can company. While multinational, this particular plant is a joint venture wherein 52 percent is owned by the French parent company and 48 percent is Senegalese. Over the last twenty years Socometal has grown in size from 150 to 800 employees and it has returns of about 400 million FCFA (African francs) or $144 million. The firm is often held up as a model in terms of its Africanization of management policies, whereby most managers are now West African with only 8-10 top managers coming from France.
During the meeting N’Diaye asked Diop if he would accept an agreement to pay each worker for two extra hours in exchange for a 30 percent increase in daily production levels. If so, N’Diaye would the guarantor for this target production level that would enable the company to meet the order in the shortest time period. “If you accept my offer,” he said with a smile, “we could even produce more. We are at 12,000 (units) a day, but we’ve never been confronted with this situation. I would never have made this proposal to Mr. Bernard but, if you agree today, I will see that the 20,000 (unit) level is reached as of tomorrow evening. I’ll ask each worker to find ways of going faster, to communicate this to the others and to help each other if they have problems…”
Mr. Olivier Bernard, a graduate of Ecole Centrale in Paris (one of Frances’s more prestigious engineering schools), was the French production manager, and Diop was the assistant production manager. Mr. Bernard was about 40 and had not succeeded at climbing the hierarchal ladder in the parent company. Some report that this was due to his tendency to be arrogant, uncommunicative and negative. His family lived in a very nice neighborhood in Marseille, and it was his practice to come to Dakar, precisely organize the work using various flowcharts, tell Diop exactly what was expected by a certain date and then return to France for periods of two to six weeks. This time he maintained that he had contracted a virus and needed to return for medical treatment.
Shortly before Mr. Bernard fell ill, Socometal agreed to a contract requiring them to reach in short time a volume of production never before achieved. Mr. Bernard, after having done a quick calculation, declared, “We’ll never get that from our workers--- c’est impossible!” After organizing as best he could, he left for Marseille.
Diop pondered what N’Diaye had propos.
Sociology and General Education [1964]By Robert Bierstedt.docxjensgosney
Sociology and General Education:
[1964]
By Robert Bierstedt
Sociology has many uses that are alike unsung and unappreciated. Some of these uses pertain not to its function as an instrument in the acquisition of knowledge but to a rather different kind of function—its function in the course and process of education. I am inclined to think in fact, as I hope the following remarks will show, that sociology is one of the most valuable of all of the disciplines in the university curriculum and that one of its most distinctive virtues lies precisely and centrally in the realm of general education.
Those of us who are engaged in the sociological enterprise ourselves tend to think—perhaps inevitably—that sociology is for sociologists, or at least for those who want to become sociologists. In our colleges and universities, however, we teach sociology to many more than these. It has been estimated that only two per cent of undergraduate students major in sociology and that only three per cent of this statistically small figure go on to do graduate work in sociology. The vast majority, in short, study sociology with no vocational or professional purpose. They appear in our undergraduate classes and study our introductory texts either because sociology is required as a supplementary subject in a closely related curriculum or because it satisfies a social science requirement in a curriculum for which another science would do equally well. There are those in addition, we may suppose and hope, who study sociology without being required to do so because it satisfies some wayward or vagrant curiosity of their own, because it stimulates an intellectual interest, because it has its own intrinsic fascination. This paper examines some of the educational and cultural advantages that sociology has to offer these other groups of students, particularly the last, comprised of those who have no intention of making a career in the field and who have no professional requirement to satisfy. I propose to show, in short, that sociology has an important role to play in general education, a role that is wholly commensurate with and sometimes even superior to the roles played by such older disciplines as history, literature, and philosophy. I shall maintain that sociology has many virtues that contribute to the cultivation of the intellect and that it merits a high rank. therefore, among the liberal arts and sciences.
The Liberated Mind:
The first of the educational virtues of sociology is that, like all al the liberal arts, it liberates the student from the provincialism of time, place, and circumstance. One of the great disabilities al those who have been denied the benefits of education is their parochialism, their attachment to the narrow corner of earth wherein they dwell. These are the people—and unfortunately they are the vast majority of mankind—who retain throughout their lives a primitive loyalty to their initial culture. For the uneducated t1 initial culture .
Sociological Observation of a Sporting Event Student Name .docxjensgosney
The document summarizes a sociological observation of a basketball game. It describes the setting of the game at an indoor arena, the participants as two teams competing for a conference title with a range of ages, and most players being black. It notes that the game seems to bridge racial differences. It also describes the large number of energetic fans in attendance, mostly male and of various ages. The players wore matching uniforms and most fans wore casual sports attire. Fans were observed cheering and chanting to support their teams. The atmosphere was dynamic with fans cheering and entertainers performing.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
SOCIAL EQUITY IN AMERICAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 75 5 T.docx
1. SOCIAL EQUITY IN AMERICAN PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION 75
5
The State of Social Equity in American
Public Adrninistration
Unlike chapter 1, which was written in 1969, and chapters 2, 3,
and 4,
much of which was written in the 1970s and early 1980s,
chapter 5 was
written in 2005. It is, therefore, far more historical and
reflective than
the earlier chapters. I discarded several alternative titles for this
essay
in favor of the rather bland “State of Social Equity in American
Public
Administration:’ Upon further reflection, and in the interest of a
title that
is somewhat more descriptiveof the tenor of the chapter, today
Iwould
probably use a title like ”Social Equity in Public
Administration: Succeed-
ing in Theory, Struggling in Practice.” The point of this
alternative title is
that social equity i s now broadly accepted in academic and
theoretical
public administration, as the chapter claims. However, the
application of
social equity in administrative practice is very complex and
2. challenging.
As the chapter points out, applications of social equity to the
street-level
practices of publicadministrationare freightedwith ethical
issues. Indeed,
a readingof chapter 5 should make clear that social equity is a
theoretical
perspective on public administration, a set of prescriptionsto
guide the
practices of public administration, and an ethic-the social equity
ethic.
Chapter 5 completes a general summary of the history and
evolution
of social equity and public administration. The next three
chapters are
more detailed and specific considerations of social equity
applied to
intergenerational equity, law and research, and public
education.
c7
Over the years, public administrators have contributed much in
helping to
create a more equitable, fairer, and more just America. Yet we
have much
more to contribute. As a core value in public administration,
social equity is
Adapted and updated from H. George Frederickson, “The State
of Social Equity in
American Public Administration,” National CivicReview 94,4
(Winter2005):31-38.
Used by permission of Jossey-Bass.
3. no longer novel or new. Nevertheless, during the past forty
years, as social
equity has grown in importance in public administration, there
is an irony:
Americans have become less equal in virtually all aspects of
social, economic,
and political life. In our literature, in our classrooms, and in our
administra-
tive practices, we have learned to talk the social equity talk. But
if the data
on the growing gap between the haves and have-nots in
American are any
clue, we are not walking the social equity talk. In this essay, I
attempt to
describe the changing terrain of public administration and
sketch the chal-
lenges administrators facc as they navigate both the theory and
the reality of
that terrain. Finally, I offer some suggestions for wallung the
social equity
talk in the years ahead.
The Evolution of Social Equity in American Public
Administration
In his seminal essay of almost a century ago, “General
Principles of Manage-
ment,” Henri Fayol listed equity as one of fourteen general
principles. His
description of equity was entirely internal, having to do with
equitable o r fair
treatment of employees. Fayol put it this way: “Desire for
equity and equality
of treatment are aspirations to be taken into account in dealing
with employees.
4. In order to satisfy these requirements as much as possible
without neglecting
any principles of losing sight of the general interest, the head of
the business
must frequently summon up his highest faculties. He should
strive to instill
a sense of equity throughout all levels of the scalar chain” ( 5 8
) .
Though claiming equity to be a primary principle of
management, Fayol
did not consider the details of how to achieve equity in the
context of the
“scalar chain,” or hierarchy, which contains such obvious
inequalities as
difference in pay, authority, and responsibility. Furthermore,
because his
founding essay had primarily to do with business organization,
Fayol did not
wrestle with the unique public administration challenges of
equity in public
policy or service delivery. Except for an essay by Woodrow
Wilson, none
of the other founding documents consider what we now call
social equity in
public administration.
Wilson pointed out that it is “harder to run a constitution than
to frame
one” and claimed that “administration lies outside the proper
sphere of poli-
tics”; nevertheless, he describes a form of public administration
social equity.
Consider these words from his founding essay, “The Study of
Administration”
([I8871 1941):“The ideal for us is a civil service cultured and
5. self-sufficient
enough to act with sense and vigor, and yet so intimately
connected with the
popular thought, by means of elections and constant public
counsel, as to find
arbitrariness or class spirit quite out of the question” (24).
74
16 CHAPTER 5
Aside from these glancing blows, and the more considered
treatment of
justice in the early literature, for the first several generations of
the field of
public administration it was simply assumed that good
administration of gov-
ernment was equally good for everyone. It was during the 1960s
that it became
increasingly evident that the results of governmental policy and
the work of
public administrators implementing those policies were much
better for some
citizens than for others. Issues of racial and class inequality and
injustice were
everywhere evident and the subject of open anger, indignation,
outrage, and
passion. Riots in the streets over racial injustice and an
unpopular war tend to
concentrate the mind. It was in this state of concentration that
the phrase “social
equity” entered the literature and later the practices of public
administration,
with an attendant set of concepts and a cluster of shared values.
6. In a brief and summary form, the initial elements of the concept
of social
equity are found in the claim that justice, fairness, and equality
have every-
thing to do with public administration. First, laws do not carry
out themselves;
implementation is our work. Second, if public administrators
implement the
law, can we not bring the law simply and precisely to life as it
is written? No,
we cannot. The law is seldom so clear, so precise, or so evident
that it can
uniformly be applied from case to case to case. Third, in the
early years of
our field, it was written that public administration should be
neutral imple-
mentation of law and policy. We know that this is not strictly
possible. Public
administration is the law in action and involves, indeed
requires, interpretation
of that law and discretion in its application. Fourth, our public
institutions are
the setting in which our elected leaders, working in our system
of democratic
self-government, struggle with issues of fairness, justice, and
equality. But
because public administrators are responsible for carrying out
the laws and
policies, we too have important struggles with fairness,justice,
and equality.
As a nation, we are not as fair, as just, or as equal, as we should
be. Public
administrators cannot say that these problems belong only to
lawmakers.
7. In the early stages of the development of social equity in public
admin-
istration, it was assumed that other academic fields or
disciplines and other
bodies of professional practice were also developing and
embracing self-aware
concepts of social equity. We now know that this was not the
case. Only in
recent years have other fields, disciplines, and bodies of
professional practice
stepped up to consideration of social equity.
So it could be said that, at least with respect to social equity,
public ad-
ministration has led the way.
In the early years of applying concepts of social equity to public
administra-
tion, emphasis was on issues of race and gender in employment,
democratic
participation, and service delivery. Efficient and economical
management
of government agencies characterizes the ethics that guided
much early
SOCIAL EQUITY IN AMERICAN PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION 77
reasoning in American public administration. The logic of those
ethics al-
lowed public administrators to assume that the effects of good
management,
efficiency, and economy would be evenly and fairly distributed
among our
citizens. Gradually, however, public administration began to
acknowledge
8. that many public programs were implemented much more
efficiently and
effectively for some citizens than for others. Indeed, public
administrators
could not logically claim to be without responsibility for some
practices that
resulled in obvious unfairness and injustice, so an argument
emerged for social
equity as an added ethic in public administration. Eventually,
social equity
took its place along with efficiency and economy as the third
pillar of public
administration. Indeed, by the late 1990s, these words were in
Shafritz and
Russell’s standard text:
The ethical and equitable treatment of citizens by administrators
is at the
forefront of concerns in public agencies. Reinforced by
changing public
attitudes, the reinventing government movement and civil rights
laws, the
new public administration has triumphed after a quarter century.
Now it
is unthinkable (as well as illegal), for example, to deny
someone welfare
benefits because of their race or a job opportunity because of
their sex. So-
cial equity today (2000)does not have to be so much fought for
by young
radicals as administered by managers of all ages. (436)
Over the years, the phrase “social equality” has come to
encompass the
many complex issues associated with fairness, justice, and
equality in public
9. administration. Shafritz and Russell list three qualities of social
equity:
First is the obligationto administer the laws they work under in
a fair manner.
It is hard to believe today that this first obligation was once
controversial.
The second way of interpreting obligations to advance social
equity is to
feel bound to proactively further the cause-to seek to hire and
advance a
vaned workforce. The attitude requires a specific approach: It is
not enough
to go out and find qualifiedminorities. You must go out, find
them, and then
qualify them. This is why the U S . armed forces have been so
much more
successful in their affirmative action efforts than the society as
a whole.
Third, government can go only so far in forcing social equity.
But there
is no limit to the amount of inspiration it can provide to
encourage people to
do the right, decent, and honorable thing. This encouragement
has a name.
It is called moral leadership. (436-37)
Over the years, both the subject of social equity and its
language have
changed. Equity is now more broadly defined to include not just
race and
10. 78 CHAPTER 5
gender but ethnicity, sexual preference, certain mental and
physical conditions,
language, and variations in economic circumstances. The words
multicultur-
alism and diversity are now often used to suggest this broader
definition of
social equity.
There is little doubt that inequality in America would be worse
were it
not for public administrators dedicated to social equity in their
practice, but
there is no question that the broader context of American
politics has tilted
the playing field toward the privileged and away from the
underprivileged,
malung contemporary commitment on the part of public
administrators to
social equity particularly difficult.
Some Examples of the Widening Social Equity Gap
The growing acceptance of social equity in public
administration over the
past thirty-five years has occurred during a time when the actual
status of
social equity in America has been in steady decline. Although
we have been
promoting democracy abroad and even fighting to bring it to
others, democ-
racy at home is in trouble. The recent report of the Task Force
on Inequality
in America of the American Political Science Association puts
it this way:
11. “Our country’s ideals of equal citizenship and responsive
government may be
under growing threat in an era of persistent and rising
inequality. Disparities
of income, wealth, and access to opportunity are growing more
sharply in the
United States than in many other nations, and gaps between
races and ethnic
groups persist. Progress toward realizing American ideals of
democracy may
have stalled, and in some arenas reversed” (65 1).
At the time of the emergence of social equity in public
administration,
racial and gender inequality and discrimination were
widespread. But in
our time, “the scourge of overt discrimination against African
Americans
and women has been replaced by a more subtle but still potent
threat-the
growing concentration of the country’s wealth and income in
the hands of
the few” (651). Rising economic inequality is accompanied by
other forms
of democratic privation-highly unequal voices in political
affairs and gov-
ernment processes that are much more responsive to the
privileged than to
other Americans. “Disparities in participation,” the task force
goes on to say,
“mean that the concerns of lower- or moderate-income
Americans, racial
and ethnic minorities, and legal immigrants are systematically
less likely to
be heard by government officials. In contrast, the interests and
preferences
12. of the better-off are conveyed with clarity, consistency, and
forcefulness”
(658). In addition to the gap between the poor and the rest of
society, there
is a growing gap between privileged professionals, managers,
and business
owners on the one hand and the middle strata of white, African
American, and
SOCIAL EQUITY IN AMERICAN PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION 79
Latino workers and blue-collar employees on the other. Put
bluntly, despite
our claimed commitment to social equity, important elements of
professional
public administration are part of the problem. All of the
contemporary social
equity research and data seem to indicate that the terrain of
social equity
has shifted from more-or-less exclusive concentration on the
equity issues
of minorities to broad consideration of how to achieve social
equity in the
context of growing disparity between the haves and have-nots,
recognizing
that minorities constitute a disproportionate percentage of the
have-nots.
The APS 4 task force concludes their report with these words:
The Declaration of Independence promised that all American
citizens would
enjoy equal political rights. Nearly every generation has
returned to this
promise and struggled to elevate the performance of American
13. democracy
to its high ideals. The promise of American democracy is
threatened again.
The threat is less overt than the barriers of law or social custom
conquered
by earlier generations. Today the risk is that rising economic
inequality will
solidify longstanding disparities in political voice and
influence, and perhaps
exacerbate such disparities. Our government is becoming less
democratic,
responsive mainly to the privileged and not a powerful
instrument to correct
disadvantages and look out for the majority. If disparities of
participation
and influence become further entrenched and if average citizens
give up
on democratic government-unequal citizenship could take on a
life of its
own, weakening American democracy for a long time to come.
(662)
In the manner of political science, the APSA report calls for
research on
matters of social equity and for “the engagement of political
science with
improving American democracy through scholarship” (66 1).
For two rea-
sons, however, those identified with public administration,
either as a field
of political science or as a freestanding academic field and body
of profes-
sional practice, are inclined to a less passive and more engaged
approach
to the problems of inequality in America. First, the argument
that issues of
14. inequality belong to politics and policy and not to public
administration must
be rejected. Virtually all empirical research in the field
indicates that public
administration is highly influential in policy making and
implementation.
Second, as an academic field, a body of research, and a field of
professional
practice, public administration has always been applied. After
all, how can
we run the Constitution and carry out the laws if we do not get
our hands
dirty? Because our work tends to be applied, it is not a surprise
that public
administration wrestled with issues of social equity for thirty
years before
our political science colleagues looked into it. It is also not a
surprise that our
political science colleagues have chosen to attempt to improve
democracy
80 CHAPTER 5
through scholarship, a distinctly “clean hands” approach to the
subject. This
is good. Let political scientists and others keep their hands
clean and study in
minute detail exactly how unequal America has become. We
need their good
work. But in public administration, I insist that we engage with
the problem
of inequality, that we dirty our hands with inequality, that w e
be outraged,
passionate, and determined. In short, I insist that we actually
15. apply social
equity in public administration.
Walking the Social Equity Talk
It is easy, of course, to exhort one and all to apply social equity
in all aspects
of public administration. But how should it be done?
First, like our environmental friends, when it comes to social
equity, we
should think globally and act locally. Indeed I argue that all
important mat-
ters of social equity are local, in the sense of consequences. The
results of
national policies are all manifest locally, in our neighborhoods,
our families,
our cities, and our workplaces.
Many of the elements of inequality are influenced by the unique
pat-
terns of jurisdictional fragmentation in American metropolitan
areas. The
concentration of poor African Americans, and to a lesser extent
Latinos, in
low-income urban areas has had a spiraling effect on inequality
as the basic
elements of opportunity-access to good schools, jobs,
transportation, hous-
ing, and safety-have become largely unavailable to residents of
these neigh-
borhoods. Large-scale federal government policies such as
public housing,
transportation, welfare reform, and educational reform have
tended either to
be ineffective or to exacerbate the problems of inequality.
16. Census data now
indicate that poverty is moving into the suburbs and our
metropolitan areas
are becoming more geographically diverse. Public
administrators at the local
level are increasingly in a position to either influence policies
or implement
already established policies in a way that ameliorates some of
the effects of
poverty and opens opportunities. Metropolitan migration is so
pronounced
that the us-versus-them patterns of an inner city and its suburbs
is giving
way to “us and us” patterns of similarity between inner cities
and suburbs.
Like-minded public administration professionals should be
worlung together
on their collective social equity issues because it is increasingly
evident that
few jurisdictions can claim to be isolated from the consequences
of poverty
and inequality.
Second, it is time for everyone in public administration to be
engaged
in the war of ideas. We are, as Weir (2004) explains, still
citizens: “Ceding
the ideological terrain to antigovernmental messages like ‘the
era of big
government is over’ is not good enough in a polity in which
simple media
SOCIAL EQUITY IN AMERICAN PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION 8 1
messages are not counter-balanced by organizational politics. In
17. fact, simple
antigovernmentalism amounts to endorsing unchecked
inequality. A strong,
big message about how government is ‘on your side’ or is ‘here
to help you’
is essential to counteract antigovernment messages” (680).
Americans may be
philosophical conservatives, but they are programmatic liberals,
in the sense
of support for rural electrification, environmental protection,
Medicare, Social
Security, and so forth. The problem is that simple defense of the
program-
matic status quo is defensive and bereft of new ideas. It is time
for public
administrators of all kinds to relentlessly ask the so-called
second question.
The first question is whether an existing or proposed public
program is ef-
fective or good. The second question is more important: For
whom is this
program effective or good? Answer any class-warfare charge
immediately
with the understanding that the second question can be deferred
if it can be
demonstrated that a program is universally good. If that doesn’t
work, try this
retort: “You say that I am practicing class warfare. Nonsense. I
a m engaged
in the war of ideas, and my idea is fair and yours is not. Stop
tossing around
class-warfare slogans and engage me in the war of ideas.” To
effectively
engage in the war of ideas requires knowledge, courage, and a
quick wit. We
public administrators have the knowledge, and most of us have
18. a quick wit.
But do we have the courage?
Third, it is important to remember that it isn’t necessarily good
ideas that
win the war of ideas. Determination, organization, money, and
persistence
behind an idea are likely to win the war. Public administrators
know how to
organize, and we are determined and persistent. We are natural
social equity
warriors. We are passionate advocates for policy specialization,
and w e can
be equally passionate advocates for fairness in implementing it.
Those of us
committed to social equity should pick our cause and enlist in
the organiza-
tions most likely to turn the levers of policy in the direction of
fairness and
justice.
Fourth, when public administration is practiced at the street
level, it employs
a form of social equity. As Steven Maynard-Moody and Michael
Musheno
(2003) suggest in their book Cops, Teachers, Counselors, social
service of-
ficers, cops on the beat, and teachers in the classroom all live in
a world of
scarce resources, limited time, ambiguous expectations, and
conflicting rules.
To manage their way through these limitations, street-level
bureaucrats apply
a form of public service delivery and distribution based on what
the authors
describe as “client worthiness,” which is based on stories and
19. master narratives
that enable street-level workers to affix particular identity to
their clients. The
day-to-day practices of street-level public servants is all about
the search for
fairness, equity, and justice. “Fixing and enforcing citizen-
client identities
forms the premise for street-level workers’ judgments,” they
write.
82 CHAPTER 5
Their stories reveal how street-level decision making is
complexly moral
and contingent rather than narrowly rule-bound and static.
Cops, teachers,
and counselors first make normative judgments about offenders,
kids, and
clients and then apply, bend, or ignore rules and procedures to
support the
moral reasoning. Identity-based normativejudgments determine
which and
how rules, procedures and policies are applied. Morality trumps
legality
in terms of which rules, procedures, and policies are acted on;
who gets
what services and who is hassled or arrested; and how rules,
procedures
and policies are enacted. (155)
Maynard-Moody and Musheno describe street-level bureaucrats
as the coal
miners of policy: they do the hard, dirty, and dangerous work of
the state. Some-
20. times they get it all wrong, as in examples of racial profiling
and police abuse.
Still, most of the time and in most street-level settings, “small
acts of normative
improvisation by forgotten streetwise workers sustain the state;
they are acts of
statecraft on which the institutions of governing depend” (165).
When it comes
to social equity in action, supervisors, managers, and members
of the Senior
Executive Service could take some lessons from street-level
bureaucrats.
Fifth, like it or not, senior public administrators and those of us
who study
public administration are part of the elite, the privileged. In
much of our lit-
erature and ideology, there is a distinctly patronizing tone to
social equity. A
commitment to social equity obliges us to look after the
interests of those who
are denied opportunities or are disadvantaged regardless of their
competence.
At the intermediate and upper levels of public administration,
we tend to avoid
the uncomfortable issue of competence, although street-level
workers have
no illusions about it. I am partial to the blunt words of
Lawrence M. Mead
(2004) on this subject. In an article in Perspectives on Politics,
he wrote:
To recover democracy, government must assume greater
competence in
lower-income Americans than the elite finds comfortable. We
would rather
21. lay the burden of change on ourselves than on the less fortunate.
We believe
in our own abilities; we are less sure about theirs. But, unless
some minimal
capacitiesare expected of the less privileged,changebecomes
unimaginable,
and a caste society will emerge
To recover democracy, government must assume greater
competence in
lower-incomeAmericans than the elite finds comfortable. We
would rather
lay the burden of change on ourselves than on the less fortunate.
(674)
There are two interesting lessons on this subject. One is the
lesson and
life of Mohandas Gandhi, who insisted in collective nonviolent
expression of
demands for fairness on the part of the least advantaged.
Another is the lesson
SOClAL EQUITY I N AMERICAN PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION 83
of the Roundheads or Puritans, British citizens below the elite
who asserted a
belief in the individual, independent of class; insisted on
egalitarian politics;
and were suspicious of elites in their hierarchical polity. The
founding of
the United States of America was a denial of aristocracy and the
triumph of
Roundhead reasoning. In much of social equity, there is
democratic rhetoric
but aristocratic assumptions. We search still for versions of
22. social equity that
are truly from the bottom up.
Sixth, it is high time for moral indignation, for passion and
anger. The
moral high ground, often put passionately as Christian doctrine,
has tended
toward those interested in issues such as abortion, gay marriage,
human
cloning, stem-cell research, and euthanasia, and those mobilized
in pursuit
of these issues have proven to be formidable. Issues of poverty,
at least from
the biblical Christian perspective, are at least as central to
doctrine as are
these other issues. But it is far more difficult to bring
indignation and passion
to matters of poverty. Still, this is what needs to be done.
Describing “sinful
inequalities,” John Dilulio writes in Perspectives on
Polifics,“Bible-believing
Christians are supposed to heed the call to ‘be not afraid of any
worldly chal-
lenge. . ..Inequality is a moral problem, and [if] you are
convinced that it is a
real problem in America today, you should not be afraid to say
so-and not be
afraid to recommend whatever policies or programs you believe
might make a
real lasting difference It is liberals, not conservatives, who have
normally
lacked the courage of their true convictions, some for fear of
being accused
of favoring ‘big government’ or having other thoughts out of
season” (669).
Persistent and grinding poverty is a profoundly moral issue, and
23. social equity
is part of a moral stance on that issue. But how shall we most
effectively put
the social equity of public administration in practice? In
addition to applying
social equity in our day-to-day public administration work, I
suggest that
we more broadly engage issues of racial, gender, and ethnic
inequality and
issues of inequality in economic opportunity, jobs, housing,
transportation,
and health care. I respect those who are working on social
equity indicators,
social equity benchmarks, and other forms of statistics, but the
prospects for
success of such labor seem to me to be limited. Furthermore,
statistics and
data lack passion and smother indignation. It does the cause of
social equity
little good to be able to know exactly how poor the poor are.
Instead we should turn to the media most likely to stir an
interest in social
equity. Think of the statistics regarding the grossly
disproportionate percent-
age of incarcerated African Americans. We know those
appalling statistics
forward and backward, and it seems to make little difference.
Stories, films,
videos, essays, and personal descriptions of the ravages of an
overly long
sentence for a drug offence have the power to move people, and
also to move
policy makers. Stories, films, and videos of single mothers
working two jobs
24. 84 CHAPTER 5
and still falling behind hold some prospect for moving watchers
and readers.
There is a desperate need to dramatize social equity issues, to
bring them to
life. I am convinced that if the general population understood
more fully the
effects of discrimination and poverty on American lives, they
would respond
by supporting candidates committed to social equity. Through
their neighbor-
hoods, churches, and social groups, mobilized citizens who
understand poverty
and inequality would personally do their part to even up the
economic and
political playing field.
If politics is all about majority rule-and it is-then public
administration
should be all about seeing after the interests of minorities and
the poor. It
seems to me we are long past needing to defend this
proposition. It is time to
walk the social equity talk.
Pt. 3- Normative
Decision Making:
Moralities over
Legalities
25. Maynard-Moody & Musheno
Street-level Decision-making
Tension between citizen-clients’ needs and the limits of
rules is common to street-level work
Usually rules (law) fit workers perception of citizen-clients
Tension exists when there is conflict between the needs
& identity of client as determined by worker & the
demands of the rules
Workers stories reflect the conflict, not conformity
Discretion, control, accountability are rarely articulated in
worker’s stories
Moral judgments made in face-to-face encounters
influenced by identities of both parties
Rules used to justify moral judgments
Worthiness
Client’s needs not determined in relation to
fairness and justice, but worthiness as
perceived by worker
Workers purveyors of mainstream values &
character rooted in notion of moral worthiness &
productive citizenship
Workers don’t adhere to 1-size-fits-all model of
administering policies & laws to clients
Clients perceived as having flaws & strengths
26. Responses to Citizen-Clients
1. By the book: workers provide normal, routine,
bureaucratic treatment (non-stories)
2. Extraordinary services: provided to those
deemed worthy (subject matter of stories)
3. Pragmatism: what is practical given
constraints
4. Punitive services: providing less than what is
practical or strict services to those deemed
unworthy
Chapter 8:
Who are the worthy?
Worthiness
Extending extraordinary care is expected in the helping
professions, e.g. counseling, teaching
Worthy clients have needs beyond criteria for services e.g.
poor vs. well-to-do voc rehab clients or students
Police will generally bend or break rules to aid “the
worthy” rather than provide long-term services
Good people from tough circumstances sometimes deemed
worthy of a break
27. Those not responsible for their circumstances are often
deemed worthy e.g. the disabled
Personality might offset perceived worthiness
Worthiness
Motivation can garner worthiness regardless of personal
responsibility for one’s status
Breaks given to those attempting to overcome barriers
i.e. “we pull for the underdog”
Unmotivated deemed unworthy
Manipulative and demanding are not typically provided
extraordinary services regardless of need
Workers take hold paternalistic view of clients needs
which must be realistic
Worthy clients are seen as a good investment “likely to
repay or contribute to society”
Chapter 9:
Responding to the Worthy
The Worthiness Continuum
Moral judgments can produce distinctions between
treatment of comparable citizen-clients in relation to their
perceived worthiness
Judgments based on identities of worker & client help
determine worthiness/unworthiness
Responses of workers also along a continuum
28. Will often bend rules and even break rules to assist worthy
Giving a break can cover a wide range of options, e.g.
overlook drugs to not charge for shooting
Providing extraordinary services can in essence mean
providing new unauthorized services
Can come at expense of other clients e.g. time spent, money
etc.
Assigning Worthiness &
Outcomes
Workers start by providing routine services
Courtship of un-equals: period in which worker tests
client to determine worthiness
Workers get some intrinsic value from helping worthy
clients
Become advocates
Use system and interfacing agencies and connections to
aid worthy client
Providing extraordinary services i.e. delaying case
closures (26), can place worker and supervisor in
jeopardy if monthly quota not met
However, workers seek to profoundly & permanently
change & assist worthy clients
Pt. 3- Normative Decision Making: Moralities over
LegalitiesStreet-level Decision-makingWorthinessResponses to
Citizen-ClientsChapter 8:�Who are the
worthy?WorthinessWorthinessChapter 9:�Responding to the